This document discusses infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus that causes a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. IBV infects the respiratory tract, kidneys, intestines, and reproductive organs of chickens. It is transmitted through the air, feces, and fomites. Clinical signs include respiratory signs like sneezing as well as decreased egg production and thin-shelled misshapen eggs. Gross lesions include caseous plugs in the bronchi and thickened bronchial mucosa. Microscopic lesions involve the tracheal, kidney, and oviduct tissues. Diagnosis involves observing clinical signs and lesions as well as virus isolation, immunodetection assays, and inoculation of embryonated
Foot rot is an anaerobic infection of the soft tissues between the toes in cattle, sheep, and goats that causes lameness. In cattle, it is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, while in sheep it is caused by a combination of Bacteroides nodosus and F. necrophorum. The disease is common worldwide and is transmitted between animals through discharges from infected feet. Clinical signs include lameness, fever, and lesions in the interdigital space. Treatment involves systemic and topical antibiotics, cleaning and dressing wounds, and maintaining clean dry living conditions to control spread.
This document provides an overview of Newcastle disease in birds. It begins with an introduction defining Newcastle disease as a viral infection caused by avian paramyxovirus 1. The document then covers the etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, and post mortem lesions of the disease. Key points include that the virus is shed in feces and respiratory secretions and transmitted through direct or indirect contact, and that clinical signs can include neurological issues while post mortem lesions are not specific.
This document discusses infectious bursal disease (IBD) in chickens. It begins with an overview and plan of topics to be covered, including the history, etiology, types of infections (subclinical and clinical), and details on classic IBD and very virulent IBDV. The document outlines the virus that causes IBD, its target in the bursa of Fabricius, types of infections, clinical signs, lesions, and differences between classic and very virulent strains.
This document discusses procedures for sampling, conducting hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, and interpreting results for poultry disease surveillance. It provides details on sampling size and timing, preparing virus antigens and washed red blood cells, performing the HI test including making serial dilutions of serum and virus, and determining the HI titer. Factors that can affect hemagglutination and elution are described. The document emphasizes using appropriate sampling, preparation, and interpretation techniques to obtain accurate HI test results for poultry disease monitoring and outbreak investigation.
This document provides information about Marek's Disease, including:
1) It is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by the Marek's Disease Virus (MDV), a herpesvirus. MDV has three serotypes, with Serotype 1 including the oncogenic strains responsible for Marek's Disease.
2) The virus spreads via dander from infected feather follicles through the air. It causes proliferation of lymphocytes which can deposit in various tissues, leading to neural, visceral, cutaneous or ocular forms of the disease.
3) Clinical signs include paralysis, enlarged organs, skin nodules or eye protrusion. Diagnosis involves post-mortem
This document discusses prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. It defines the disease and outlines its etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, and prevention and control strategies. Prevention focuses on strict biosecurity measures regarding animal movement, facilities, equipment, and people. Control involves surveillance, vaccination, quarantine, and culling infected or exposed animals. Vaccination can help control outbreaks but has disadvantages like short-term immunity and limited protection against different virus strains. Early detection and rapid response are critical to control disease spread.
This document discusses infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus that causes a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. IBV infects the respiratory tract, kidneys, intestines, and reproductive organs of chickens. It is transmitted through the air, feces, and fomites. Clinical signs include respiratory signs like sneezing as well as decreased egg production and thin-shelled misshapen eggs. Gross lesions include caseous plugs in the bronchi and thickened bronchial mucosa. Microscopic lesions involve the tracheal, kidney, and oviduct tissues. Diagnosis involves observing clinical signs and lesions as well as virus isolation, immunodetection assays, and inoculation of embryonated
Foot rot is an anaerobic infection of the soft tissues between the toes in cattle, sheep, and goats that causes lameness. In cattle, it is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, while in sheep it is caused by a combination of Bacteroides nodosus and F. necrophorum. The disease is common worldwide and is transmitted between animals through discharges from infected feet. Clinical signs include lameness, fever, and lesions in the interdigital space. Treatment involves systemic and topical antibiotics, cleaning and dressing wounds, and maintaining clean dry living conditions to control spread.
This document provides an overview of Newcastle disease in birds. It begins with an introduction defining Newcastle disease as a viral infection caused by avian paramyxovirus 1. The document then covers the etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, and post mortem lesions of the disease. Key points include that the virus is shed in feces and respiratory secretions and transmitted through direct or indirect contact, and that clinical signs can include neurological issues while post mortem lesions are not specific.
This document discusses infectious bursal disease (IBD) in chickens. It begins with an overview and plan of topics to be covered, including the history, etiology, types of infections (subclinical and clinical), and details on classic IBD and very virulent IBDV. The document outlines the virus that causes IBD, its target in the bursa of Fabricius, types of infections, clinical signs, lesions, and differences between classic and very virulent strains.
This document discusses procedures for sampling, conducting hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, and interpreting results for poultry disease surveillance. It provides details on sampling size and timing, preparing virus antigens and washed red blood cells, performing the HI test including making serial dilutions of serum and virus, and determining the HI titer. Factors that can affect hemagglutination and elution are described. The document emphasizes using appropriate sampling, preparation, and interpretation techniques to obtain accurate HI test results for poultry disease monitoring and outbreak investigation.
This document provides information about Marek's Disease, including:
1) It is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by the Marek's Disease Virus (MDV), a herpesvirus. MDV has three serotypes, with Serotype 1 including the oncogenic strains responsible for Marek's Disease.
2) The virus spreads via dander from infected feather follicles through the air. It causes proliferation of lymphocytes which can deposit in various tissues, leading to neural, visceral, cutaneous or ocular forms of the disease.
3) Clinical signs include paralysis, enlarged organs, skin nodules or eye protrusion. Diagnosis involves post-mortem
This document discusses prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. It defines the disease and outlines its etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, and prevention and control strategies. Prevention focuses on strict biosecurity measures regarding animal movement, facilities, equipment, and people. Control involves surveillance, vaccination, quarantine, and culling infected or exposed animals. Vaccination can help control outbreaks but has disadvantages like short-term immunity and limited protection against different virus strains. Early detection and rapid response are critical to control disease spread.
