This document is a report on using waste concrete as a building material. It discusses the importance of recycling concrete from an economic and environmental perspective. Concrete recycling helps reduce waste, saves natural resources, and lowers greenhouse gas emissions compared to producing new concrete. Recycled concrete can be used as aggregate in new concrete or other construction applications. However, the quality depends on the original concrete and processing. The document also provides an overview of concrete recycling in Nepal and internationally, describing challenges and opportunities. The objective is to understand the recycling process and potential reuses of recycled concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Avoidance of waste and recycling of construction and demolition waste Dr K M SONI
Waste generation has to be stopped whether food, water, energy or even construction and demolition. This will save natural resources and help in emission of greenhouse gases and climate change.
Physical Properties of Construction & Demolished Waste Concreteijsrd.com
In India, recent year construction and demolished concrete waste handling and management is the challenging problem faced by several area of the country. It is very challenging and hectic problem that has to be tackled in an indigenous manner, Due to strict environmental laws and lack of dumping sites in urban areas, construction & demolished waste disposal is a great problem. It is desirable to completely recycle construction & demolished concrete waste in order to protect natural resources, environment and reduce environmental pollution. In this research paper a study is carried out to investigate the physical properties of construction &demolished waste material for concrete, for using as a coarse aggregate in new construction. The present investigation to be focused on recycling construction & demolished waste materials in order to reduce construction cost and resolving housing problems faced by the low income communities of the India in different part of the country. The crushed construction and demolished concrete wastes is segregated by sieving to obtain required sizes of aggregate, several tests were conducted to determine the aggregate properties before recycling it into new concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Avoidance of waste and recycling of construction and demolition waste Dr K M SONI
Waste generation has to be stopped whether food, water, energy or even construction and demolition. This will save natural resources and help in emission of greenhouse gases and climate change.
Physical Properties of Construction & Demolished Waste Concreteijsrd.com
In India, recent year construction and demolished concrete waste handling and management is the challenging problem faced by several area of the country. It is very challenging and hectic problem that has to be tackled in an indigenous manner, Due to strict environmental laws and lack of dumping sites in urban areas, construction & demolished waste disposal is a great problem. It is desirable to completely recycle construction & demolished concrete waste in order to protect natural resources, environment and reduce environmental pollution. In this research paper a study is carried out to investigate the physical properties of construction &demolished waste material for concrete, for using as a coarse aggregate in new construction. The present investigation to be focused on recycling construction & demolished waste materials in order to reduce construction cost and resolving housing problems faced by the low income communities of the India in different part of the country. The crushed construction and demolished concrete wastes is segregated by sieving to obtain required sizes of aggregate, several tests were conducted to determine the aggregate properties before recycling it into new concrete.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Use of scc and rca for sustainable construction – eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a brief review on the sustainability in building construction, environmental protection with respect to construction industry, constitutional provisions of environmental act and issues of environmental management plan (EMP). Also, Special emphasis is given on use of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) for sustainability. SCC has significant environmental advantages in comparison to the vibrated concrete; absence of noise pollution and vibrations during construction provides a healthier working environment. In this paper, the potential for usage of coarse recycled aggregate obtained from crushed concrete for making self-compacting concrete was discussed, emphasizing its ecological value. The use of RCA contributes to the environment by solving the issue of waste disposal due to the demolition of old structures and also conserving the natural resources (Coarse Aggregate). Keywords: Sustainability, Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA), Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste, Environmental Act, Environmental Management Plan
Construction and demolition waste recyclingAnand Vallala
Now a days as the construction is increasing the demolition waste from the buildings is also increasing. We have to increase the usage of waste materials and to help for the future generation.
Construction activities generate millions of tonnes of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste materials each year. These materials contain a lot of reusable materials. If not properly managed, they will become wastes, a burden to the society, which will be extremely expensive to handle and will occupy precious landfill space.
