The document summarizes three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, its greatest period under Justinian I, and its eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the formation of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and the expansion of the Frankish Kingdom into the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating from the teachings of Muhammad in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula.
The document provides an overview of three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the division of the Roman Empire between the Eastern and Western halves, with the Eastern half becoming the Byzantine Empire based in Constantinople. It then summarizes the political structures, economies, societies, and cultures of the Byzantine Empire and major Germanic kingdoms like the Franks. It also discusses the establishment of the Carolingian Empire and its division after Charlemagne. Finally, it introduces the emergence of Islamic civilization from the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century under the prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and cultural influences from Greek and Christian traditions. It describes the fall of the Western Roman Empire and formation of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths, which had Roman cultural influences but economies based on agriculture. It outlines the Visigoth kingdom in Iberia and its conquest by the Islamic civilization beginning in 711.
The document provides an overview of the three main civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the political structures, societies, economies, and cultures of each. The Byzantine Empire emerged from the eastern half of the Roman Empire and was centered around Constantinople. The Germanic Kingdoms developed following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, with important kingdoms including the Franks and Visigoths. The Islamic civilization originated from the religion of Islam founded by Muhammad and rapidly expanded across North Africa and into Spain.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. The Byzantine Empire emerged in the eastern half of the former Roman Empire and had its capital in Constantinople. It experienced a period of decline after the reign of Justinian I until being conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Germanic Kingdoms developed after various tribes conquered the western half of the Roman Empire, establishing powers like the Franks and Visigoths. The Islamic civilization originated from the religion of Islam founded by Muhammad in the 7th century in the Arabian Peninsula and expanded throughout the Middle East.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. The Byzantine Empire emerged in the eastern half of the former Roman Empire and had its capital in Constantinople. It experienced a period of decline after the reign of Justinian I until being conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Germanic Kingdoms formed in the western half of the former Roman Empire, with important ones including the Franks, Visigoths, and Ostrogoths. The Frankish Kingdom later became the powerful Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne. Islamic civilization originated from the religion of Islam founded by Muhammad in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula and
The document provides an overview of three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the division of the Roman Empire between the Eastern and Western halves, with the Eastern half becoming the Byzantine Empire based in Constantinople. It then summarizes the political structures, economies, societies, and cultures of the Byzantine Empire and major Germanic kingdoms like the Franks. It also discusses the establishment of the Carolingian Empire and its division after Charlemagne. Finally, it introduces the emergence of Islamic civilization from the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century under the prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and cultural influences from Greek and Christian traditions. It describes the fall of the Western Roman Empire and formation of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths, which had Roman cultural influences but economies based on agriculture. It outlines the Visigoth kingdom in Iberia and its conquest by the Islamic civilization beginning in 711.
The document provides an overview of the three main civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the political structures, societies, economies, and cultures of each. The Byzantine Empire emerged from the eastern half of the Roman Empire and was centered around Constantinople. The Germanic Kingdoms developed following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, with important kingdoms including the Franks and Visigoths. The Islamic civilization originated from the religion of Islam founded by Muhammad and rapidly expanded across North Africa and into Spain.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. The Byzantine Empire emerged in the eastern half of the former Roman Empire and had its capital in Constantinople. It experienced a period of decline after the reign of Justinian I until being conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Germanic Kingdoms developed after various tribes conquered the western half of the Roman Empire, establishing powers like the Franks and Visigoths. The Islamic civilization originated from the religion of Islam founded by Muhammad in the 7th century in the Arabian Peninsula and expanded throughout the Middle East.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. The Byzantine Empire emerged in the eastern half of the former Roman Empire and had its capital in Constantinople. It experienced a period of decline after the reign of Justinian I until being conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Germanic Kingdoms formed in the western half of the former Roman Empire, with important ones including the Franks, Visigoths, and Ostrogoths. The Frankish Kingdom later became the powerful Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne. Islamic civilization originated from the religion of Islam founded by Muhammad in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula and
The document provides an overview of the three major civilizations that emerged during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the political and social structures, economies, and cultures that characterized each civilization. The Byzantine Empire emerged from the eastern half of the Roman Empire and was centered in Constantinople. Multiple Germanic kingdoms formed in the western half of the empire and one of the most influential was the Frankish Kingdom. The Islamic civilization rapidly expanded following the teachings of Muhammad and established large caliphates across North Africa and the Middle East.
The document summarizes the three main civilizations that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages following the fall of the Western Roman Empire: the Byzantine Empire, the Germanic kingdoms, and the Islamic caliphates. It provides details on the political, social, economic, and cultural aspects of each civilization. The Byzantine Empire originated from the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. Several Germanic tribes like the Franks and Visigoths established kingdoms throughout Europe. The Frankish kingdom later expanded into the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne. The Visigoths ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Umayyad conquest in 711.
The document provides information about Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period, including increased populations and agricultural productivity which led to commercial growth in cities. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds organized craftsmen. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire held power while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain support from cities. The document then focuses on the Iberian Peninsula during this period, covering political situations, expansion through repopulation, and social/economic transformations from crisis and conflicts.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
1. The document discusses three civilizations that emerged during the Middle Ages after the fall of the Western Roman Empire: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations.
2. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, its reconquest of territory under Justinian I, and its characteristics including the Greek language and Orthodox Christian religion.
3. It also summarizes the Germanic Kingdoms that formed in the territories of the fallen Western Roman Empire, including the Franks and Visigoths, and the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne.
Feudalism developed in Western Europe between the 9th and 10th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Power was decentralized as kings granted land to nobles in exchange for military service. Society was strictly stratified with kings, nobles, clergy, and peasants. Peasants or serfs were bound to work lands granted by lords and owed labor services and taxes. The feudal system predominated until the 15th century and was characterized by hierarchies of reciprocal obligations between lords and vassals.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period as rural populations migrated to urban areas, increasing their size and commercial importance. Urban society maintained the feudal structure but city dwellers had more freedom. New social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds emerged. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire vied for power and influence while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain power. The late 14th century brought a crisis from the Black Death pandemic, religious schisms, war, and resulting social upheaval. The Renaissance then spread new humanist ideas and thinking. Regarding the Iberian Peninsula, several Christian
Feudalism developed in Western Europe from the 9th-15th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Kings lost power and shared it with nobles and the church. Society was divided into estates - nobility and clergy at the top, and peasants at the bottom. Peasants (serfs) were bound to manors and had to pay taxes and labor services to lords in exchange for land. The feudal system established hierarchies and obligations between kings, lords, and serfs and was based on a rural, agricultural economy with low productivity.
