Major Diseases of gram and lentil

1. TOPIC NAME-
COURSE NAME-
SEMESTER - 6th
SUBMITTED BY- RABIRANJAN SETHI
MAJOR DISEASES OF GRAM AND LENTIL
DISEASE OF FIELD AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND MANAGEMENT -2
ROLL NO - VKSCOA -48-2020-21

2. 1 -Gram: wilt, Grey mould and
Ascochyta blight
2-Lentil: rust and wilt
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TOPICS

3. GRAM
Botanical Name- Cicer arietinum L
Family - Fabaceae
Major Disease
1. WILT
2.GRAY MOLD
3.ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT

4. 1.The disease can affect the crop at any stage
2.The field symptoms of wilt are dead seedlings or adult plants, usually in
patches.
3.At seedling stage, 3-5 weeks after sowing, whole seedlings collapse and
lie flat on the ground with dull green leaves and shrunken stem.
4.Dark drown or dark discoloration of the internal stem tissues is visible.
5.At adult stage, drooping of petioles, rachis and leaflets and finally entire plant
occurs.
WILT
Causal Organisim -- Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri
MAJOR SYMPTOM -

5. < The fungus produces hyaline to light brown, septate and profusely branched
hyphae.
< Microconidia are oval to cylindrical, hyaline, single celled, normally
arise on short conidiophores. Macroconidia which borne on branched
conidiophore, are thin walled, 3 to 5septate, fusoid and pointed at both ends.
< Chlamydospores are roughwalled or smooth, terminal or intercalary, may be
formed singly or in chains.
ETIOLOGY -

6. DISEASE CYCLE :
Primary infection:
The primary infection is through chlamydospores in soil ,which remain
viable upto next crop season.
Secondary infection:
The secondary spread is through irrigation water,
cultural operations and implements.
Epidemiology
High soil temperature,high soil moisture,
monocroping and presence of weed host... etc

7. Deep summer ploughing
Follow crop rotation measures continuously.
Always use disease free seeds.
Avoid sowing when temperatures are high.
Follow 6-year crop rotations with sorghum
Apply FYM 10-15 cartload/ha.
Seed treatment with T. viride @4g/kg or P. fluorescens @10g/ kg of seed or
Carbendazim or Thiram 2g/kg of seed.
Spot drenching with Carbendazim 1g/lit or P. fluorescens / T. viride 2.5
kg/ha with 50kg FYM.
Seed treatment with Carbendazim at the rate of 1g/kg of seed /
Seed treatment with Thiram + Carbandizm @1g+2g per kg of seed.
MANAGEMENT

8. Lack of pod setting is the first indication.
Under favourable conditions, foliage shows symptoms and plants often die in
patches.
Shedding of flowers and leaves, covered with spore mass can be seen.
Lesions on stem are 10-30 mm long and girdle the stem fully.
Tender branches break off at the point where the gray mold has caused
rotting.
Affected flowers turn in to a rotting mass.
Lesions on the pod are water-soaked and irregular.
On infected plants, the pods contain either small, shriveled seeds or no
seeds at all.
GREY MOULD
Causal Organisim -
Major Symptoms
Botrytis cinerea

9. DISEASE CYCLE
Primary infection: The fungus survives on infected seed,as saprophyte on
deaying plant debris and as soil borne sclerotia
Secondary infection: These fungal spores can be carried from plant to
plant by air currents and spread the disease rapidly.
FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS
High soil temperature (Above 250C), high soil moisture,
monocropping and presence of weed hosts like Cyperus rotundus,
Tribulus terrestris and Convolvulus arvensis.

10. MANAGEMENT
1.Treat the seeds with Carboxin + Thiram (Vitavax power)at 2 g/kg or treat the seeds
with Trichoderma viride at 4 g/kg or Pseudonomas fluorescens @ 10g/kg of seed.
2.Apply heavy doses of organic manure or green manure.
3.Follow 6-year crop rotation with non-host crops

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ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT
Causal organism:
»All above ground parts of the plant are infected.
»On leaf, the lesions are round or elongated, bearing irregularly depressed
brown spot and surrounded by a brownish red margin.
> Similar spots may appear on the stem and pods.
» The spots on the stem and pods have pycnidia arranged in concentric
circles as minute block dots.
»When the lesions girdle the stem, the portion above the point of attack
rapidly dies.
> If the main stem is girdles at the collar region, the whole plant dies.
Ascochyta rabiei
SYMPTOMS