Now even for small projects it has been made mandatory to use Ready mix concrete or compulsory use of Batching plant. However, except for large projects and some industrial projects, Demolition of structures is not yet mechanised. This waste is also affects the air, noise pollution in the form of releasing dust and noise respectively.
Recycling can turn the waste materials into usable products, which can help conserve our natural resources for our next generations and for the sustainable development of the society. In the recent years, C&D waste management issues have attracted the attention from researches around the world.
The ultimate aim is to create the awareness among the Civil Engineers is to do the research on this topic and to reuse these materials.
Main points of this PPT:
• An overview of the concept on Waste management.
• Brief description on “Recycled Concrete Aggregates”.
• Waste reduction and Reuse.
• Demolition techniques.
• Use of proper Waste Management plan.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A Documentation on Construction and Demolition wasteRohanDas52
Despite being an ancient activity, the management of waste produced in construction activities
did not get much attention until the last decade. Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is not
subjected to management practices as with municipal solid waste (MSW), perhaps due to the
higher toxicity of the latter as compared with the former. Recently, rapid urban expansion,
stringent environmental regulations, and the scarcity of land filling areas as well as the natural
resources over-exploitation led to the need of using CDW as aggregate for construction purposes.
CDW contains significant amounts of inert materials whose properties are being investigated and
which have been recognized for use as aggregate, although significant differences exist when
compared to conventional natural aggregates (NA). The use of recycled concrete waste-based
aggregates in new concrete is a way of maximizing the economic benefits of CDW and, even
though it has been the subject of study for a long time, opinions are still not consensual. As
expected, concrete made with recycled aggregates (RA) has different characteristics from those
of conventional concrete, and these differences are strongly dependent on the type and quality of
the aggregates used.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Use of scc and rca for sustainable construction – eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a brief review on the sustainability in building construction, environmental protection with respect to construction industry, constitutional provisions of environmental act and issues of environmental management plan (EMP). Also, Special emphasis is given on use of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) for sustainability. SCC has significant environmental advantages in comparison to the vibrated concrete; absence of noise pollution and vibrations during construction provides a healthier working environment. In this paper, the potential for usage of coarse recycled aggregate obtained from crushed concrete for making self-compacting concrete was discussed, emphasizing its ecological value. The use of RCA contributes to the environment by solving the issue of waste disposal due to the demolition of old structures and also conserving the natural resources (Coarse Aggregate). Keywords: Sustainability, Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA), Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste, Environmental Act, Environmental Management Plan
Construction and demolition waste recyclingAnand Vallala
Now a days as the construction is increasing the demolition waste from the buildings is also increasing. We have to increase the usage of waste materials and to help for the future generation.
Construction activities generate millions of tonnes of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste materials each year. These materials contain a lot of reusable materials. If not properly managed, they will become wastes, a burden to the society, which will be extremely expensive to handle and will occupy precious landfill space.
Now even for small projects it has been made mandatory to use Ready mix concrete or compulsory use of Batching plant. However, except for large projects and some industrial projects, Demolition of structures is not yet mechanised. This waste is also affects the air, noise pollution in the form of releasing dust and noise respectively.
Recycling can turn the waste materials into usable products, which can help conserve our natural resources for our next generations and for the sustainable development of the society. In the recent years, C&D waste management issues have attracted the attention from researches around the world.
The ultimate aim is to create the awareness among the Civil Engineers is to do the research on this topic and to reuse these materials.
Main points of this PPT:
• An overview of the concept on Waste management.
• Brief description on “Recycled Concrete Aggregates”.
• Waste reduction and Reuse.
• Demolition techniques.
• Use of proper Waste Management plan.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A Documentation on Construction and Demolition wasteRohanDas52
Despite being an ancient activity, the management of waste produced in construction activities
did not get much attention until the last decade. Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is not
subjected to management practices as with municipal solid waste (MSW), perhaps due to the
higher toxicity of the latter as compared with the former. Recently, rapid urban expansion,
stringent environmental regulations, and the scarcity of land filling areas as well as the natural
resources over-exploitation led to the need of using CDW as aggregate for construction purposes.