Avian leukosis, also known as lymphoid leucosis or big liver disease, is a neoplastic disease of chickens caused by avian leukosis viruses. The disease starts with tumor formation in the bursa of fabricius and then metastasizes to other organs like the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Clinical signs include depression, weight loss, enlarged abdomen or organs. Diagnosis is based on post-mortem lesions and tumors occurring in chickens over 14 weeks old. There is no treatment, so prevention focuses on eradicating infected hens and reducing viral transmission through testing and discarding eggs from infected breeder flocks.
This document discusses Avian Reo Virus. It begins with an introduction to the virus's discovery and economic impacts, including weight suppression and viral arthritis. It then covers the virus's characteristics such as being non-enveloped with 10 segments of dsRNA. Transmission occurs horizontally through feces or respiratory routes or vertically at low rates. Clinical signs include lameness, joint swelling, and malabsorption syndrome. Treatment is not possible but vaccination of breeders can help reduce problems in progeny.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. This highly contagious disease is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The virus can be easily transmitted by infected birds and fomites. Lax biosecurity, transportation of infected birds, and spread of contaminated litter facilitates spread of the virus. Clinical signs of respiratory disease are not pathognomonic. Diagnosis is by real-time PCR and histopathology . Implementation of biosecurity is necessary for prevention, but vaccination is commonly used for control of the disease in endemic regions worldwide.
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals like cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. It is caused by an aphthovirus from the family Picornaviridae. The virus can be transmitted between animals through direct contact or contact with contaminated materials. Clinical signs include blisters and sores in the mouth and on the feet. Young animals are more susceptible to death from myocarditis. Farmers are advised to promptly isolate and report suspected cases of foot and mouth disease to prevent its spread.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Fowl cholera is a contagious bacterial disease affecting domestic and wild birds worldwide, caused by Pasteurella multocida type A. It occurs sporadically or endemically in most countries. Clinical signs vary depending on the course of disease but commonly include fever, loss of appetite, respiratory difficulty, and hemorrhages. Post-mortem lesions show vascular disturbances like congestion and hemorrhages. Diagnosis requires isolating P. multocida from infected birds. Treatment involves antibiotics but does not eliminate the bacteria, so prevention focuses on sanitation, biosecurity, and vaccination.
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro Disease) is caused by a double stranded RNA virus that infects young chickens between 3-6 weeks of age. The virus targets and destroys the bursa of Fabricius, causing immunosuppression that leads to high mortality. Clinical signs include diarrhea, vent pecking, and depression. Post mortem lesions show hemorrhaging in the bursa and muscles. The disease is diagnosed through history, clinical signs, and virus detection. Vaccination is the primary control method through live attenuated or killed vaccines administered to broilers at 7 and 21 days and layers at 14 days and older. Strict biosecurity and hygiene are also important to prevent transmission and control outbreaks
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting young chickens. It is caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), which destroys lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, impairing the immune system. Clinical signs include diarrhea, lethargy, and immunosuppression. At necropsy, the bursa appears swollen and hemorrhagic. Diagnosis relies on detecting viral antigens or nucleic acids in the bursa. Vaccination is the main control method, with live attenuated and in ovo vaccines available.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
FMD is serious , acute and highly contagious animal disease.
Affecting all cloven hoofed animals(hoof split in to two toes)
High morbidity and low mortality.
FMD is disease of animals not humans and affecting livestock in every part of the world.
Animals include cattle , buffaloes, goats , sheep, swine and many wild animals including deer.
Common diseases and affections of laboratroy rabbits, quick review guidePavulraj Selvaraj
This document discusses several bacterial diseases that affect rabbits, including pasteurellosis, bordetellosis, colibacillosis, Tyzzer's disease, and Staphylococcus infections. Pasteurellosis, caused by Pasteurella multocida, is one of the most common diseases and can cause upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, ear infections, genital infections, abscesses, conjunctivitis, and sepsis. Bordetellosis, caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica, has similar upper respiratory clinical signs. Colibacillosis is caused by pathogenic E. coli and causes diarrhea, fever, and anorexia in rabbits. Tyz
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) causes two clinically distinct diseases: Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), seen predominantly in cattle aged 6-18 months as a primary infection, and Mucosal Disease (MD), a sporadic and fatal disease that occurs in persistently infected (PI) cattle. BVDV is transmitted from PI cattle that continuously shed large amounts of virus. Infection can cause reproductive losses, congenital defects, and respiratory/gastrointestinal disease. Diagnosis is done through virus isolation, antigen detection, PCR, and serology of paired samples. There is no treatment for BVDV infection.
This document discusses bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in calves, which is caused by various viruses and bacteria. It can cause pneumonia of varying severity. Common viral causes include respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3, and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Bacterial pathogens like Mannheimia haemolytica may cause secondary infections. Calves aged 2-5 months are most susceptible. Clinical signs include cough, nasal discharge, fever and respiratory distress. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, serology and histopathology. Treatment consists of antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccination helps control the spread of BRD.
Foot and mouth disease: An Indian perspectiveBhoj Raj Singh
FMD is an economically important disease of cloven-footed animals. It causes an estimated loss of Rs. 20-22 thousand crores per year to livestock owners in India. To control the disease, DAHDF of India launched a National FMD Control Program (FMD-CP) in 2003 with an outlay of about Rs. 500 crores a year by Central Government and each state government also invested an equally good amount of money. The program is ongoing all over India. However, results are humiliating and harassing. We are almost at the same spot from where we started 15 years back in 2003.
Infectious coryza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens caused by the bacterium Avibacterium paragallinarum. The disease affects chickens of all ages and causes facial swelling, nasal and ocular discharge, sneezing, and decreased egg production. It spreads rapidly through direct contact and contaminated air/water. Clinical signs include sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and airsacculitis. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacterium and using tests like PCR and haemagglutination inhibition. Treatment involves antibiotics like streptomycin and lincomycin. Control relies on vaccination of replacement birds and sound biosecurity to prevent introduction and spread of the disease on farms.