The document summarizes the three major civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages in Europe: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the political organization, society, economy, and culture of each civilization. The Byzantine Empire emerged after the division of the Roman Empire, with its capital in Constantinople. The Western Roman Empire fell, giving rise to various Germanic kingdoms. The Islamic civilization expanded rapidly after the prophet Muhammad established the religion of Islam in the 7th century.
The document discusses the Germanic migrations and the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th-6th centuries AD. As the Roman Empire faced economic and military crises, Germanic tribes attacked from the north. By 476 AD, the last Western Roman emperor was deposed and the empire was divided among Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Ostrogoths. These kingdoms struggled with organization at first but eventually adopted aspects of Roman culture like Christianity and the Latin language. Concurrently, Anglo-Saxon tribes invaded Britain, establishing kingdoms in the east while Celtic peoples remained in the west.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula. It describes the political situation and divisions of power between kingdoms like Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal. It discusses the Reconquista against the Moors, including major victories like the conquest of Toledo in 1085 and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Socially, it outlines the systems of repopulation used to claim lands from the Moors and the establishment of representative bodies like the Cortes. Economically, it notes the demographic and economic crises of the 14th century from plague, war and conflict between social groups.
1. This document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It focuses on political, economic, and social developments.
2. Key developments included the resurgence of cities as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, allowing cities to regain commercial importance. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
3. Political institutions at this time included the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and the growth of royal power as monarchs sought alliances with cities to limit the power of feudal nobles.
The document summarizes the decline of the Western Roman Empire between the 5th and 10th centuries AD. It describes how the Empire was suffering economic, political, and social crises in the 4th-5th centuries and was unable to stop attacks from the Huns and Germanic tribes. In 395 AD, the Emperor Theodosius divided the Empire into Western and Eastern halves. The Western Empire fell in 476 AD, leaving the Eastern Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire, which lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The document also discusses the Germanic tribes that overran the Western Empire and established kingdoms in its territories.
The Byzantine Empire emerged as the Eastern Roman Empire after the division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD. It had its capital in Constantinople and was wealthier than the Western Roman Empire, which fell to Germanic invasions in 476 AD. Emperor Justinian tried to reconquer lost Roman territories in the 6th century. Byzantine society was highly stratified with aristocrats, clergy, civil servants, merchants, and peasants at the top, and serfs and slaves at the bottom. After the East-West Schism of 1054, the Byzantine Orthodox Church separated from the Roman Catholic Church. The Byzantine Empire influenced art and architecture until its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453.
The document summarizes the history of the Byzantine Empire from the 4th century to its fall in 1453. It began as the eastern half of the Roman Empire with its capital in Constantinople. The Empire thrived under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century as he reconquered former Roman lands, but later declined due to weaker emperors and attacks from neighboring powers. It managed to hold on to much of the Balkans and Asia Minor until the 15th century when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, bringing the Byzantine Empire to an end.
Charlemagne united much of Western Europe for the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire in the 800s. He conquered new lands and spread Christianity. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the Pope, symbolizing the joining of Germanic power and the Roman Catholic Church. Charlemagne led a revival by limiting noble authority, encouraging education, and regularly visiting his kingdom. After his death, the Carolingian Empire was divided, which contributed to the rise of feudalism in Europe.
Justinian became the Byzantine emperor in 527 and sought to reconquer former Roman territories, re-establishing the empire's dominance under the leadership of his general Belisarius. Justinian carried out a vast building campaign, including constructing the iconic Hagia Sophia church. He also codified Roman law into what became known as the Justinian Code. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually declined as it faced invasions from all sides, and Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmed II in 1453, marking the end of the Roman Empire.
The Byzantine Empire emerged as the Eastern Roman Empire after the division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD. It had its capital in Constantinople and was richer than the Western Roman Empire, which fell to Germanic invasions in 476 AD. The Byzantine Empire was ruled by an emperor and had an advanced administrative system with civil servants governing provinces. The Byzantine Orthodox Church played an important role by crowning emperors and holding spiritual authority. Conflicts arose such as over the use of icons and the East-West Schism divided the Church in 1054. Byzantine art flourished with mosaics, architecture like Hagia Sophia, and icons. Meanwhile, the Carolingian Empire emerged in
1. Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who rebuilt the city of Constantinople and sought to reconquer former Roman territories after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
2. He commissioned the construction of new fortifications, aqueducts, and most notably Hagia Sophia, one of the greatest churches ever built.
3. Justinian also had Roman laws collected and codified into the Justinian Code, which served as the basis of Byzantine law for over 900 years.
The document provides an overview of the origins and history of the Byzantine Empire. It begins by explaining how Constantine established Constantinople as the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire in the 4th century CE. It then discusses key figures like Justinian and military campaigns that expanded the empire's reach before eventually declining due to invasions and loss of territory. The document also summarizes the development of Kievan Rus' and how it was influenced by interactions with Scandinavians and later conversion to Orthodox Christianity influenced by the Byzantine Empire.
The document provides an overview of three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It discusses the origins and characteristics of each, including their political structures, economies, and cultures. Specifically, it outlines the division of the Roman Empire that led to the establishment of the Byzantine Empire, the formation of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths in former western Roman territories, and the origins and spread of Islam starting in the 7th century.
The document summarizes the history of several European kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire between 900-1453 CE. It discusses the establishment of kingdoms in England, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Russia. It then focuses on the Byzantine Empire, describing its characteristics and capital of Constantinople under Justinian. The document also covers the Crusades launched by European Christians to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
The document provides an overview of the three major civilizations that emerged during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the political and social structures, economies, and cultures that characterized each civilization. The Byzantine Empire emerged from the eastern half of the Roman Empire and was centered in Constantinople. Multiple Germanic kingdoms formed in the western half of the empire and one of the most influential was the Frankish Kingdom. The Islamic civilization rapidly expanded following the teachings of Muhammad and established large caliphates across North Africa and the Middle East.