CDW contains significant amounts of inert materials whose properties are being investigated and
which have been recognized for use as aggregate, although significant differences exist when
compared to conventional natural aggregates (NA). The use of recycled concrete waste-based
aggregates in new concrete is a way of maximizing the economic benefits of CDW and, even
though it has been the subject of study for a long time, opinions are still not consensual. As
expected, concrete made with recycled aggregates (RA) has different characteristics from those
of conventional concrete, and these differences are strongly dependent on the type and quality of
the aggregates used.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Green concrete for sustainable constructioneSAT Journals
Abstract There are many choices in regard to selection of materials in any type of constructions. Due to growing interest in sustainable construction, engineers and architects are motivated to choose the materials which are more sustainable. Green concrete capable for sustainable construction is characterized by application of industrial wastes to reduce consumption of natural resources and energy and pollution of the environment. Replacement of materials over nominal concrete is what makes green concrete more environmental friendly concrete. Marble sludge powder, quarry rocks, crushed concrete and fly ashes are some of the materials used for making green concrete, a sustainable construction. Keywords: Construction Industry, Environmental Impact, Geo-polymer concrete, Green Concrete, Recycled Materials, Sustainable Construction, Virgin Material.
Sustainable building materials in Green building construction.Tendai Mabvudza
Defining sustainable building materials with concern to green buildings construction. Architectural Short thesis withdebatable topics. Principles of sustainable building.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
To Study Characterstic Behaviour of Recycled Concrete Aggregateijtsrd
Near about 30 of concrete is produce by concrete industry and it is calculated that in a year 165 million tonnes of concrete is used. Hence, to produce other total sources that are based on waste products, there are many significant incentives. Recycling products are used to produce aggregate Martials for unbound fills, pipe bidding and sub base as the RCA "Recycled Concrete Aggregate" or RCA is not suitable for concrete that is ready to mix because it is blended with another products. Many sites did trials with RCA that mix with ready mix concrete but it was not useful choice. Utilities organizations produce brick, containing stone, clay, Trench arising, asphalt, and concrete but that could be merged in low power concrete which were a cost effective trench product. IN trench reinstatement from RCA formed concrete is used that has 4mm fines and in formed concrete, it has ability to use burner bottom ash. BS 8500 concrete improved the potential for recycling as BS EN 12620. Presently recycled products for concrete is not available but it is a hope that they will be used in future. Nitin Jain | Ashish Verma "To Study Characterstic Behaviour of Recycled Concrete Aggregate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29348.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29348/to-study-characterstic-behaviour-of-recycled-concrete-aggregate/nitin-jain
For environmental conservation, the usage of recycled aggregates in concrete may be beneficial. The products for the future are recycled aggregates. The usage of recycled aggregates has been initiated in several European, American, Russian and Asian building ventures. Many nations have relaxed the usage of recycled aggregates with respect to infrastructure rules. This project reports the fundamental characteristics of recycled fine aggregates and recycled coarsely aggregates and contrasts them with natural aggregates. Basic shifts are described in all aggregate properties and their impacts on concreting work are thoroughly addressed. The properties of recycled concrete aggregates are also calculated. Fundamental concrete properties such as compressive power, bending strength, operability and so for the numerous combinations of recycled aggregates and natural aggregates are discussed here. Codal recommendations for recycled concrete aggregates in different countries are listed here, with their influence on concretion function. In general, the existing state of recycled aggregates in India along with their potential needs and use are addressed here. Prince Kumar | Ajay Singh | Swati Dhiman "Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42581.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/42581/mechanical-properties-of-recycled-aggregate/prince-kumar
Eco friendly construction techniques are gaining immense importance nowadays. Many innovations have
come in pavement construction and design. The use of reclaimed aggregates in constructing pavements is
one among them. Reclaimed aggregates come mainly from two sources - construction & demolition waste
and asphalt pavements. The optimized use of reclaimed aggregates along with fresh aggregates helps
decrease construction cost without compromising strength and durability. It also minimizes the use of
virgin aggregate and helps decrease crude oil import for producing paving bitumen. Reclaimed material is
first crushed and screened before using. Tests are then conducted to analyse its properties. Only those
batches which satisfy standard conditions are used. Reclaimed aggregate pavements hence help pavement
rehabilitation with minimum energy expenditure. This paper deals with the tests on reclaimed aggregate
and their property study. The various sources and means of retrieving aggregate from reclaimed material