Infectious bursal disease (IBD), commonly known as Gumboro disease, is a highly contagious viral infection affecting chickens. It was first identified in Delaware in 1962. The disease destroys lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, causing immunosuppression. Clinical signs include depression, diarrhea, and increased susceptibility to other diseases. The virus is transmitted orally and spreads rapidly between flocks. Prevention relies on vaccination programs and biosecurity to control spread between birds.
Newcastle disease is a contagious viral disease of birds caused by avian paramyxovirus-1. It affects many species of birds and can cause severe economic losses in poultry. The virus is transmitted through direct contact and contaminated feces, water, or feed. Clinical signs vary depending on the strain but may include respiratory disease, neurological signs, and diarrhea. Diagnosis involves virus isolation from samples. Control relies on quarantine, vaccination, and culling infected flocks to prevent spread. Proper cleaning and disinfection of affected premises is important for eradication.
Ticks are arachnids that are ectoparasites and vectors of disease. There are two main families of ticks - Ixodidae, or hard ticks, which have a dorsal shield and feed for days, and Argasidae, or soft ticks, which lack a dorsal shield and feed intermittently and rapidly. Ticks transmit numerous pathogens including viruses, bacteria, protozoa. Common diseases include Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, canine ehrlichiosis, babesiosis. Treatment involves careful tick removal and use of acaricides, while prevention relies on host protection and environmental control.
IRJET- Molecular Diagnosis of Campylobacteriosis in Diarrhoeic PoultryIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the molecular diagnosis of Campylobacteriosis in diarrheic poultry. Samples were collected from poultry and tested using conventional culture methods and PCR to detect Campylobacter species. By culture, 11 of 60 samples were positive for Campylobacter, while PCR detected Campylobacter in 15 samples, showing it to be a more sensitive detection method. The document reviews previous literature on Campylobacter prevalence in poultry and techniques for isolating and identifying the bacteria, including selective media compositions and incubation conditions.
This document analyzes the microbiological quality of fresh beef sausages collected from different regions in Tripoli, Libya. 100 sausage samples were tested microbiologically. Results showed all samples were highly contaminated with bacteria, with total plate counts averaging 2.5x108 CFU/g. There were no significant differences in bacterial counts between regions. Additionally, 81% of samples were contaminated with E. coli and 48% contained the pathogenic E. coli O157:H7. The study found sausage samples in Tripoli to have high levels of bacteria exceeding recommended limits.
Avian leukosis, also known as lymphoid leucosis or big liver disease, is a neoplastic disease of chickens caused by avian leukosis viruses. The disease starts with tumor formation in the bursa of fabricius and then metastasizes to other organs like the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Clinical signs include depression, weight loss, enlarged abdomen or organs. Diagnosis is based on post-mortem lesions and tumors occurring in chickens over 14 weeks old. There is no treatment, so prevention focuses on eradicating infected hens and reducing viral transmission through testing and discarding eggs from infected breeder flocks.
This document discusses Avian Reo Virus. It begins with an introduction to the virus's discovery and economic impacts, including weight suppression and viral arthritis. It then covers the virus's characteristics such as being non-enveloped with 10 segments of dsRNA. Transmission occurs horizontally through feces or respiratory routes or vertically at low rates. Clinical signs include lameness, joint swelling, and malabsorption syndrome. Treatment is not possible but vaccination of breeders can help reduce problems in progeny.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. This highly contagious disease is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The virus can be easily transmitted by infected birds and fomites. Lax biosecurity, transportation of infected birds, and spread of contaminated litter facilitates spread of the virus. Clinical signs of respiratory disease are not pathognomonic. Diagnosis is by real-time PCR and histopathology . Implementation of biosecurity is necessary for prevention, but vaccination is commonly used for control of the disease in endemic regions worldwide.
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals like cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. It is caused by an aphthovirus from the family Picornaviridae. The virus can be transmitted between animals through direct contact or contact with contaminated materials. Clinical signs include blisters and sores in the mouth and on the feet. Young animals are more susceptible to death from myocarditis. Farmers are advised to promptly isolate and report suspected cases of foot and mouth disease to prevent its spread.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Fowl cholera is a contagious bacterial disease affecting domestic and wild birds worldwide, caused by Pasteurella multocida type A. It occurs sporadically or endemically in most countries. Clinical signs vary depending on the course of disease but commonly include fever, loss of appetite, respiratory difficulty, and hemorrhages. Post-mortem lesions show vascular disturbances like congestion and hemorrhages. Diagnosis requires isolating P. multocida from infected birds. Treatment involves antibiotics but does not eliminate the bacteria, so prevention focuses on sanitation, biosecurity, and vaccination.
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro Disease) is caused by a double stranded RNA virus that infects young chickens between 3-6 weeks of age. The virus targets and destroys the bursa of Fabricius, causing immunosuppression that leads to high mortality. Clinical signs include diarrhea, vent pecking, and depression. Post mortem lesions show hemorrhaging in the bursa and muscles. The disease is diagnosed through history, clinical signs, and virus detection. Vaccination is the primary control method through live attenuated or killed vaccines administered to broilers at 7 and 21 days and layers at 14 days and older. Strict biosecurity and hygiene are also important to prevent transmission and control outbreaks
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting young chickens. It is caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), which destroys lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, impairing the immune system. Clinical signs include diarrhea, lethargy, and immunosuppression. At necropsy, the bursa appears swollen and hemorrhagic. Diagnosis relies on detecting viral antigens or nucleic acids in the bursa. Vaccination is the main control method, with live attenuated and in ovo vaccines available.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
FMD is serious , acute and highly contagious animal disease.
Affecting all cloven hoofed animals(hoof split in to two toes)
High morbidity and low mortality.
FMD is disease of animals not humans and affecting livestock in every part of the world.
Animals include cattle , buffaloes, goats , sheep, swine and many wild animals including deer.
