This document discusses different forms of parental care among fish species. It notes that parental care is common in fish, with around 25% of species providing care mainly through males. Common forms of fish parental care include nest building, attaching eggs to the body, mouth breeding, using a mermaid's purse, and viviparity. Notable examples provided include seahorses where males carry and give birth to offspring after the female deposits eggs in his pouch.

1. PARENTAL CARE INPARENTAL CARE IN
FISHESFISHES

2. What is parental careWhat is parental care::
Any form of parental behavior that appears likely toAny form of parental behavior that appears likely to
increase the fitness of a parent's offspringincrease the fitness of a parent's offspring
HOW COMMON IS PARENTAL CARE AND WHO PROVIDES ITHOW COMMON IS PARENTAL CARE AND WHO PROVIDES IT
• Arthropods : un common , by femaleArthropods : un common , by female
• Amphibians : common , 18% salamanders and 6% frogsAmphibians : common , 18% salamanders and 6% frogs
and toads , by both parentsand toads , by both parents
• Reptiles : un common , by both parentsReptiles : un common , by both parents
• BirdsBirds : common, by both parents: common, by both parents
• Mammals : very common , 100% , mainly by femalesMammals : very common , 100% , mainly by females
• FishFish : common, 25% , mainly by males: common, 25% , mainly by males

3. Ways of caringWays of caring
1.1. Nest buildersNest builders
2.2. By attaching the eggs to their bodyBy attaching the eggs to their body
3.3. Mouth breedersMouth breeders
4.4. Mermaids purseMermaids purse
5.5. vivipariyvivipariy

4. 1.1. Nest buildersNest builders
• Bubble nests : Macropodus, ChineseBubble nests : Macropodus, Chinese
paradise fishparadise fish

5. Bubble nest of MacropodusBubble nest of Macropodus

6. Weed nestsWeed nests
• Osphronemus gouramiOsphronemus gourami
• Etroplus suratensisEtroplus suratensis
• AmiaAmia
• GasterosteusGasterosteus

7. Osphronemus gouramiOsphronemus gourami

8. GasterosteusGasterosteus

9. AmiaAmia

10. Breeding habit of RhodeusBreeding habit of Rhodeus

11. 2. Fishes attaching the eggs to their2. Fishes attaching the eggs to their
bodybody
• Mystus aur (Gaint river cat fish)Mystus aur (Gaint river cat fish)
• Pholis ( butter fish)Pholis ( butter fish)
• KurtusKurtus
• Syngnathus (pipe fish)Syngnathus (pipe fish)
• Hippocampus ( sea horse)Hippocampus ( sea horse)

12. Pholis ( butter fish)Pholis ( butter fish)

13. Syngnathus (pipe fish)Syngnathus (pipe fish)

14. Hippocampus ( sea horse)Hippocampus ( sea horse)

15. • The female sea horse has a long egg laying organ to placeThe female sea horse has a long egg laying organ to place
the eggs in the belly pouch of male sea horse.the eggs in the belly pouch of male sea horse.
• Eggs are fertilized in the male’s pouch and male take careEggs are fertilized in the male’s pouch and male take care
of the brood until they hatch , about five weeks after wardsof the brood until they hatch , about five weeks after wards
male releases the young ones into the sea.male releases the young ones into the sea.
Name the father who gives birth to young ones?Name the father who gives birth to young ones?

16. • Scientists say sea horse is a strangeScientists say sea horse is a strange
creature containscreature contains
• Head of a HorseHead of a Horse
• Tail of a ChameleonTail of a Chameleon
• Body armour of an ArmadilloBody armour of an Armadillo
• Beak like a birdBeak like a bird
but there is no animal on earth tobut there is no animal on earth to
compare thecompare the labour pains of alabour pains of a
father.father.
Name the father who gives birth to young ones?Name the father who gives birth to young ones?

17. Mouth breedersMouth breeders
AriusArius TilapiaTilapia

18. Mermaids purseMermaids purse
• Protective hard leathery case secreted byProtective hard leathery case secreted by
shell glands of oviduct , seen in some sharksshell glands of oviduct , seen in some sharks
and skatesand skates

19. Chiloscyllium indicusChiloscyllium indicus
( cat shark)( cat shark)

20. Mermaids purse of skate, stegostomaMermaids purse of skate, stegostoma

21. VivipariyVivipariy
• Embryonic Dog fish with egg sacEmbryonic Dog fish with egg sac
• Embryonic Bonnethead shark with uterine extentionsEmbryonic Bonnethead shark with uterine extentions

22. Shark giving birth to young oneShark giving birth to young one