are also dealt with.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
Similar to Concrete waste as building material (20)
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
1. Tribhuvan University
Institute of Engineering
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
Dharan-8, Sunsari, Nepal
A
REPORT
ON
WASTE CONCRETE AS BUILDING MATERIAL
Submitted by:
Gaurab luitel (072-BAE-13)
Submitted to:
Department of Architecture
Date:
22 Aug 2020
2. Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 3
2. IMPORTANCE OF RECYCLING CONCRETE............................................................................ 3
3. WHY IS RECYCLING OF CONCRETE DONE? ......................................................................... 4
1. Economic accept........................................................................................................... 4
2. Environmental accept.................................................................................................... 4
3. Difficulties encountered in concrete recycling .................................................................. 4
4. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES, LIFE CYCLE THINKING AND RECYCLING CONCRETE
5
5. USE AS AGGREGATE ........................................................................................................ 6
1. As Coarse Aggregate ..................................................................................................... 6
2. As Fine Aggregate ......................................................................................................... 7
6. ANALYSIS OF RECYCLE CONCRETE.................................................................................... 7
I. Issue............................................................................................................................ 7
II. Remedies..................................................................................................................... 7
III. Potentials................................................................................................................. 8
7. HOW CAN RECYCLED CONCRETE BE USED? ....................................................................... 8
8. CONCRETE RECYCLING SCENARIO OF NEPAL..................................................................... 8
9. CONCRETE RECYCLING SCENARIO OF INTERNATIONAL ....................................................... 9
10. USE OF RECYCLE CONCRETE AS ARCHITECTURE FORM................................................. 10
11. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 10
12. REFERENCES............................................................................................................. 10
3. 1.INTRODUCTION
Concrete is an excellent material to make long-lasting and energy efficient buildings.
Change in infrastructure planning and deteriorate with the time result in the
construction and demolition (C&D) (Devi, 2015). The emerging sustainable
development movement in the construction industry requires the recycling of the
waste building material that is degrading the environment.in many countries old
concrete is the major waste generated from the demolition of buildings /structures.
(Ruoyu Jina, 2015). . However, progress toward concrete recycling varies in different
countries for various reasons. These include the availability of technical
specifications, recycling technologies, and the level of government support. The
(C&D) is done due to various reasons like expansion of cities, natural disaster,
rearrangement of city, change in purpose, etc. for this reason, every year 850 tons of
waste is generated in the EU, which represent 31% of waste generated. (Devi, 2015).
The production of waste worldwide is 11 billion tons every year in which concrete
waste accounts for 50-70%. It was estimated that at least 3.79 million BTUs of
energy is Needed to produce each ton of cement. Accounting for 7% of CO2
emissions globally by the cement industry. (Ruoyu Jina, 2015). The reuse of concrete
is associated with the environmental benefit, to improve the recycling technology on
the concrete and it saves the cost of transporting concrete to landfill. If the concrete
is transformed into a hard state, then the concrete requires technology for
disintegration into its component. This technology development is still growing,
requiring new products and skills for disintegration. This type of technology is suitable
for those areas where aggregate is a shortage and for environmental conservation is
in priority. (Adeoye) .sand and aggregate used from the waste concrete have lower
strength than concrete made with similar aggregate not previously used. (Adeoye)
But it can be used as raw mineral materials in paving projects, footpaths, for
residential buildings, and pipe-bedding. It can be manufactured as concrete brick and
concrete blocks have a new construction material from construction and demolition
waste industry with better mechanical properties. (M. Contreras, 2016)
2. IMPORTANCE OF RECYCLING CONCRETE
Concrete is the world's most commonly used building material. Concrete waste is one of the
main waste sources of construction and demolition debris. Recycling the concrete and
reapplying has the economic value, as well as many other benefits. Firstly, the recycling as
aggregates of concrete waste reduces the volume of waste and protects natural resources. It
will reduce the rising pressure on landfill capacity as build-up and demolition of waste
concrete amounts increases. Second, recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) uses new
aggregates to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with concrete manufacturing.
