For Bsc Students

1. PESTS OF BER

2. BER FRUIT FLY
Carpomyia vesuviana
Tephritidae: Diptera
 It is the most important pest of ber and has
country wide distribution.
 Up to 77% damage to fruits is reported from A.P.
 Adult is a small black spotted fly with banded wings.
 Two to three generations are completed from
November to April.
Eggs are laid in cavities made on the fruit with the
ovipositor.
Up to 22 eggs are laid by a female either singly or in
groups of 2-4.
Incubation period is 2-3 days.

3. Oviposition punctures made by the flies on the fruits give them rough
appearance.
The punctures appear as black spots in depression later on.
As many as 18 maggots may infest a single fruit.
Maggots are white, tapering anteriorly.
 Larval period is 7-10 days.
The full grown maggot falls to ground to pupate in soil at 5 to 7.5 cm
deep for periods varying from 14 to 300 days depending upon the
climate.
Maggots bore into the pulp forming reddish brown galleries.
The damage results in
The attacked fruits rotting and turning dark brown and smelling
offensively.

4. MANAGEMENT:
 Removal and destruction of infested fruits.
 Ploughing and continual raking of soil under the trees during summer
months to expose pupa.
 Spray contact insecticides like MLATHION or endosulfan 2ml/l at
tri weekly intervals.
 Soil application of endosulfan 4D kills maggots and pupae

5. BER FRUIT BORER
Meridarchis scyrodes
Carposinidae: Lepidoptera
It is distributed all over the country.
 Adult is a small dark brown moth.
 Eggs are laid on young fruits.
 Larvae are reddish.
 The larva bores into the fruit feeding on the pulp and accumulating
faecal frass within.
 Fruit dropping
 Up to 40% of the fruits are damaged during July and August.
 Pupation takes place in the soil.

6. MANAGEMENT
Collection and destruction of affected fruits
Raking up of soil in tree basins in summer
 Spraying 2 – 3 times at 10 day interval from pea sized fruit stage
with endosulfan 2ml/l or monocrotophos 1.6ml/l

7. BER FRUIT WEEVIL
Aubeus himalayanus
Curculionidae: Coleoptera
Grub feeds on the seed and adult feeds on the fruit.
 The fruit loses its shape.
Fruits become round and fruit stalk bulges.
The adult also sometimes feed on the seed and comes out of the fruit.
MANAGEMENT
Spray application of monocrotophos 1.6 ml/l or fenvalerate 1ml/l or
deltamethrin 2 ml/l at 10-15 day interval from maturity of fruit till
harvest.

8. Leaf defoliating beetles
Holotrichia spp.
Anomala spp.
Adoretus spp
Feed on leaves and defoliate in rainy season
 They cut the tender shoot tips affecting growth of
the young plants
 In case of severe infestation, the entire foliage
may disappear and such trees do not bear any
fruits.
 Eggs are white – soil
 Cream coloured larvae feed in soil on rotten
material, roots, etc.
Larvae hibernate in earthern cocoon through out
winter.
Holotrichia
Anomala
Adoretus

9. pupation in april
 only one generation/yr
Management
 Ploughing of soil expose eggs, larvae and pupae
 Flooding of field in summer stimulate adults to emerge
 Jerking of trees
 Light traps
 Spraying endosulfan in the evening

10. Leaf webber, Pagyda traducalis
Web the leaves and feed
Peak in Aug-Sept., Jan and April-May
Population - higher in may
Management
Spray Fenvalerate, mono or quinolphos at o.05%
Hairy caterpillar, Thiacidas postica, Lymantriidae
Causes defoliation
Management
Natural enimies, braconid, ichneumonid, tachinids
NPV cause martality up to 40 %

11. SAP FEEDERS
Tailed Mealybug, Ferrisia virgata
Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera
Host range
Cotton, Bhendi, Jute, Tobacco, Betel vine, Tomato, Amaranthus,
Sapota, Guava, Pomegranate
Adult - Females apterous, long, slender covered with white
waxy secretions . Female has long filaments on the posterior
end of the body
Biology
Egg period: 3-4 hours
185 - 409 eggs/ female
Nymph: 26-47 days
Female longevity: 36-53 days
Male: 1-3 days
Yellowish to pale white.