Common diseases and affections of laboratroy rabbits, quick review guidePavulraj Selvaraj
This document discusses several bacterial diseases that affect rabbits, including pasteurellosis, bordetellosis, colibacillosis, Tyzzer's disease, and Staphylococcus infections. Pasteurellosis, caused by Pasteurella multocida, is one of the most common diseases and can cause upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, ear infections, genital infections, abscesses, conjunctivitis, and sepsis. Bordetellosis, caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica, has similar upper respiratory clinical signs. Colibacillosis is caused by pathogenic E. coli and causes diarrhea, fever, and anorexia in rabbits. Tyz
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) causes two clinically distinct diseases: Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), seen predominantly in cattle aged 6-18 months as a primary infection, and Mucosal Disease (MD), a sporadic and fatal disease that occurs in persistently infected (PI) cattle. BVDV is transmitted from PI cattle that continuously shed large amounts of virus. Infection can cause reproductive losses, congenital defects, and respiratory/gastrointestinal disease. Diagnosis is done through virus isolation, antigen detection, PCR, and serology of paired samples. There is no treatment for BVDV infection.
This document discusses bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in calves, which is caused by various viruses and bacteria. It can cause pneumonia of varying severity. Common viral causes include respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3, and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Bacterial pathogens like Mannheimia haemolytica may cause secondary infections. Calves aged 2-5 months are most susceptible. Clinical signs include cough, nasal discharge, fever and respiratory distress. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, serology and histopathology. Treatment consists of antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccination helps control the spread of BRD.
Foot and mouth disease: An Indian perspectiveBhoj Raj Singh
FMD is an economically important disease of cloven-footed animals. It causes an estimated loss of Rs. 20-22 thousand crores per year to livestock owners in India. To control the disease, DAHDF of India launched a National FMD Control Program (FMD-CP) in 2003 with an outlay of about Rs. 500 crores a year by Central Government and each state government also invested an equally good amount of money. The program is ongoing all over India. However, results are humiliating and harassing. We are almost at the same spot from where we started 15 years back in 2003.
Infectious coryza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens caused by the bacterium Avibacterium paragallinarum. The disease affects chickens of all ages and causes facial swelling, nasal and ocular discharge, sneezing, and decreased egg production. It spreads rapidly through direct contact and contaminated air/water. Clinical signs include sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and airsacculitis. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacterium and using tests like PCR and haemagglutination inhibition. Treatment involves antibiotics like streptomycin and lincomycin. Control relies on vaccination of replacement birds and sound biosecurity to prevent introduction and spread of the disease on farms.
Infectious bursal disease (IBD), commonly known as Gumboro disease, is a highly contagious viral infection affecting chickens. It was first identified in Delaware in 1962. The disease destroys lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, causing immunosuppression. Clinical signs include depression, diarrhea, and increased susceptibility to other diseases. The virus is transmitted orally and spreads rapidly between flocks. Prevention relies on vaccination programs and biosecurity to control spread between birds.
Newcastle disease is a contagious viral disease of birds caused by avian paramyxovirus-1. It affects many species of birds and can cause severe economic losses in poultry. The virus is transmitted through direct contact and contaminated feces, water, or feed. Clinical signs vary depending on the strain but may include respiratory disease, neurological signs, and diarrhea. Diagnosis involves virus isolation from samples. Control relies on quarantine, vaccination, and culling infected flocks to prevent spread. Proper cleaning and disinfection of affected premises is important for eradication.
Ticks are arachnids that are ectoparasites and vectors of disease. There are two main families of ticks - Ixodidae, or hard ticks, which have a dorsal shield and feed for days, and Argasidae, or soft ticks, which lack a dorsal shield and feed intermittently and rapidly. Ticks transmit numerous pathogens including viruses, bacteria, protozoa. Common diseases include Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, canine ehrlichiosis, babesiosis. Treatment involves careful tick removal and use of acaricides, while prevention relies on host protection and environmental control.
IRJET- Molecular Diagnosis of Campylobacteriosis in Diarrhoeic PoultryIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the molecular diagnosis of Campylobacteriosis in diarrheic poultry. Samples were collected from poultry and tested using conventional culture methods and PCR to detect Campylobacter species. By culture, 11 of 60 samples were positive for Campylobacter, while PCR detected Campylobacter in 15 samples, showing it to be a more sensitive detection method. The document reviews previous literature on Campylobacter prevalence in poultry and techniques for isolating and identifying the bacteria, including selective media compositions and incubation conditions.
This document analyzes the microbiological quality of fresh beef sausages collected from different regions in Tripoli, Libya. 100 sausage samples were tested microbiologically. Results showed all samples were highly contaminated with bacteria, with total plate counts averaging 2.5x108 CFU/g. There were no significant differences in bacterial counts between regions. Additionally, 81% of samples were contaminated with E. coli and 48% contained the pathogenic E. coli O157:H7. The study found sausage samples in Tripoli to have high levels of bacteria exceeding recommended limits.
Real time pcr assay for rapid detection and quantification of campylobacter j...Tiensae Teshome
The document describes the development of a real-time PCR (rtPCR) assay for rapid detection and quantification of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken rinses from poultry processing plants without an enrichment step. Eighty-four chicken rinse samples were collected from three processing plants and tested using both rtPCR and culture methods. Sixty-five samples were positive by rtPCR while 27 were positive by culture, with 27 samples positive by both methods. The rtPCR assay was able to detect C. jejuni with a limit of 1 CFU and provide results within 90 minutes, significantly faster than the 5-7 days required for culture.
This study characterized bacteriophages that can control multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Serovar O168 isolated from ducklings in Egypt. Three phages (ECa1, ECb1, ECc1) were isolated from sewage samples and characterized. Electron microscopy showed the phages belonged to the family Podoviridae. A cocktail of the three phages was significantly more effective at reducing E. coli O168 in vitro than single phages, with a 7.4 log reduction after 12 hours. This confirms phage cocktails as a promising approach for controlling multidrug-resistant E. coli infections in ducklings.
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
Enterocin 55 produced by non rabbit-derived strain Enterococcus faecium EF55 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of enterocin 55 (Ent55), produced by Enterococcus faecium EF55, on the microbiota and health parameters of broiler rabbits. Ent55 was administered to an experimental group of rabbits for 3 weeks. Microbial analysis found that Ent55 reduced counts of coagulase-negative staphylococci, Pseudomonas species, and coliforms in fecal and intestinal samples. Ent55 also increased phagocytic activity and reduced Eimeria oocyst counts, while not negatively impacting growth performance or biochemical parameters. The results indicate that Ent55 produced by a non-native strain can provide protective and beneficial effects in broiler rabbits.