Recycling concrete is of some significance, including:
• Removal of original capital and elimination of the associated environmental costs of
natural resource extraction
• Reduced shipping costs: Concrete will also be recycled on demolition sites or in urban
areas where it can be reused
• Reduced costs of disposal, as landfill tip charges, can be avoided.
• Good performance for some applications due to good compaction and density
properties ( e.g. as sub-base road)
4. • In some situations, recycling companies provide job opportunities that would not
otherwise exist in other sectors.
• The use of recycled concrete will save natural resources by reducing the need for
mining, gravel, water, coal, oil and gas.
3. WHY IS RECYCLING OF CONCRETE DONE?
1. Economic accept
The cost of sending waste to landfill far exceeds the expense of collecting and recycling
concrete waste from a construction site to a recycler. For a new building on the same site,
the cost of using demolition materials will also be greater than that of new materials. To
what extent materials need to be sorted and other materials removed, the recycling and
processing costs may increase. Several US states have reported savings from using recycled
aggregate up to 50 percent to 60 percent compared to new aggregates. Recycling is cheaper
than recycling in Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands. For countries without recycling
systems and the plentiful recycling of natural resources can be more expensive. Based on
situations and local conditions. Concrete recycling can be cost effective.
Factors include:
● Proximity and quantity of available natural aggregates
● Reliability of supply, quality and quantity of construction and demolition
waste(availability of materials and capacity of recycling facility)
● Public perceptions regarding the quality of recycled products
● Government procurement incentives
● Standards and regulations requiring different treatment for recycled aggregate
compared to primary material
● Taxes and levies on natural aggregates and on landfill. (development)
2. Environmental accept
Around 23% of the all the emission of greenhouse gases is due to construction.so if we
recycle the concrete we can reduce the greenhouse gases emissions. Greenhouse gas
emission can be reduced when high carbon footprint material and process of production is
reduced. Recycling concrete into aggregate will not save any amount of money compared to
the natural aggregate it saves in transportation, but it saves a huge amount of natural
resources. Research indicates that over long periods concrete, particularly crushed concrete,
can carbonate and as such reabsorb CO2. (Development)
3. Difficulties encountered in concrete recycling
Cost and energy consumption are two of the key issues in concrete recycling. A case study
conducted in Australia compared cost and benefits between
1) Dumping waste concrete in a landfill and producing natural materials for new
concrete and
2) Recycling old concrete as aggregates for new concrete. The latter approach was
found to be cost-effective while also protecting the environment and achieving
construction sustainability.
However, Gull was concerned about the labor cost incurred in the extraction of waste
aggregates from demolished Buildings and the cost of using admixture to increase the
strength of concrete containing waste aggregates. Another concern lies in the quality of
5. products made of RCA since the source of old concrete was usually unknown and the
properties of RCA were different compared to virgin aggregates . In Lauritzen, the key
concerns about concrete recycling were summarized as economy, policies and strategies,
certification of recycled materials, planning of demolition projects, and most importantly,
education and information. (Ruoyu Jina, 2015)
4. OBJECTIVE
This research aims on studying process and concrete recycled used area.
1) To understand the concrete recycling and why is it done?
2) To understand used area and process of recycling.
5. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES, LIFE CYCLE
THINKING AND RECYCLING CONCRETE
Recycling concrete is not an end in itself. An evaluation of the overall benefits of recycling
concrete for sustainable development is required. It is useful to place concrete in the
context of the environmental impact of other materials. Concrete has a high environmental
impact with respect to its input materials, namely in the cement production phase.
Transportation and delivery at all stages of production is the second greatest source of
impact. It is, however, extremely durable and can bring many environmental advantages
during the use phase.
Factors to consider when comparing recycled aggregate to virgin aggregate or other building
materials include:
● Transportation costs including fuel usage and CO2 emissions
- C&D is often already located in an urban area close to or on the construction
site, whereas virgin materials are often sourced from more distant quarries and
natural areas. Conversely, transportation costs may sometimes increase when
using recycled aggregate, as it may not always be feasible to process aggregate
on-site.
● Noise, air and water pollution and the energy needs of the processing systems
to recover the concrete or use natural materials
- Systems for different materials can be compared
- Producing coarse aggregate will have less impact than further refining;
however, future use of the aggregate has to be considered.
● Land Use Impact
- Using recycled aggregate means
- Less waste goes to landfill
- Less land is disturbed as virgin alternatives can be conserved.
● Environmental impacts during the use phase
- Recycled aggregate has similar properties to regular virgin concrete. As
such, there is usually less difference in impact from this perspective during
the use phase. Compared with other building materials, the thermal mass
of concrete means that energy savings can usually be made during the
operation of a building built with concrete as less energy is needed for
heating and cooling than for many other materials.
● Useful life expectations
- The durability of concrete and recycled concrete means that its long useful
life can be a sustainability benefit compared with other materials.
6. 6. USE AS AGGREGATE
Most recycled concrete is used as aggregate in road sub base, and most commonly in
unbound form. The quality of aggregate produced depends on the quality of the original
material and the degree of processing and sorting. Contamination with other materials also
affects quality. More refined aggregate may produce a product of higher value use but may
also have a greater environmental impact in production. When well cleaned, the quality of
recycled coarse aggregate is generally comparable to new aggregate and the possibilities for
use are equally comparable, although some limitations as to strength may exist. Material
containing plasterboard can have more limited applications. Recycled aggregate accounts for
6% to 8% of aggregate use in Europe, with significant differences between countries. The
greatest users are the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany.
It was estimated in 2000 that ~5% of aggregate in the US was recycled aggregate.
1. As Coarse Aggregate
For road base, sub-base and civil engineering applications
It is widespread and most widely used for road foundation, pavement and sub-base
use. The Federal Highway Administration, which adopted a pro-use policy and
conducted research in the field, has encouraged its use and acceptance in the US.
Finnish research has found that recycled concrete listed in the quality and
composition accepted in the sub-base and base layers can reduce the thickness of
these layers due to the good material bearing properties. When used as a base and
sub-base, the unbound cementation material in recycled aggregates was found to
have a bonding that is superior to that of fines in new aggregates, so that the
strength is strengthened to provide a very strong foundation for new pavements. It
can also be used in asphalt mixtures. Various civil engineering projects can also make
use of coarse aggregate.
For concrete
A common misperception is that recycled concrete aggregate should not be used in
structural concrete.
Guidelines and regulations sometimes consider the physical limitations of recycled
concrete aggregate, but ideally they should also promote its use. A study by the
National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) in the US has Concluded that
up to 10% recycled concrete aggregate is suitable as a replacement for new
aggregate for most Concrete applications, including structural concrete.UK research
indicates that up to 20% of recycled concrete aggregate can be used for most
applications (including structural) . Australian guidelines note that up to 30%
Recycled aggregate content in structural concrete can be as high as 30% without any
significant difference in workability and strength as opposed to natural aggregates.
German guidelines note that recycled aggregate can be used for up to 45 per cent of
the total aggregate in some conditions, depending on the concrete exposure level.
As recycled concrete aggregate has cement in it, when reused in concrete it tends to
have higher water absorption and can have lower strength than new aggregate.
Sometimes more cement is needed.