The document summarizes the three main civilizations that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages following the fall of the Western Roman Empire: the Byzantine Empire, the Germanic kingdoms, and the Islamic caliphates. It provides details on the political, social, economic, and cultural aspects of each civilization. The Byzantine Empire originated from the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. Several Germanic tribes like the Franks and Visigoths established kingdoms throughout Europe. The Frankish kingdom later expanded into the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne. The Visigoths ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Umayyad conquest in 711.
The document provides information about Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period, including increased populations and agricultural productivity which led to commercial growth in cities. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds organized craftsmen. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire held power while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain support from cities. The document then focuses on the Iberian Peninsula during this period, covering political situations, expansion through repopulation, and social/economic transformations from crisis and conflicts.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
1. The document discusses three civilizations that emerged during the Middle Ages after the fall of the Western Roman Empire: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations.
2. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, its reconquest of territory under Justinian I, and its characteristics including the Greek language and Orthodox Christian religion.
3. It also summarizes the Germanic Kingdoms that formed in the territories of the fallen Western Roman Empire, including the Franks and Visigoths, and the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne.
Feudalism developed in Western Europe between the 9th and 10th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Power was decentralized as kings granted land to nobles in exchange for military service. Society was strictly stratified with kings, nobles, clergy, and peasants. Peasants or serfs were bound to work lands granted by lords and owed labor services and taxes. The feudal system predominated until the 15th century and was characterized by hierarchies of reciprocal obligations between lords and vassals.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period as rural populations migrated to urban areas, increasing their size and commercial importance. Urban society maintained the feudal structure but city dwellers had more freedom. New social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds emerged. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire vied for power and influence while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain power. The late 14th century brought a crisis from the Black Death pandemic, religious schisms, war, and resulting social upheaval. The Renaissance then spread new humanist ideas and thinking. Regarding the Iberian Peninsula, several Christian
Feudalism developed in Western Europe from the 9th-15th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Kings lost power and shared it with nobles and the church. Society was divided into estates - nobility and clergy at the top, and peasants at the bottom. Peasants (serfs) were bound to manors and had to pay taxes and labor services to lords in exchange for land. The feudal system established hierarchies and obligations between kings, lords, and serfs and was based on a rural, agricultural economy with low productivity.
The document summarizes the three major civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages in Europe: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the political organization, society, economy, and culture of each civilization. The Byzantine Empire emerged after the division of the Roman Empire, with its capital in Constantinople. The Western Roman Empire fell, giving rise to various Germanic kingdoms. The Islamic civilization expanded rapidly after the prophet Muhammad established the religion of Islam in the 7th century.
The document discusses the Germanic migrations and the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th-6th centuries AD. As the Roman Empire faced economic and military crises, Germanic tribes attacked from the north. By 476 AD, the last Western Roman emperor was deposed and the empire was divided among Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Ostrogoths. These kingdoms struggled with organization at first but eventually adopted aspects of Roman culture like Christianity and the Latin language. Concurrently, Anglo-Saxon tribes invaded Britain, establishing kingdoms in the east while Celtic peoples remained in the west.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula. It describes the political situation and divisions of power between kingdoms like Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal. It discusses the Reconquista against the Moors, including major victories like the conquest of Toledo in 1085 and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Socially, it outlines the systems of repopulation used to claim lands from the Moors and the establishment of representative bodies like the Cortes. Economically, it notes the demographic and economic crises of the 14th century from plague, war and conflict between social groups.
1. This document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It focuses on political, economic, and social developments.
2. Key developments included the resurgence of cities as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, allowing cities to regain commercial importance. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
3. Political institutions at this time included the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and the growth of royal power as monarchs sought alliances with cities to limit the power of feudal nobles.
The document summarizes the decline of the Western Roman Empire between the 5th and 10th centuries AD. It describes how the Empire was suffering economic, political, and social crises in the 4th-5th centuries and was unable to stop attacks from the Huns and Germanic tribes. In 395 AD, the Emperor Theodosius divided the Empire into Western and Eastern halves. The Western Empire fell in 476 AD, leaving the Eastern Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire, which lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The document also discusses the Germanic tribes that overran the Western Empire and established kingdoms in its territories.
The Byzantine Empire emerged as the Eastern Roman Empire after the division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD. It had its capital in Constantinople and was wealthier than the Western Roman Empire, which fell to Germanic invasions in 476 AD. Emperor Justinian tried to reconquer lost Roman territories in the 6th century. Byzantine society was highly stratified with aristocrats, clergy, civil servants, merchants, and peasants at the top, and serfs and slaves at the bottom. After the East-West Schism of 1054, the Byzantine Orthodox Church separated from the Roman Catholic Church. The Byzantine Empire influenced art and architecture until its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453.
The document summarizes the history of the Byzantine Empire from the 4th century to its fall in 1453. It began as the eastern half of the Roman Empire with its capital in Constantinople. The Empire thrived under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century as he reconquered former Roman lands, but later declined due to weaker emperors and attacks from neighboring powers. It managed to hold on to much of the Balkans and Asia Minor until the 15th century when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, bringing the Byzantine Empire to an end.
Charlemagne united much of Western Europe for the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire in the 800s. He conquered new lands and spread Christianity. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the Pope, symbolizing the joining of Germanic power and the Roman Catholic Church. Charlemagne led a revival by limiting noble authority, encouraging education, and regularly visiting his kingdom. After his death, the Carolingian Empire was divided, which contributed to the rise of feudalism in Europe.
Justinian became the Byzantine emperor in 527 and sought to reconquer former Roman territories, re-establishing the empire's dominance under the leadership of his general Belisarius. Justinian carried out a vast building campaign, including constructing the iconic Hagia Sophia church. He also codified Roman law into what became known as the Justinian Code. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually declined as it faced invasions from all sides, and Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmed II in 1453, marking the end of the Roman Empire.