This study compared the performance of real-time PCR, an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and culture for detecting Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in pediatric patients. The PCR assay detected all 21 STEC-positive samples while the EIA only detected 6. Culture recovered 5 STEC O157 isolates but missed 2 detected by PCR. PCR was more sensitive than EIA or culture, with a detection limit of 102 CFU/ml compared to 106-107 CFU/ml for the other methods. The higher sensitivity of PCR is important for detecting STEC cases since a low bacterial load can still cause disease.
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated fromAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from surgical wounds of patients at two hospitals in Owerri, Nigeria. A total of 146 bacterial isolates were obtained from 100 wound specimens collected. Staphylococcus species were the most predominant bacteria isolated, while Proteus vulgaris was the least occurring. The antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more sensitive to nitrofurantoin but most resistant to amoxicillin. P. vulgaris was most sensitive to amoxicillin and nalidixic acid. The study provides information on the antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from surgical wounds that can help inform empiric antibiotic therapy.
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
This document reports on a case study where researchers found high mortality in mice given the pain medication ketorolac after embryo transfer surgery. Between October and December 2009, 14 out of 49 mice (29%) died 1-2 days after surgery when treated with ketorolac, compared to only 1 death out of 75 mice treated with the alternative pain medication ketoprofen in a previous period. Autopsies of the deceased ketorolac-treated mice found acute kidney damage and gastrointestinal bleeding, suggesting the postoperative toxicity of ketorolac caused the deaths. The researchers concluded ketorolac analgesia was associated with increased postoperative mortality in mice after embryo transfer surgery.
This study examined the prevalence of bovine mastitis and identified the bacterial causes and their antibiotic sensitivity at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KARI) research farm in Naivasha, Kenya. The researchers found that subclinical mastitis was more common than clinical mastitis. Staphylococcus species were the most frequently isolated bacteria. Gentamicin and ampicillin showed the highest antibiotic sensitivity, making them the recommended treatments. The study concluded that mastitis rates were relatively high and recommended improved milking hygiene, treatment of clinical cases, and antibiotic sensitivity testing to guide therapy and prevent indiscriminate antibiotic use.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different (P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to 28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively. Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb) 9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106/μl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103/μl, mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80 to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different. Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher
broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly
allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm
diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and
T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different
(P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality,
feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to
28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively.
Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb)
9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106
/µl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103
/µl,
mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80
to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different.
Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total
protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine
aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM
depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize
ABSTRACT- Some Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. casei and L. plantarum) were isolated from locally fermented products (ogi, fura de Nunu and wara) and their effect on microbial infections caused by some pathogenic bacteria (E.coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccoccus aureus) isolated from urine and high vaginal swab samples were studied using standard micriobiological methods.Fifiteen (15) healthy guinea pigs used for the study were divided into three (3) groups of five (5) guinea pigs each and placed in three (3) different cages. The pigs were initially fed for two (2) weeks (acclimatization period) with conventional feeds before administering the treatment. Lactobacillus species were introduced into the guinea pigs in cage 2 after the acclimatization period. Subsequently, the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were orally infected with all the clinical bacteria pathogens while the guinea pigs in cage 3 which served as control were left with no microbial treatment. Ten (10) days after treatment, the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity level were determined. Striking differences were observed from guinea pigs in the different cages. The effectiveness of Lactobacilli (probiotics) was evident when the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were compared. The guinea pigs in cage 1 which were infected with pathogens but no probiotics had lower blood level (mean PCV= 24.8%) and inferior liver condition (mean ALT=58.18µl; mean AST=51.91µl). Higher blood level (Mean PCV=45%) and superior liver conditions (Mean ALT=9.51µl; mean AST=9.7µl) were obtained for guinea pigs in cage 2 which were infected with the same pathogens and fed with probiotics. The control (cage 3) had the highest PCV level and best liver conditions (mean PCV=46.6%, means ALT= 7.65µl; mean AST=11.83µl).Th .This might be attributed to the fact that they were not infected with pathogenic organisms. Lactobacillus species administered are promising probiotics against the tested bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: Lactobacillus species, Guinea pig, Bacteria pathogen, Enzymes assay, Haematological Parameters, Probiotics
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Mature Harco Cocks Treated...IJEAB
Twenty sexually matured (24 weeks old) healthy Harco cocks were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on haematology and serum biochemistry. The cocks were divided into 4 treatment groups of 5 cocks per group identified as T1 (control) administered with 1ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 6.75i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 20.25i.u Diclair®, with one cock per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were dividedinto three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. One week after Diclair® treatments, five birds from each group were bled from the wing veins for haematology and serum biochemistry. Results of this study showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. Basophils were not detected among the treatment groups. The results further showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. However, the values were within the normal ranges, indicating that Diclair® had no deleterious effect on these parameters.
This study compared the efficacy of a phytobiotic containing oregano essential oils and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin for treating Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection in broiler chickens. 200 broiler chickens were divided into 5 groups: a non-challenged control group, a challenged non-treated group, a group treated with phytobiotic, a group treated with ciprofloxacin, and a group treated with both phytobiotic and ciprofloxacin. Results showed that treatment with either phytobiotic or ciprofloxacin alone improved performance and reduced mortality compared to the challenged non-treated group. The best results were seen in the group treated with both phyto
This document describes a study that characterized Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and its toxins recovered from weaned rabbits, feed, and water in Egypt. 42 C. perfringens isolates (35 from rabbits, 7 from feed/water) were tested for toxigenicity in mice. The majority (34/35 from rabbits, 4/6 from feed) were toxigenic. Serological and molecular typing methods identified different C. perfringens toxin types present. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed sensitivity to certain antibiotics and resistance to others. The study characterized C. perfringens strains affecting rabbits in Egypt in order to better understand and control enteric disease caused by this pathogen.
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2. ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, PATHOGENICITY AND
ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF ESCHERICHIA
COLI ISOLATED FROM SUSPECTED COLIBACILLOSIS
OF COMMERCIAL POULTRY
Advisory Committee
3. • Chitwan, one of the major pockets in Nepal, share
around 30% of the broiler and 80% of the total layer
chicks produced throughout the country (Thapa, 2005).