7. 2. As Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregates can be used in place of natural sand. However, the mortar content can
affect workability, strength and shrinkage due to high water absorption, which could
increase the risk of settlement and dry shrinkage cracking. Fine aggregates also often
contain plaster from C&DW and it is more costly, both economically and environmentally, to
clean the material. Fine aggregates can be a good fill for sub-grade corrections as they can
act as a drying agent when mixed with sub-grade soil. Fine aggregates can be used in sub-
base and in all-in aggregate uses. Given the impact of extraction of sand from rivers and
seas, alternative sources are of increasing importance and use may increase as a result of
this.
Reuse in original form
Reuse of blocks in original form, or by cutting into smaller blocks, has even less
environmental impact; however, only a limited market currently exists. Improved building
designs that allow for slab reuse and building transformation without demolition could
increase this use. Hollow core concrete slabs are easy to dismantle and the span is normally
constant, making them good for reuse. Some examples of varied uses include:
● Recycled concrete from construction and road rubble has been found to be a good
material for artificial reefs. The irregular surfaces and pore spaces of crushed
concrete provide good protection to small oysters from predators
● Thailand uses concrete waste to make paving blocks, pots and benches for
community use.
7. ANALYSIS OF RECYCLE CONCRETE
I. Issue
● Availability of material
● Processing infrastructure
● Public attitudes
● Laws, regulations and industry accepted standards
● Environmental impacts
● Physical properties
● Leaching
The quality of recovered aggregate is largely dependent on the quality of the original
concrete and any exceptional conditions the concrete may have endured in its first
life. In a Dutch study, some leaching of bromine and chromium was found in some
recycled concrete. In Japan, it has been noted that hexavalent-chromium and lead
can be found in concrete waste as they are originally contained in cement.
(Development)
II. Remedies
● Available of the material from the cities, old buildings in all countries that can be
used as the raw material for the next building.
● C&D on-site waste management plans are needed. This plan requires a huge amount
of economy that can be done by the C&DW, this will lead to fast economic and
environmentally friendly demolition.
8. ● The misconception that recovered concrete is of lower quality. New materials are
perceived as being of better quality. Properly demolished and separated in the
original raw material can have a good amount of strength, compression sometimes
higher.
● Processing technology for recovery of concrete should consider possible air and
noise pollution impacts as well as energy consumption, although there is little
difference to natural aggregates processing because it is done in the mines if we
place the buffer and insulation that can be reduced. (Development)
III. Potentials
● Aggregate levies and the costs of transportation for natural aggregates could be
higher. Overall project costs will be minimized as C&DW charges fewer landfill taxes
/ fees because the waste is recycled instead of landfilled.
● C&D appears to be located in large cities close to building and growth projects.
Sometimes, virgin materials need to be transported over wider distances.
● Once infrastructure has been built, mobile sorting units can provide good returns
and dedicated facilities can.
● Growing environmental issues resulting in greater demand for environmentally
friendly goods and material reuse.
● Positive recycling laws, landfill taxes and green procurement policies by large users
can all promote recycled concrete use. (Development)
8. HOW CAN RECYCLED CONCRETE BE USED?
● As aggregate (coarse and fine)
● As blocks in original or cut-down form
● “Recycled aggregate” is used in this report to mean aggregate made from old
concrete.
9. CONCRETE RECYCLING SCENARIO OF NEPAL
Figure 1 Manohara River Bank, Near Sankhmul used as dumping for concrete
9. Cities like Kathmandu valley are growing day by day, new construction and
demolition are taking place in different parts of the valley.
Old construction is done by using brick and surkhi . Due to the modernization in
place of old material, concrete is used for low maintenance, its versatility, resistance,
ease of handling, accessibility, aesthetics, and other factors. With the time pass this
material will destroy property.so to make it sustainable without degrading the
environment and reusing again and again concrete there should be a concrete
recycling plant. That can be accessible by all in Kathmandu valley. Then the problem
of concrete will not be.