The Byzantine Empire emerged as the Eastern Roman Empire after the division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD. It had its capital in Constantinople and was richer than the Western Roman Empire, which fell to Germanic invasions in 476 AD. The Byzantine Empire was ruled by an emperor and had an advanced administrative system with civil servants governing provinces. The Byzantine Orthodox Church played an important role by crowning emperors and holding spiritual authority. Conflicts arose such as over the use of icons and the East-West Schism divided the Church in 1054. Byzantine art flourished with mosaics, architecture like Hagia Sophia, and icons. Meanwhile, the Carolingian Empire emerged in
1. Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who rebuilt the city of Constantinople and sought to reconquer former Roman territories after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
2. He commissioned the construction of new fortifications, aqueducts, and most notably Hagia Sophia, one of the greatest churches ever built.
3. Justinian also had Roman laws collected and codified into the Justinian Code, which served as the basis of Byzantine law for over 900 years.
The document provides an overview of the origins and history of the Byzantine Empire. It begins by explaining how Constantine established Constantinople as the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire in the 4th century CE. It then discusses key figures like Justinian and military campaigns that expanded the empire's reach before eventually declining due to invasions and loss of territory. The document also summarizes the development of Kievan Rus' and how it was influenced by interactions with Scandinavians and later conversion to Orthodox Christianity influenced by the Byzantine Empire.
The document provides an overview of three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It discusses the origins and characteristics of each, including their political structures, economies, and cultures. Specifically, it outlines the division of the Roman Empire that led to the establishment of the Byzantine Empire, the formation of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths in former western Roman territories, and the origins and spread of Islam starting in the 7th century.
The document summarizes the history of several European kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire between 900-1453 CE. It discusses the establishment of kingdoms in England, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Russia. It then focuses on the Byzantine Empire, describing its characteristics and capital of Constantinople under Justinian. The document also covers the Crusades launched by European Christians to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
The document summarizes the fragmentation of the ancient world following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE. It describes how Germanic tribes invaded and established kingdoms across Europe as the empire dissolved. One such kingdom was the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople, managed to survive as the Byzantine Empire for another 1000 years by repelling invaders. It also covers the emergence of Islam in the 7th century and the expansion of Muslim rule across former Roman territories in North Africa and the Middle East.
1. The document discusses the development of medieval civilization in Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Germanic kingdoms were established and the Christian Church provided unity.
2. It describes how a feudal system developed in the absence of strong central rulers, with lords granting land to vassals who then owed military service.
3. Key figures like Charlemagne and the Franks expanded their power, with Charlemagne being crowned Holy Roman Emperor, but his empire broke apart after his death. This led to the rise of the feudal system across Europe.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was divided. In the East, the Byzantine Empire emerged with Constantinople as its capital, maintaining Greco-Roman culture and Christianity. In the West, Europe entered the Middle Ages characterized by invasions, warfare, and the rise of feudalism. Without Roman unity, Germanic kingdoms developed and the Catholic Church expanded its influence. By 1000 CE, Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars invaded Europe further destabilizing the region.
The Frankish Kingdom was established in the 5th century by Merovech and expanded by his grandson Clovis. After Clovis' death, the kingdom was divided among his sons. Power later fell to the Mayors of the Palace, most notably Charles Martel, before Pippin the Short established the Carolingian dynasty in 751. Charlemagne conquered much of Western Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800. His empire did not long survive his death and was divided among his grandsons in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun.
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire that continued even after the western half fell to invaders. In the 4th century AD, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves to make it easier to govern. The eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire and had its capital at Constantinople. It preserved Greek and Roman culture for centuries until Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire that continued even after the western half fell to invaders. In the 4th century AD, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves to make it easier to govern. The eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire preserved Greek and Roman culture for centuries and influenced the development of Orthodox Christianity and Slavic states like Kievan Rus and eventually Russia. It lasted until 1453 when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
The Byzantine and the Carolingian empiresalmusociales
The document summarizes the division and decline of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire and other kingdoms that replaced it. It discusses how the Western Roman Empire was divided into several kingdoms after being invaded by barbarians in the 5th century AD. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire, also called the Byzantine Empire, continued on and had its capital at Constantinople until it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It then summarizes the rise of the Frankish kingdom under Clovis and the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne.
1) Charlemagne united many of the Germanic kingdoms that had succeeded the Western Roman Empire under his empire in the late 8th and early 9th centuries.
2) Charlemagne helped spread Christianity and Christian civilization throughout Northern Europe, which had a permanent cultural impact.
3) Charlemagne's large empire did not last after his death, as his successors divided it and lost central authority, leading to the decline of the Carolingian Empire.
The document provides an overview of key events and developments during the Early Middle Ages in Europe:
1. It describes the Germanic migrations into the Western Roman Empire beginning in the 3rd century CE due to Roman weakness, and the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern halves in 395 CE.
2. It discusses the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe that entered the Roman Empire to escape the Huns, later receiving land in Gaul before being expelled by the Franks and establishing a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula.
3. It outlines the Byzantine Empire, the continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire with its capital of Constantinople, and its gradual territorial losses over subsequent centuries under
264 CHAPTER 9 Medieval Empires and Borderlands The Latin West.docxeugeniadean34240
264 CHAPTER 9 Medieval Empires and Borderlands: The Latin West
was followed by a period of anarchy as Europe faced
further incursions of hostile invaders. During the
eleventh century, however, the Latin West recov-
ered in dramatic fashion. By the end of the century
the Latin kingdoms were strong enough to engage
in a massive counterassault against Islam, in part in
defense of fellow Christians in Byzantium. These
campaigns against Islam, known as the Crusades,
produced a series of wars in the Middle East and
North Africa that continued throughout the Middle
Ages. But the ideals of the crusaders lasted well into
modern times, long after the active fighting ceased.
The transformations in this period raised this ques-
tion: How did Latin Christianity help strengthen
the new kingdoms of the Latin West so that they
were eventually able to deal effectively with both
barbarian invaders and Muslim rivals?