• Central region alone produced more than 51% of
chicken meat and egg in country (Prajuli, 2005).
4. • Colibacillosis is considered one of the leading causes of economic loss
in the poultry industry worldwide (Zanella et. al., 2000).
• Some of the strains of E. coli are zoonotically important (Cheville and
Arp 1978).
• Escherichia coli are present in the normal intestinal flora of birds.
5. • Only some strains with specific virulence attributes,
designated as avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), are
able to cause disease such as acute colisepticaemia,
fibrinopurulent polyserositis, airsacculitis,
pericarditis, salpingitis, synovitis, omphalitis, yolk
sac infection, swollen head syndrome, coligranuloma,
and cellulitis (Vidotto et al., 1990; Dozois et al., 1994; Gomis et al.,
1997; Pourbakhsh et al., 1997;)
• Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is causative agent
of avian Colibacillosis .Respiratory tract infection with avian
pathogenic Escherichia coli result in depression and in birds of
4 to 9 weeks of age and may result in extensive economic loss
up to 20 % Mortality (Dho-Moulin and Fairbrother, 1999).
6. APEC is also associated with cellulitis of the lower
abdomen and thigh that is not associated with clinical
illness.
Gross lesions are typically 3 to 6 cm in diameter, in the
skin of the post ventral region and tend to the unilateral
with moderate to marked thickening of the skin (Messier et.
al., 1993).
7. The general objective of this study was to isolate, identify,
pathogenicity and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of
Escherichia coli isolates
•To isolate presence Escherichia coli in Colibacillosis
suspected chicken of Chitwan.
•To find out antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolated E. coli
•To determine pathogenicity of E. coli in poultry by in-vitro
and in-vivo tests
•To determine the PCV, Hb, TRBC in experimentally tested in
control birds
9. Study site and sample collection
• The tissue samples were collected based on the clinical findings and
pathogonomic lesions observed during detail post-mortem
examination of poultry at Veterinary Hospital Research and Training
Center (VHRTC).
• A total of 440 tissues samples from the Colibacillosis suspected birds
including 240 dead and 200 diseased birds of broilers and layers were
collected in sterile containers following aseptic precautions and
transported to laboratory.
• Only tissue samples of liver and heart were obtained.
• Out of total samples, 300 samples were from broilers and 140 from
layers.
• The study was performed from July 2008 to June 2010.
11. Sample Type Perihepatitis Pericarditis Egg peritonitis Air Sacculitis
Broiler 184 (61.33) 54 (18.0) 12 (4.0) 156 (52.0)
Layers 116 (82.85) 48 (34.28) 34 (24.28) 51 (36.42)
Total 300 (68.18) 102 (23.18) 46 (10.45) 207 (47.04)
Figures in the parenthesis indicate percentages
Gross lesions recording of poultry
12. The study was conducted utilizing the
conventional methods for the detection of E.coli
following the standard guide lines from
Modified
Bacteriological Analytical
Manual of the Food and Drug
Administration (Updated December, 2007).
13. BAM)
Plates incubated at 370C for 24 hours.
Sample collection
Streaking on Mac-Konkey Agar
Positive colonies on MCA, Streaked on
EMB Agar
EMB +veMCA + ve was done Gram Staining
Gram’s staining, Pathogenicity test, Biochemical test and Antimicrobial
analysis
14. Preparation of media Plating of sample
Growth of colonies on MCA
Pink colonies on MCA Metallic growth on EMB Agar
15. • The positive colonies using the biochemical test was inoculated into
the nutrient broth (NB) (HiMedia Ref M002, LOT 0000012042) having the
volume 1.5 ml.
• It was incubated for six hour at 370C.
• Forty percent glycerin was already prepared in distill water by
autoclaving.
• The 0.5 ml of NB with colony suspension was transferred into the
three sterile serum screw vials.
• The 40% glycerin 0.5 ml of volume was also added by pasture pipette
to make 1ml of volume.
• Then it was preserved at the temperature -700C for further
investigation as well as confirmation (Bacteriological Analytical Manual 2007).
18. Preparation of sheep blood
Collection of sterile blood
Inoculating the isolates E. coli
Incubate the plates at 370C
for 24 hrs.
zone of lysis under bacterial
colony identified.
19.
20.
21. • A drop of broth culture was dropped in the
centre of clean cover slip
• Inverting it over a middle concave slide and
observed under microscopic.
22. • Antimicrobial resistance patterns of E. coli were
determined by the disk diffusion method using
Mueller Hinton Agar (HiMedia).
• Zone interpretations were based on the National
Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards
(NCCLS, 2007)
• Inoculums were prepared in Nutrient Broth and
incubated for 4-6 hours resembling 0.5 Mc Farland
turbidity.
• Antimicrobial sensitivities were evaluated from the
diameter of the zone of inhibition of growth around
the disc.
23. • One hundred and twenty one day chicks (Cobb-100)
were obtained from M/S Kalyan Poultry Breeding
and Research Farm, Kalyanpur, Chitwan.
• The birds were fed with chick mash (From
Panchratan feed industries, Narayangarh, Chitwan)
and water provided ad libitum.
• The chicks were assigned into experimental group of
12 containing 10 birds in each group.
In vivo Pathogenicity Test
24. Numbers of the birds and inoculums allocated in each group
No. of birds:10
Inoculation:
105CFU of E.
coli/bird
(G1)
No. of birds:10
Inoculation:
104CFU of E.
coli/bird
(G2)
No. of birds:10
Inoculation:
103CFU of E.
coli/bird
(G3)
No. of birds:10
Inoculation: 102
CFU of E.
coli/bird
(G4)
No. of birds:10
Inoculation: 101
CFU of E. coli/bird
(G5)
No. of birds:10
Inoculation: 100µl
BHI/bird
(G6)
No. of birds:10
Inoculation:
105CFU of E.
coli/bird plus
Gentamicin (G7)
No. of birds:10
Inoculation:
105CFU of E.
coli/bird plus
Amoxicillin (G8)
No. of birds:10
Inoculation:
105CFU of E.
coli/bird plus
Enrofloxacin (G9)
No. of birds:10
Inoculation:
105CFU of E.
coli/bird plus
Norfloxacin (G10)
No. of birds:10
Inoculation:
105CFU of E.
coli/bird plus
Doxy+Clostin
(G11)
No. of birds:10
Inoculation:
105CFU of E.
coli/bird plus
Chloramphenicol
(G12)
26. • Blood sample was collected from CFU of E.coli
105, 104 fed group, and control group which
has no given CFU of E.coli on day 1,3 1nd 6
days.