Figure 1 concrete recycling process
In figure 1, concrete is thrown in the back of the river that is degrading water life, the
aesthetic of the city, creating a dumping area in the river bank. Instead, concrete can
be sent to a recycling plant shown in figure 2 that can be used as the road sub base
or can be ground and split into cement raw material (clinker) and recycling aggregate
that can be used as again as the concrete for building.
10. CONCRETE RECYCLING SCENARIO OF INTERNATIONAL
Significant potential remains for increasing the use of coarse recycled aggregate in
concrete. In some countries, notably Germany, Switzerland and Australia, concrete
containing recycled aggregate is now being marketed. For example, Boral “green”
concrete is premixed concrete using recycled aggregate that has been used in a
number of building projects in Australia, including the world leading green building
Council House 2, a 10-storey office block in Melbourne.
A notable example from Germany is the Waldspirale complex containing 105
residential dwellings designed by Friedensreich Hundertwasser in Darmstadt.
10. Completed in 2000, the building makes use of recycled aggregate in the concrete.
Zürich’s largest school in Birch has led the way for the use of recycled aggregate in
concrete in Switzerland. In Spain, Horcimex used recycled aggregate content in the
structural concrete for a housing project in Madrid. To the extent that recycled
aggregate is used in concrete,
It tends to be mainly in ready-mix concrete. Some examples from France exist for use in pre-
cast concrete; however, the CSI is not currently aware of any widespread use
11. USE OF RECYCLE CONCRETE AS ARCHITECTURE FORM
● The most common down cycling use is of shredded or pebbled concrete as
aggregate, or filler in roadbed construction, retaining walls, and earthworks.
(blander, 2019)
● Base for new asphalt clearing: Through a cycle called rubblization, old solid asphalt
can be broken set up and utilized as a base layer for black-top asphalt laid over it.
● Bed establishment material for channels containing underground utility lines: Utility
channels are stove secured with rock to help waste, and squashed solid makes a
decent, reasonable substitute for rock.
● Aggregate for blending new concrete: Crushed cement can replace a portion of the
new total utilized in prepared blend concrete.
● Controlling stream bank disintegration: Larger parts of squashed cement put along
weak stream banks can help control disintegration.
● Landscaping mulch: When appropriately squashed and very much arranged, ground
cement can supplant waterway rock or different rock utilized as ground covers and
mulch.
● Fill for wire gabions: Wire confines (gabions) loaded up with squashed rock can
make enhancing and useful security screen dividers or holding dividers. (Rodriguez,
n.d.)
12. CONCLUSION
This study points out concrete can be reused and restored. The ultimate target for "zero
landfill" concrete should be set. It should be noted, however, that cement producers can
only play an indirect role in promoting concrete recycling (concrete is the main downstream
cement product) and a target of "zero landfill" concrete. The goals of this study include
encouraging dialogue and developing awareness about concrete recycling. Cement
producers in the concrete, aggregate and building industries may be especially concerned
with the work of the subsidiaries. Cement producers may also promote recycling efforts by
way of this article. (Development)
13. REFERENCES
Adeoye, A. a. (n.d.). Recycling Of Concrete Waste Material from Construction Demolition.
Akure: American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER).
blander, a. (2019). Retrieved from metropolis:
https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/recycling-demolition-building-materials/
development, w. b. (n.d.). recycling concrete.
11. Devi, Y. G. (2015). An Innovative Study on Reuse of Demolished Concrete Waste. Thiruvalla,
Kerala, India: Journal of Civil & Environmental.
M. Contreras, S. T. (2016). Recycling of construction and demolition waste for producing
new. brazil: Elsevier Ltd.
Rodriguez, J. (n.d.). Ways to Recycle and Reuse Concrete. Retrieved from the balance small
business: https://www.thebalancesmb.com/recycling-concrete-how-and-where-to-reuse-
old-concrete-844944
Ruoyu Jina, Q. C. (2015). Investigation of concrete recycling in the U.S. construction industry.