THE BIRTH OF LATIN
CHRISTENDOM
• H o w d i d L a t i n C h r i s t e n d o m — t h e new
k i n g d o m s of western E u r o p e — b u i l d o n
Rome's legal and governmental legacies
and h o w d i d C h r i s t i a n i t y spread i n these
new kingdoms ?
By the time the Roman Empire collapsed in the
West during the f i f t h century, numerous Germanic
tribes had settled in the lands of the former
empire. These tribes became the nucleus for the
new Latin Christian kingdoms that emerged by
750 (see M a p 9.1).
Germanic Kingdoms on Roman
Foundations
The new Germanic kingdoms of L a t i n Christen-
dom created a new kind of society. They bor-
rowed f r o m Roman law while establishing
government institutions, but they also relied on
their o w n traditional methods of rule. Three ele-
ments helped unify these kingdoms. First, i n the
Germanic kingdoms personal loyalty rather than
legal rights unified society. Kinship obligations to
a particular clan of blood relatives rather than
citizenship, as in the Roman Empire, defined a
person's place in society and his or her relation-
ship to rulers. Second, Christianity became the
dominant religion i n the kingdoms. The common
faith hnked rulers w i t h their subjects. A n d
t h i r d , L a t i n served as the language of worship,
learning, and diplomacy in these kingdoms.
German kingdoms based on Roman foundations
appeared in Anglo-Saxon England, Prankish
Gaul, Visigothic Spain, and Lombard Italy.
A N G I O - S A X O M ENGLAisSD Roman civilization
collapsed more completely i n Britain during the
f i f t h century than it did on the European conti-
nent, largely because of Britain's long distance
f r o m Rome and the small number of Romans
who had settled there. A b o u t 400, the Roman
economic and administrative infrastructure of
Britain fell apart, and the last Roman legions left
the island to fight on the continent. Raiders f r o m
the coast of the N o r t h Sea called Angles and
Saxons (historians referred to them as Anglo-
Saxons) took advantag.
The document summarizes key political, social, and economic developments in Europe during the Middle Ages, from 800-1450 CE. It describes how Charlemagne's empire fragmented after his death, leading to the rise of feudalism and manorialism across Europe. It also discusses the invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims during this period. The document outlines the growth of centralized monarchies in places like England and France, as well as increased papal power and reforms within the Catholic Church. Other topics covered include the Crusades, expansion of trade and rise of cities, developments in education and architecture, and crises like the Black Death in the 14th century.
The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe that originally came from Scandinavia and worked as mercenaries for the Roman Empire. After sacking Rome in 410, they were given the province of Gaul by the Roman emperor. They established their capital in Toulouse and eventually conquered most of Hispania as well. In 507, the Franks defeated the Visigoths, forcing them to retreat to Hispania where they established their kingdom in Toledo. This Visigothic Kingdom was eventually destroyed by the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.
The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe that originally came from Scandinavia. After working as mercenaries for Rome, they were given land and money. They eventually settled in parts of modern-day Bulgaria, Romania, France, and Spain. In 410, they sacked Rome. Later, the Visigoths established a kingdom in southern France with its capital in Toulouse. They then expanded into Spain and established another kingdom in Toledo after being driven from Gaul by the Franks. The Visigoths achieved territorial, religious, and legal unification in Hispania through military conquests and the conversion of their King Recaredo to Catholicism. However, their kingdom was eventually conquered by the Umay
- By 500 AD, the Western Roman Empire had fallen and Germanic tribes had begun migrating into the region, intermarrying with Romans and establishing new states ruled by Germanic kings. The Franks eventually established the kingdom of France.
- The Roman Catholic Church grew powerful during the Middle Ages, establishing authority over Western Christians and becoming the most influential institution through the 1100s. Monks helped spread Christianity in Europe.
- Feudalism emerged as a political and economic system characterized by obligations between lords and vassals in which peasants and serfs worked lands in exchange for military protection. Manors and castles defined social hierarchies across fragmented kingdoms.
The document summarizes the Early Middle Ages in Europe from the 5th to 10th centuries. It describes the decline of the Western Roman Empire due to economic, political and military crises. In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into Western and Eastern halves. Germanic tribes like the Huns and Visigoths invaded the Western Empire, leading to its collapse in 476 AD. Meanwhile, the Eastern Empire, centered in Constantinople, survived as the Byzantine Empire until 1453. The document also discusses the establishment of Germanic kingdoms in former Roman territories in places like Gaul, Iberia and Italy.
The document discusses the history of Spain during the Modern Age, beginning in 1580 under King Felipe II of the Habsburg dynasty. It describes how the Catholic Monarchs Isabel and Fernando unified the territories of Castile and Aragon in the late 15th century. Their grandson Carlos I expanded the empire through wars with France and the Ottoman Empire. Felipe II maintained Catholicism and fought conflicts against England, France, and a revolt in the Low Countries. The Spanish Empire began to decline in the 17th century under the later Habsburg kings Felipe III and Felipe IV as over-taxation sparked domestic revolts while wars drained the treasury.
The document discusses the Barbarian invasions of Europe between 300-700 CE. It outlines several goals related to evaluating the invasions and their impact. It then provides details on various invading tribes, including the Goths, Huns, Lombards, Franks, Angles/Saxons, Vikings, and Magyars. It discusses the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE and the political developments that followed, including the Merovingian and Carolingian Empires led by figures like Clovis, Charles Martel, and Charlemagne.
The Byzantine Empire emerged after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. The Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople, remained strong while the West fell into decline. Over time, the Eastern Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire, and it preserved Greco-Roman culture and institutions like the Roman system of law and imperial government. However, the Byzantine Empire also developed its own identity as Eastern Orthodox Christianity became the dominant religion and Greek replaced Latin as the main language.
Similar to Unit 1. Middle ages three civilisations (20)
Este documento explica los conceptos de conjugación verbal, verbos regulares e irregulares. Define la conjugación como la acción de conjugar un verbo en sus diferentes formas según modo, tiempo, persona y número. Explica que existen tres modelos de conjugación y da ejemplos de verbos regulares e irregulares. Finalmente, insta a los estudiantes a estudiar los verbos modelo para un próximo control.