• Blood sample were collected from jugular vein
in 2 ML EDTA vial.
• Sample processing was done in Automatic
Blood analyzer.
Haematology
27. Data entry, management and analysis were
done using the program Excel, (Microsoft® Office Excel
2007).
Descriptive statistics was used to describe the
result of prevalence analysis.
Chi-square analysis was performed by Fisher's
exact test using commercial software (Minitab V-
13.2) to compare proportion where required.
29. Broilers (n=300) Layers (n=140) Total (N=440)
67 (78.82)a 18 (21.17)a 85 (19.31)
Presence of Escherichia coli
Figures in the parenthesis indicate percentages
30. • In this study, out of 440 sample analyzed a total of 19.31% (85/440) of the
samples were affected with E. coli. The prevalence rate was higher in the
broiler 22.33% ( 67/300) than the layer 12.85% (18/140) .
• According to the annual technical report of National Avian
Lab,Bharatpur,Chitwan (2006), out of 525 samples obtained from post
mortem examination of clinically affected or dead birds 55.81% were
found E. coli positive . (Annual technical report of NAL 2006).Which is
comparatively higher than present study.
• Similarly, in a study at veterinary teaching hospital, IAAS, Rampur about 12%
(11/90) of the samples taken from postmortem cases were found positive for E. coli
(Sapkota et al., 2006) which is comparatively lower than in this present study.
• A higher prevalence rate in overall indicates poor hygienic condition of
chick production in the hatcheries and post death contamination to some
extent.
Discussion
31. Sample Type Perihepatitis Pericarditis
Broiler (n=67) 44 (65.67) 23 (34.32)
Layers (n=18) 13 (72.22) 5 (27.77)
Total (n=85) 57 (67.05) 28 (32.94)
Figures in the parenthesis indicate percentages
Total Isolation of Escherichia coli from gross lesion sample
32. Pathogenicity test Broiler (n=67) Layers (n=18)
Congo red dye 49 (73.13) 12 (66.66)
Haemolysis 38 (56.71) 8 (44.44)
Motility 67 (100.00) 18 (100.00)
Figures in the parenthesis indicate percentages
In- vitro pathogenicity studies on E. coli isolates
33. Discussion continue
● In this study, out of 67 isolates E.coli from broiler, 49 (73.13%) and
38 (56.71%) were positive for Congo red dye and haemolysis test
respectively. Likewise out of 18 isolated from layers, 12 (66.66%)
and 8 (44.44%) were positive for Congo red dye and haemolysis
test respectively, whereas all the isolates were motility positive for
both in broilers and layers isolates.
●Congo red binding has been used as a potential virulence marker
(Berkhoff et.al.1986) which indicated that the isolates were pathogenic.
●Berkhoff et al., (1986) also reported that generally, most CR positive E.
coli isolates will lose the ability to bind CR if sub cultured on complex
media (such as blood agar).
34. ● The expression of phenotypic marker of virulence such as CR
binding ability, iron-limited growth, and aerobactin bioassay
were strongly correlated to the day old chick lethality
(Swaminathan et. al., 2004).
● But it has been reported that hemolysis of the 5% sheep blood
agar can not always be taken as an in vitro measure of virulence
because virulence strain are found with negative hemolysis and
non-virulent with positive hemolysis (Swaminathan et. al., 2004).
● But Ragi et. al., (2003) had showed that CR medium also not
reliable method to test virulence character of E. coli.
Discussion continue
35. ● A clear distinction between pathogenic and non-pathogenic E.
coli could not be established based on haemolytic activity
(Kulshreshtha et. al., 1977).
● However, involvement of O9 and O88 serotypes of E. coli has
been reported to cause cellulitis and other colibacillosis lesions
in the broiler chickens (Susantha et. al., 2001).
● In this study also Congo red positive E. coli was found lethal to
the chick. This showed that in vitro Congo red uptake test was
consistent with in vivo day old chick lethality test. So it can be
concluded that ability to uptake Congo red dye will be a simple
method of testing virulence of E. coli.
Discussion continue
36. Antimicrobial disks were taken as
Amoxicillin (10mcg),
Chloramphenical (30mcg),
Norfloxacin (5mcg),
Colistin + Doxicyline (10mcg),
Enrofloxacin (5mcg),
Gentamycin (10mcg),
39. Discussion continue
● From this study it was found that, In Gentamicin (81.17%), Enrofloxacin
(63.52%), Amoxicillin (61.17%), Chloramphenicol, (61.16%),
Norfloxacin (56.74%) and Doxycycline + clostinsulphate (37.64%)
showed sensitive.
● The analysis of resistant pattern showed that Norfloxacin (38.82%),
Doxyxycline plus Clostin Sulphate (32.94%), Enrofloxacin (29.21%),
while Amoxocillin and Gentamicin had no resistant pattern to E. coli.
● In contrary to this result, Neupane et. al., (2005) reported that the most
sensitive antimicrobials were Gentamicin (81.81%) and Enrofloxacin
(72.72%) followed by Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol (63.63%).This
result is almost similar to present study.
40. ●Baral (2005) has reported that sensitivity of E. coli isolates from poultry
with Chloramphenicol and Neomycin was 81% and 46.87% respectively.
● One study conducted in Iran reported that high resistance of antimicrobials
(Tetracycline-96.57%, Enrofloxacine-78.11%, Chloramphenicol-63.09%)
was observed in E. coli from chickens (Salehi, 2005).