12. Symptoms of damage
 Premature dropping of fruit.
 White, cottony-nymphs and adults on leaves & twigs
 Yellowing of older leaves
 Stunted growth & Sooty mould
Management Premature dropping of fruits
Collect and destroy egg masses and caterpillars
Use burning torch to kill the congregating larvae
Triozhophos 2 ml+ neem oil 5 ml/l, phosalone 35 EC 1.5 ml+
neem oil 5 ml/1.
Field release of Cryptoleamus montrouzieri 10 per tree

13. Waxy scales, Drepanococcus chiton
Appears in severe form on the shoots and some times on leaves
Drying of the afftected shoots
Management
Systemic insecticides
PESTS OF MINOR IMPORTANCE
• Leaf feeders, Psorostichia zizyphi; F: Oecophoridae
• Leaf butterfly, Tarucus indica; F: Lycaenidae

14. PESTS OF FIG

15. Stem borer, Bactrocera rufomaculata
It is a major pest of fig in India
 The beetles emerge during rainy season
(June to Aug.)
 Female makes a cut in the bark and
deposits a dirty white egg in it.
 A female lays about 100-200 eggs during
June- Oct.
 IP 7-14 days
 LP- 3-6 months
 Before pupation, the grubs enter diapauses
during winter.
Pupation takes place in the chamber within the stem
 LC-4-7 months. Only one generation per month

16.  The damage by grubs – feed on the portion of the bark and inner wood by
following zigzag manner path and filling the tunnel with frass – fibrous matter
and excreata
 Accumulation of the frass on the ground on the side of the trunk
 Attacked branches of the tree get weakened and fall down (strong wind)
 The fruit bearing capacity of the tree is affected.
Management
 Collection and destruction
 Put kerosene/petrol/dichlorovos soaked cotton wad in the holes
 A mixture of ethylene dichloride and Carbon tetra chloride (3:1) may be injected
in the hole and close
 Avoid oviposition by spraying with 0.15 % chloropyriphos or coal tar

17. Cock chafer beetles
Five species of defoliating beetles,
Adoretus duvauceli, A. horticola,
A. Lasiopygus , A. versulatus and Brahmina coriacea
 Feed on foliage and are polyphagous pests.
 Eggs are laid in soil
 Grubs feed on roots of plants on hatching
Pupation in the soil
In winter – diapause
 After emergence, the adult beetle continue to live
in the soil till rain starts
 They are nocturnal and damage the foliage from
dusk to dawn
 They defoliate trees in June- July
 Only one generation per year
Adoretus sp
Holotrichia consanguinea
also defoliates

18. Management
 C and D
 Spraying of Chloropyriphos @ 0.2% against Adoretus
 Spraying of 0.05% fenitrothion against Holotrichia
consanguinea
 Bioagents, Beauveria brogniartii and Metarrhizium anisopliae
against grubs

19. Gall midges
Anjeerodiplosis peshawarensis
Udumbarie nainiensis
Anjeerodiplosis peshawarensis
Adults appears in May and damage up to 25%.
 eggs – raw and tender fruits
LP- 1 to 1 ½ momths in may and june
 Pupation in soil- 4-12 days
Causes damages to raw fig fruits which become elongated, wrinkled and soft.
Maggots feed on the pulp
 Infested fruits wither and drop prematurely.

20. Udumbarie nainiensis
 Damages the flower buds by ovipositing
 One female lays 200-250 eggs in cavities on flower bud in march to may
and again in Aug. to Oct.
Grubs feed on the interior contents of the inflorescence and
cause discoloration, wrinkling and small protuberance
Management
 C and D of infested flowers and fruits
 Ploughing or digging soil below trees to expose pupa and mix
5% Aldrin
 Spraying 0.05% phosphomedon or mono or fenitrothion at flower bud
stage and when the fruits are of pea nut size

21. Leaf rollers, Phycodes minor,
P. radiata
The pest is active during spring
 IP-5-6 d, LP- 4-5 d and PP- 8-11 days
 Moths of both the species seen during
March-May
 Sucks the nectar from the blossoms
Eggs are laid on tender leaves
 On hatching, the larvae feed on the epidermis of
leaves during spring
 Later on, they fold the leaves and feed within
 Affected leaves ultimately fall
 Pupa hibernate in cracks and crevices of stem bark
Phycodes minor

22. Management
 C and D of rolled leaves
Spraying with 0.05% mono or fenitrothion or carbaryl or
endosulfan