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A biome is defined as an area with a specific climate and characteristic plants and animals. There are different types of biomes categorized by climate, including polar, alpine, equatorial, tropical, desert, and temperate biomes. Students will create an ebook using BookCreator about biomes on Earth and in Spain, including information on specific biomes and some risks they face. They will have class time over several sessions to work on their ebooks with photos and videos to represent each biome without writing too much text.
Este documento define y describe varios géneros literarios narrativos como el cuento tradicional, la fábula y la leyenda. Explica que el cuento tradicional suele transmitirse oralmente de generación en generación y distingue entre cuentos maravillosos, de animales y de fórmulas. También define la fábula como una historia con animales que actúan como personas y termina con una moraleja, mientras que la leyenda narra hechos imaginarios en un contexto histórico real con personajes reconocidos.
El documento presenta dos actividades sobre la dignidad humana. La primera instruye analizar la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, incluyendo una breve descripción, identificar el artículo que refleja la dignidad y seleccionar un artículo notable con ejemplos de vulneraciones. La segunda actividad pide leer el Artículo 10 de la Constitución española sobre la dignidad, responder preguntas sobre su definición y encontrar ejemplos de vulneraciones en el informe anual de Amnistía Internacional.
El documento resume diferentes géneros literarios narrativos como el cuento tradicional, la fábula y la leyenda. Explica que el cuento tradicional suele transmitirse oralmente de generación en generación y distingue entre cuentos maravillosos, de animales y de fórmulas. Además, describe la estructura típica de un cuento con introducción, nudo y desenlace y proporciona ejemplos como La Bella Durmiente. Por otro lado, define la fábula como una historia con animales y plantas que actúan como
This document discusses economic activities and sectors of the economy. It defines economic activity as the process of satisfying human material needs through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The three main sectors of the economy are described as the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. The primary sector involves obtaining natural resources and includes agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing. Different types of agriculture and livestock farming techniques are outlined. The secondary sector involves industry and manufacturing raw materials into finished goods. The tertiary sector produces intangible goods and services.
The document discusses economic concepts and sectors. It defines economic activity as the process through which human needs are satisfied through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The economy is divided into three sectors - the primary sector involves obtaining natural resources, the secondary sector converts raw materials into finished goods through manufacturing and industry, and the tertiary sector provides intangible services. Key economic systems are also outlined, including traditional, capitalist, centrally planned, and mixed economies.
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Students are assigned a project to learn about their city of Ciudad Real. The project has two parts: first, creating a poster with a short history of the city, photos of important buildings and streets, and a map marking the locations. Second, students will interview 3 citizens, asking their opinions on living in the city and possible disadvantages and solutions. Students will turn in their posters between specific dates in January and conduct interviews on January 30th. The completed project is due on February 6th.
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Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Unit 1. Middle ages three civilisations
1. UNIT 1. THE MIDDLE AGES:
THE THREE CIVILISATIONS
BYZANTINE CIVILISATION
GERMANIC KINGDOMS
ISLAMIC CIVILISATION
2. MIDDLE AGES: DEFINITION
• The Middle Ages is the historical period that
lasted from the fall of the Roman Empire (476)
to the 15th century (1492 or 1453).
– The event that marked the end of this age was the
discovery of America in 1492.
– Other historians believe that the end of this
period is in 1453, when the Byzantine Empire
disappeared.
3. Important event:
THE DIVISION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
• The eastern half was inherited by
Arcadius, who established the
capital in Constantinople (present-
day Istanbul).
– This city had been built over the
Greek city of Byzantium. Therefore,
the Eastern Roman Empire was
known by the name of the Byzantine
Empire (UNTIL 1453).
• The western half of the Empire
was inherited by Honorius, who
kept the capital in Rome.
– The Western Roman Empire
continued to suffer pressure
from Germanic tribes.
– In 476, the tribes conquered the
West Roman Empire and established
their own kingdoms in the territory.
Emperor Theodosius divided the Roman empire (after his death) in 395.
ARCADIUS
HONORIUS
BYIZANTINE EMPIRE
GERMANIC KINGDOMS
4. THREE CIVILISATIONS:
The period of three important civilisations
1. Byzantine civilization
2. Western Christian civilization
3. Islamic Civilization
After the end of the Roman Empire, three civilisations occupied
the area of the former Empire during the Middle Ages.
5. 1. BYZANTINE EMPIRE (476-1453)
• The period of greatest splendour of the Byzantine Empire took
place during the reign of Emperor Justinian I (527-565).
Justinian wanted to
reconquer the territory of
the Roman Empire.
He managed to occupy the
entire Italian Peninsula
and some isolated areas in
the south of the Iberian
Peninsula and North of
Africa.
6. • After the death of Justinian, the Empire underwent a period
of crisis, as it began to lose territories, until the Ottoman Turks
(Mehmed II) occupied the capital in 1453. This marked the
end of the Byzantine Empire.
7. MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS
• Political organisation.
– The empire was led by an emperor, also called Basileus.
• Exercised absolute power: political power (he managed the administration
and the army) and religious power (intervened in the matters of the Church).
– There was a highly organised administration and legislation
system based on Roman law. An example, the set of laws of
Justinian I: Corpus Iuris Civilis (Compilation of laws to give
uniformity to the right).
– The territorial administration was organized into provinces
(themes) controlled by strategos (military leaders).
• The economy.
– The main economic activities: agriculture, craft activity in cities and
trade.
– Constantinople became an important intermediary in routes carrying
products from the East and West. For instance, silk route.
8. Society
• Hierarchical society.
– Most important people:
• Emperor and his family, Aristocracy (owners of
large piece of lands with important charges in the
government) and high positions in the Church.
– Middle level of society:
• Clergy, civil servants, traders and free peasants.
– Lowest level:
• Servants, slaves and beggars.
9. Culture.
• Hellenistic culture had a very
important role.
– This meant that the Latin was
replaced by Greek as the
official language of the
Empire.
– The most important tradition
was Christianity, so Byzantine
art was mainly religious.
– The main buildings were
churches decorated with
paintings and mosaics with
religious themes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLtGmWkShXI Hagia SofiaSanta Sofía:
10. IMPORTANT:
Oriental Schism (1054)
• The Christian Church gained great influence
in the Byzantine Empire.