● In this study analysis of resistant pattern showed that Norfloxacin
(38.82%), Doxyxycline plus Clostin Sulphate (32.94%), Enrofloxacin
(29.21%), while Amoxocillin and Gentamicin had no resistant pattern to E.
coli
Discussion continue
41. Discussion continue
● The result is in contrary to the study at Michigan where a
quite low percentage of multi-drug resistance E. coli were
isolated (Sayah et. al., 2004); in which the percentage of E. coli
isolates resistance to agent were Norfloxacin38.82%, Doxyplus
colistin sulphate 32.94% and Enrofloxacin 29.21%.
● The use of fluroquinolones has been restricted since
1990s, after the rapid emergence of resistance to
fluoroquinolones after the introduction of Enrofloxacin into
chicken production in Europe (Gaskin et. al., 2002).
42. Discussion continue
Therefore, the present study suggests an alarming situation of
the presence of multi-drug resistance E. coli in Chitwan and its
adjoining Districts.
43. Group 1-4 5 6 7 8 9 Total
G1 105 cfu E. coli/bird 4 2 1 7
G2 1104 cfu E. coli/bird 2 2 4
G3 103 cfu E. coli/bird 1 1
G4 102 cfu E. coli/bird 2 2
G5 101 cfu E. coli/bird 2 1 1 4
G6 BHI broth100µl/bird
In Vivo pathogenicity Test( day old Chicks)
Day
44. Group 1-4 5 6 7 8 9 total
G7 105CFU of E. coli/bird plus Gentamicin
G8 105CFU of E. coli/bird plusAmoxic illin
G9105CFU of E. coli/bird plus Enrofloxacin 1 1
G10 105CFUofE.coli/bird plus Norfloxacin 2 2
G11 105CFUofE.coli/bird plus Doxy+Clostin 1 1 2
G12 105CFU of E. coli/bird plus Chloramph
Day
45. • In this study 70% mortality was recorded in the birds fed with
105 CFU/bird of the E. coli, 40% mortality in 104 CFU/bird.
This might be due to difference in generation of E. coli
isolates, no mortality were recorded in control group.
• In groups 7, 8 and 12, antibiotic Gentamicin, Amoxocillin and
Chloramphenicol were fed respectively together with 105 CFU
E. coli isolate there was no mortality. There was mortality in
group G9, G10 and G11 where antibiotic Enrofloxacin,
Norfloxacin and Doxy + Clostinsulphate were fed respectively
together with105 CFU E. coli isolate. E
Discussion continue
46. This might be due to difference in
generation of E. coli isolates. Berkhoff et.
al., 1986 also reported that generally when
E. coli isolate is sub cultured to produce
This might be due to difference in generation of E. coli
isolates. Berkhoff et. al., 1986 also reported that
generally when E. coli isolate is sub cultured to produce
successive generations on simple and complex media, it
loses its virulence. This result is also favored by
seasonal variation, breed of poultry health status and
probiotic use in feed.
Pathogenicity of the E. coli not only depends on the
virulence of the organism but depends largely on the
dose of exposure, route of infection, health status of the
bird and the normal flora of the intestinal tract (Vegad,
2004).
47. Pathological lesion associated with vivo pathogenicity
test
Chicks (n=120) Perihepatitis Pericarditis Air Sacculitis
E. coli CFU fed 11 (9.16 ) 8 (6.66) 21 (17.5)
E. coli CFU +
Antibiotic fed
7 (5.53 ) 3 (2.50) 12 (10.0)
Total 18 (15.0) 11 (9.16) 33 (27.5)
Figures in the parenthesis indicate percentages
49. Hematology
Mean hematological values of E. coli CFU fed and control birds
Group PVC
%
Hb
(gm/100ml)
RBC
million/cu.m
m
MCH
pg
MCHC
(gm/dl)
E. Coli
Fed (n-27)
0.2340a
(±0.0239)
6.95
(±0.67)
1.73a
(±0.23)
40.4b
(±4.25)
30.3b
(±2.60)
Controls
(n-9)
0.2563b
(±1.55)
7.22
(±0.42)
2.18b
(±0.10)
33.2a
(±1.97)
28.3a
(±1.9)
Figures in the parenthesis indicate standard deviation, were PCV = Packed Cell
Volume, RBC = Red Blood Cell, MCH = Mean Cell Hemoglobin and MCHT = Mean
Cell Haemoglobin Concentration
50. Daily PCV percentages of E.coli fed group and control (No E. coli fed) birds
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
1 2 3 4 5
PVC%
Daily PCV of E.coli infected and control birds
Infected
Control
51. The haematological values determined on the infected and
non infected birds .The experimental survivor group was
significantly lower for packed cell volume (P<0.05) and red cell
count (p<0.05) and significantly higher for mean cell
haemoglobin (P< 0.05) and mean cell haemoglobin
concentration (p < 0.05).
52. • The investigations demonstrated that E. coli septicaemia
causes a fall in packed cell volume, haemoglobin level and red
cell count 24 hours after inoculation and that these continue to
fall until the fifth day of infection.
• The results therefore suggest that this is not a true anaemia and
the occurrence of haemodilution in circumstances perhaps
favouring haemo-concentration must be considered. This
would require more detailed studies of blood volume and red
cell mass changes following infection.
53. CONCLUSION
• Prevalence of E. coli in both broiler and layer hatcheries were
high in Chitwan which indicate poor hygienic condition of chick
production. There is no difference (p>0.05) in prevalence of E.
coli in broilers and layers samples in Chitwan.
• The in-vitro pathogenicity tests showed high CR uptake (70-
100%) and motility (100% for all) which reflect the isolates
were pathogenic.
• All the isolates were highly sensitive to Gentamicin and
Enrofloxacin. Higher percentage of resistance of E. coli against
commonly used antimicrobials would be due to more use of
these Antimicrobials in treatment and prevention proposes in
birds.
Conclusion
54. Recommendations
• Before the treatment, drug sensitivity should be conducted to
know the resistance patterns.
• Antimicrobials resistance profiles of E. coli should be
investigated from domestic and wild animals, chicken, human
and their environment from all parts of the country.
• People awareness programs regarding the antimicrobial use
and additionally crowding and poor sanitation, hygienic food
production with careful handling should be conducted.
Recommendations