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The fungus produces hyaline to brown and septate mycelium.
Pycnidia are spherical to sub-globose with a prominent ostiole.
Pycnidiospores are hyaline, oval to oblong, straight or slightly curved and
single celled, occasionally bicelled.
ETIOLOGY
DISEASE CYCLE
The primary spread is from seed-borne pycnidia and
plant debris in the soil.
Primary infection
Secondary infection
The secondary spreads is mainly through air-borne conidia.

13. Favourable conditions
Night temperatures of 100C and day temperature
of 200C, rains accompanied by cloudy weather and
excessive canopy favour the disease spread.
MANAGEMENT
»Remove and destroy the infected plant debris in the field.
> Intercrop with wheat, barley, mustard
»Follow crop rotation with cereals.
» Exposure of seed at 40-50°Creduced the survival of A. rabiei by about 40-70
per cent.
>Treat the seeds with Thiram 2g or Carbendazim 2 g or Thiram +
Carbendazim (1:1 ratio) at 2 g/kg.
> Spray with Carbendazim at 500g/ha or Chlorothalonil 1kg/ha.

14. Lentil
Botanical Name- Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris
Family - Fabaceae
Major Disease
1. Rust
2.wilt

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RUST
Causal Organisim Uromyces viciae fabae
SYMPTOMS
Small, oval to round in shape and light brown in colour urediosori appear on both the
surface of leaf.In sever case the sori cover all the part of maximum area of
leaf.Later stage the infected leaf become wither and fall prematurely.

16. DISEASE CYCLE
Primary infection :
Primary infection occurs through the pathogen i.e.urediospore and
teliospore present in alternate host like bean, pea, sweet pea etc.
Secondary infection :
Secondary source infection is aeciospores.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Low temperature and moist condition for few weeks
favourable for disease development.

17. Use of foliar fungicides as Hexaferb and Dithane M-45 give best control.
Fungicides as Mancozeb (0.2% a.i.), Bayleton (0.05% a.i) and Calixin (0.2%
a.i.) are found effective against the pathogen.
Foliar spray of benomyl, carboxin, metalaxyl, oxycarboxinthiram,
triademafon either alone or in combination of Dithane M-45 are also
effective.
Lentil varieties Pant L-639, Pant L-406, Pant L-6, pant L-7 and Pant L-8 are
resistant
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MANAGEMENT

18. 1.The disease appears in the field in patches at both seedling and adult
stages.
2.Seedling wilt is characterized by sudden drooping, followed by drying of
leaves and seedling death.
3.The roots appear healthy, with reduced proliferation and nodulation and
uslly no internal discoloration of the vascular system.
4.Adult wilt symptoms appear from flowering to late pod-filling stage and
are characterized by sudden drooping of top leaflets of the affected plant,
leaflet closure without premature shedding, dull green foliage followed by
wilting of the whole plant or individual branches.
5.Seeds from plants affected in mid-pod-fill to late pod-fill are often
shrivelled.
WILT
Causal Organisim -- Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lentis
SYMPTOMS

19. DISEASE CYCLE
Primary infection :
The primary infection is mainly from dormant hyphae and
chlamydospores in the soi
Secondary infection :
The secondary spread is through conidia
and chlamydospores whichare disseminated by irrigation water.

20. FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS
A soil temperature of (23° to 27°C) is most favorable
for Fusarium or true wilt.
MANAGEMENT
1.Ploughing of the field during summer.
2.The best method of controlling lentil wilt is to use resistant varieties, a number of
which are now available as Pant L-4, Pant L-6, Pant L-8 and Noori.
3.Following crop rotation with cereal crops which are not affected by wilt pathogen.
4.Using antagonistic microflora like B. subtilis, T. harzianum, T. viride @4 g/kgseed
etc
5.Seed treatment with benornyl (0.3%) or thiram + benomyl (1:1, 0.3%) reduces wilt
incidence and increases grain yield.
6.Soil amendment with organic matter enhances antagonism with other soil
microflora.

21. T H A N K S