• Its main representative, the patriarch of
Constantinople, was chosen by the emperor,
causing tensions with the head of the
Western Church, who was the Pope of Rome.
• This fact led the Byzantine Church to split
from Rome.
• This separation, known as the Oriental
Schism, took place in 1054 and marked the
start of the Orthodox Christian Church.
Patriarch of
Constantinople
11. 2. GERMANIC KINGDOMS
The fall of the Western Roman Empire.
• When Odoacer deposed the last emperor of Rome, Romulus
Augustus, in 476 the western half of the empire disappeared and a
series of kingdoms was formed in its place.
• Some of the most important Germanic kingdoms were:
The Burgundians.
The Ostrogoths.
The Franks
The Visigoths
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5pWLP_Eebk
12. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GERMANIC KINGDOMS
• They were monarchies.
• A majority Romanised population was dominated by
a minority Germanic population.
• Some features of Roman culture were imposed:
– This was the case with the language, Latin, which
remained.
– Likewise, Christianity spread among the Germanic tribes.
• The basis of the economy was agriculture practised
by peasants and slaves on large estates that belonged
to an aristocratic minority.
– Meanwhile, cities and trade almost completely
disappeared.
13. TWO IMPORTANT GERMANIC KINGDOMS
• FRANKISH KINGDOM (Carolingian Empire).
• THE VISIGOTH KINGDOM OF TOLEDO.
14. THE FRANKISH KINGDOM AND
THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE
• One of the most important Germanic kingdoms was the Frankish
Kingdom and one of the most important dynasties, Carolingian
dynasty, took the French throne in 751.
• The most important figure of the Carolingian dynasty
was CHARLEMAGNE (742-814), who was crowned king in 771.
• Charlemagne defended Christianity. He
promised to convert pagan peoples like
the Saxons to Christianity and defend
the Pope, who needed to establish a
strong power base against Islam and the
Byzantine Empire.
• As a result of these relationships,
Charlemagne was crowned
emperor by the Pope in 800.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=112&v=xfLKNyA750I
15. CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE
• Charlemagne conquered
many territories.
• The capital: in Aachen
(Aquisgrán).
• The territory of the Empire
was organised into (p.17 book):
– Counties (condados), led by
counts named by the king.
– Marches (marcas), in the
border areas, led by a military
commander, the marquis.
16. Administration
• Officials like the Chamberlain led the administration in the
name of the emperor.
• Missi dominici (palace inspectors): ensured that the counts
and marquises complied with the capitularies and did not
govern independently.
• Extensive laws (capitularies) were passed throughout the Empire.
17. Culture:
• Study plans were developed in the monastery school, where
students learnt:
– Trivium: Grammar, Rhetoric and logic.
– Quadrivium: arithmetic, astronomy, geometry and music.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9AMpIU-JYwVideo about CharleMagne:
18. The division of the Carolingian Empire.
• After the death of Charlemagne in 814, emperor lose power.
• All its territory is for his son, Ludovico Pio; then, for his sons.
• In fact, Charlemagne’s grandsons therefore divided up the
Empire in the Treaty of Verdun in 843.
19. GERMANIC TRIBES ON THE IBERIAN PENISULA (476-711)
• The Germanic tribes reached the Iberian Peninsula in 409.
• These peoples were the Suebi, Vandals and Alans.
• Therefore, in 418 the Romans signed a treaty with another Germanic tribe
that was already inside the Empire as an ally of Rome: the Visigoths. This
pact stipulated that the Visigoths should aim to reduce the influence of
the other Germanic tribes in the area in exchange for being allowed to
settle in certain Hispanic territories.
The Visigoths expelled the
Vandals and Alans from
Hispania. The Suebi, however,
resisted and formed a
kingdom in the northwestern
part of the peninsula, until
Leovigildo occupied this
kingdom in 585
20. • After the fall of Rome in 476, the Visigoths formed
the kingdom that covered Gaul and Hispania.
• Its capital was Tolosa, known today as Toulouse in France.
• However, they were defeated (derrotados) by the Franks in 507,
abandoning almost all of Gaul and forming a kingdom in
Spain.
21. THE VISIGOTH KINGDOM OF TOLEDO
1. This Kingdom controlled
almost all the Iberian
Peninsula until 711:
the time at which it
crumbled (derrumbarse)
before the Muslim
conquest.
2. The capital is located in
Toledo with King
Leovigildo (572–586).
3. The political system
established by the
Visigoths was an elective
monarchy.
The Visigoths had their own system
of laws. However, in the 7th century,
King Recesvinto issued the Visigoth
Code or Liber Iudiciorum, making it the
only law.
22. The main Royal institutions of the Visigoths:
– The Assembly of Free Men: elect kings.
– The Aula Regia was a council of nobles and bishops
that helped the king in the tasks of government.
– Territorial administration based on:
• dukes and counts.
Religion and council:
• When they reached the peninsula, the Visigoths were Arian
Christians (Arianism was a religious movement condemned by the
Catholic Church). In 589, King Recaredo converted
to Catholicism and with it came the conversion of all his
people. From that moment, the Church increased its power by
intervening in political affairs through the councils.
23. Society
The dominant group was the warrior nobility. They owned latifundios,
which was the name given to large farms dedicated to agriculture and
livestock rearing.
Peasants, serfs and slaves were the largest group. They usually worked
the land of the nobles.
Economy
The Visigothic economy changed from Roman times. Cities declined,
which benefited the countryside, resulting in fewer commercial and craft
activities. Agricultural activity focused on growing cereals, although
rearing livestock later became more important, especially sheep.
Culture
Visigothic jewellery, such as votive crowns
(coronas votivas) and architecture, such as
some small churches: San Juan de Baños
(Palencia), Quintanilla de las Viñas (Burgos)
and San Pedro de la Nave (Zamora).
24. 3. ISLAMIC CIVILISATION
• Islamic civilisation = the religion that gives it its
name: Islam. This religion has its origin in the Arabian
Peninsula in the 7th century.
• Muhammad was born in Mecca in around 570.
• After a period of meditation, he claimed to have received
the call of Allah. From that moment, he began preaching
about a new monotheistic religion (Islam) which means
‘submission to Allah’. His followers were called Muslims,
which means ‘those who submit (to Allah).
• The 5 pillars of Islam:
– Proclaiming faith in Allah: there is no god but Allah and
Muhammad is his prophet.
– Praying five times a day facing Mecca.
– Giving charity to the poor.
– Fasting during the day in the month of Ramadan.
– Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life.
25. THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM
• Muhammad’s preaching was not well accepted in his city, Mecca, mainly
because he opposed polytheism. Therefore, Muhammad was expelled
from Mecca in 622. This date is known as the Hegira and is the date that
starts the Muslim calendar.
• After this, the prophet and his followers took refuge in the city of Medina.
The process of the expansion of Islam began. Eight years after the Hegira,
Muhammad returned triumphantly to Mecca. After this time, Muslims
rapidly gained territory.
26. • Over the period of a century, the Muslims gained
control over a vast territory.
• The key to the religion’s rapid expansion lay in
the warlike zeal (entusiasmo guerrero) of its
followers, who were convinced that paradise
awaited them if they died in combat, or a
large booty (recompensa) if they managed to
survive.
• However, the most effective factor was the
intelligent policy of assimilating non-Arabs who
had been conquered. They gradually submitted to
Islam and contributed to its expansion.
27. POLITICAL ORGANISATION
• After Muhammad’s death (632), the great empire that
was formed was known as a caliphate, because it was
led by a caliph.
• Caliph was the highest political and religious authority,
and was considered the Prophet’s successor.
• The caliph governed, aided by the following officials:
– The vizier (or minister) was in charge of the central
administration: Visir
– Valis were the governors of the provinces of the empire:
Valíes
– The diwan (or royal treasurer) was responsible for
collecting taxes.
– Cadi administered justice according to the rules of the
Koran.
29. SOCIETY
Different religious groups
1. Groups of Muslims could be distinguished:
• An aristocratic minority occupied the highest positions (usually
made up of family members of caliphs or emirs).
• An intermediate group consisted of traders and smallholders
(pequeño agricultor)
• Most of the population was made up of craftsmen and
farmers (They had to pay high taxes).
• There were also slaves, although their situation was less harsh than in
Rome and the Germanic kingdoms.
2. Jews and Christians had their own laws.
• They could follow their religion, but paid special taxes in
return
30. ECONOMY
• The development of agriculture depended on the creation
of irrigation systems, such as ditches and water wheels to
supply water.
• Trade was also important, due to the location of the Islamic
civilization between Africa, Europe and the Far East. For
commercial transactions, merchants used hard currency, such
as the gold dinar and silver dirham.
31. ISLAMIC CITY
• Cities: were walled with and irregular structure and narrow
streets.
• The city-centre: market or souk (zoco), a square where people
traded goods. The muhtasib (almotacén) was in charge of
inspecting and regulating the souk
• There was a fortified palace, the alcazar, in which the ruler
resided.
• Cities also contained mosques (mezquitas), which were the
buildings used for Islamic worship.
• As cities grew, suburbs (arrabales) appeared: these were
group of houses located outside the city walls, usually
designed for the lower classes.
http://digital.bilingualbyme.com/#/visor/secondary/2339
32. CULTURE
• Islam was involved in significant cultural activity during
the Middle Ages. This was based
on Islamisation (spreading the religion)
and Arabisation (spreading use of the Arabic
language).
• The synthesis of influences of Greece, Rome, India
and China contributed to the cultural splendour of
Islam, which is characterised by:
– The development of sciences: mathematics, astronomy,
medicine and geography.
– Philosophical knowledge, with thinkers like Averroes and
Avicenna.
– Literature: love poetry and collections of stories, including
One Thousand and One Nights.
33. AL-ANDALUS
In 711 a Muslim
army entered the Iberian
Peninsula.
In the same year, led by
Tariq and Musa, it
conquered King Rodrigo and
began a rapid conquest of
the Spanish territory.
34. PROCESS MUSLIM INVASION
• Tariq landed in Gibraltar in 711 at the head of an army of
thousands of soldiers who were Berbers from North Africa.
• The Muslims easily defeated the Visigoths in the Battle of
Guadalete (711). Tariq then decided to call Musa, the
governor of North Africa, to complete the conquest of the
Visigothic Kingdom.
• Muslim expansion took place rapidly. In just four years they
dominated most of the Iberian Peninsula, except for the
mountainous areas of the north.
• The conquered territory was called al-Andalus.
• The Muslims tried to continue their conquest of Europe,
but were defeated by the Franks in Poitiers (732). After this
defeat, they withdrew (retiraron) to the Iberian Peninsula.
36. ECONOMY
• The Muslims owned the richest agricultural areas.
• They developed irrigation systems and crops, such as cereals, vines
and olive trees, or cotton, flax (lino) and fruit trees (for example,
oranges, lemons, almonds, apples, pears).
• Livestock activities included raising sheep for food and breeding
horses.
• Craft activities developed in jewellery, weapons, glass, ceramic and
textile workshops. These included:
the production of silk fabrics;
Tanning (bronceado) and decorating skins
and leather work;
Woodwork (carpintería), especially coffered
ceilings (techos artesonados) and lattices
(celosías) to be placed at windows;
ceramics, which were used both for
decorative tiles (azulejo) and for everyday
objects.
37. SOCIETY
The most powerful groups were those who professed
Islam: Muslims.
– Muslims descendant of Arab and Syrian conquerors were
at the top of social pyramid.
– Berbers.
– Muladis: Those who convert to Islam.
Jews and Christians (mozarabs). They could practice
their own religion in exchange for paid taxes.
Slaves.
38. ACTIVITIES TO REVIEW UNIT 1
PAGE EXERCISE
15 14
17 16
18 19, 20
19 24
24 4-a
31 6
33 8-firts question
37 14
You have to copy all the statements with red pen and the
answer with blue pen
If you have time, click on the following link to do an interactive activity
about the three civilisations:
https://www.students.linguaframe.com/02a-three-empires