Prawn farming plays an important role in the economy of India. Despite of several problems, the practice of prawn farming has offered opportunity to increase incomes for farmers and associated groups. The future for prawn farming is bright but requires dynamism to exploit fully. The realization of its potential must be aided by improvements in production technology and hatchery operation. In addition, research in areas such as seed and feed production may need to be given particular attention, considering existing technology, the transfer, adaption and development of new technology.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
Fertilized fish eggs are known as Fish seeds. In simple words, they are the baby fishes used for seeding new Ponds in fisheries. Fish seed transportation is a process by which transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing ponds.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Fish culture is classified based on the number of fish species as monoculture and polyculture. This is the culture of single species of fish in a pond or tank. The culture of trout, tilapia, catfish , carps are typical examples of monoculture.
Induced breeding is a technique where organism is stimulated by particular hormone or other synthetic hormone or by providing condition, introduced to breed in captive condition.
Introduction of Fish and Fisheries of India.
• Freshwater Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in freshwaters, such as rivers and lakes, having a salinity of less than 0.5 ppt. Around 40% of all known species of
fish are found in freshwater.
They may be divided into Coldwater Fish (5-20 °C); examples: Mahseer, Trout, etc., and Warmwater Fish (25 35 °C); example: Carps, Catfish, Snakeheads, Featherbacks, etc.
• Brackishwater Fish: Fish that can tolerate a wide range of salinity (0.5 30.0 ppt)
and live in backwaters, estuaries and coastal waters.
Example: Mullet, Milkfish, Seabass, Pearlspot, Mudskipper, etc.
• Marine Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in seawater, such as Seas and
Oceans, having salinity above 30 ppt. There are about 240 species contributing to
the marine fisheries. Example: Sardines, Mackerel, Ribbonfish, Anchovies, Grouper, Cobia, Tuna, etc.
A bureau de change? What's that got to do with the price of fish? Quite a lot, actually. Well over two thirds of the world's farmed common carp is produced in China. As a result, it is believed that the strength of the Chinese yuan can have a significant effect on the market price of this fish worldwide.
Fertilized fish eggs are known as Fish seeds. In simple words, they are the baby fishes used for seeding new Ponds in fisheries. Fish seed transportation is a process by which transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing ponds.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Fish culture is classified based on the number of fish species as monoculture and polyculture. This is the culture of single species of fish in a pond or tank. The culture of trout, tilapia, catfish , carps are typical examples of monoculture.
Induced breeding is a technique where organism is stimulated by particular hormone or other synthetic hormone or by providing condition, introduced to breed in captive condition.
Introduction of Fish and Fisheries of India.
• Freshwater Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in freshwaters, such as rivers and lakes, having a salinity of less than 0.5 ppt. Around 40% of all known species of
fish are found in freshwater.
They may be divided into Coldwater Fish (5-20 °C); examples: Mahseer, Trout, etc., and Warmwater Fish (25 35 °C); example: Carps, Catfish, Snakeheads, Featherbacks, etc.
• Brackishwater Fish: Fish that can tolerate a wide range of salinity (0.5 30.0 ppt)
and live in backwaters, estuaries and coastal waters.
Example: Mullet, Milkfish, Seabass, Pearlspot, Mudskipper, etc.
• Marine Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in seawater, such as Seas and
Oceans, having salinity above 30 ppt. There are about 240 species contributing to
the marine fisheries. Example: Sardines, Mackerel, Ribbonfish, Anchovies, Grouper, Cobia, Tuna, etc.
A bureau de change? What's that got to do with the price of fish? Quite a lot, actually. Well over two thirds of the world's farmed common carp is produced in China. As a result, it is believed that the strength of the Chinese yuan can have a significant effect on the market price of this fish worldwide.
Climate smart Aquaculture of GIFT Tilapia for nutritional security and liveli...B. BHASKAR
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Goat cum Fish Farming - Present Status and Prospect in Bangladeshihn FreeStyle Corp.
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
Evolution of fisheries sector in BangladeshMD. ZANE ALAM
Bangladesh is a densely populated country of 147 570 km2 with a population of 160
million people. It is fortunate in having an extensive water resource in the form of ponds,
natural depressions (haors and beels ), lakes, canals, rivers and estuaries covering an area
of 47,03,658 ha .
The present per capita annual fish consumption in Bangladesh stands at about 14 kg/year
against a recommended minimum requirement of 18 kg/year; hence, there is still need to
improve fish consumption in the country.
Fisheries in Bangladesh are diverse, there are about 795 native species of fish and shrimp
in the fresh and marine waters of Bangladesh and 12 exotic species that have been
introduced. In addition, there are 10 species of pearl bearing bivalves, 12 species of
edible tortoise and turtle, 15 species of crab and 3 species of lobster.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii, also known as the giant river prawn or giant freshwater prawn, is a commercially important species of palaemonid freshwater prawn. It is found throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the Indo-Pacific region, from India to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia.
Catfishes are the second major group of freshwater fishes. India, being a mega-diverse country, harbors 197 species of catfish. Catfishes, owing to their unique taste, are considered a delicacy for the fish consumers, but production of different indigenous catfishes through aquaculture is unexplored in India, although aquaculture contribution of some of the catfish varieties like Ictalurus, Silurus and Clarias spp. has been exemplary in the World scenario.
Originating from the lakes of Eastern, Central and Western Africa, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was first introduced to developing countries as a cheap, easy way for subsistence farmers to provide their families with enough protein. With improved production techniques and methods of controlling its flavour, the fish became more of a mainstream product. Communities of migrants from these countries then created a market for tilapia in the developed nations they had moved to, and finally a taste for the fish spread amongst the locals.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Rotifers are popularly called as wheel animalcules. They are an important group of live food organisms for use in aqua hatcheries. Brachionus, which is the most known form of all rotifers, serve as an ideal starter diet for early larval stages of many fish and prawn species in marine as well as freshwater. Species of the genus Brachionus (Brachionidae: Rotifera) are well represented in different water bodies worldwide (Pejler, 1977). Depending on the mouth size of the cultured organisms, small (50 to 110 micron length) or large (100 to 200 micron length) rotifers are used. There are about 2,500 species of rotifers have been known from global freshwater, brackish water, and seawater. B. plicatilis is the species used most commonly to feed fish larvae in hatcheries around the world. It is a euryhaline species, small and slow swimming, with good nutritional value. It is well suited to mass culture because it is prolific and tolerates a wide variety of environmental conditions. The rotifer, B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis, have been indispensable as a live food for mass larval rearing of many aquatic organisms (Maruyama et al., 1997). By way of significant developments in larval rearing technology of fishes, demand for the rotifer is further increasing.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
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Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Prawn culture
1. PRAWN CULTURE
Submitted by : ANURADHA NASKAR
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND APPLIED AQUACULTURE
BARKATULLAH UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL
MADHYA PRADESH, 462026
2. CONTENTS
▪ INTRODUCTION
▪ CULTURE OF PRAWN
▪ CULTURING IN PONDS
▪ CULTURING IN MIXEDCULTURE
▪ CULTURING IN MONOCULTURE
▪ FERTILIZATIONAND FEEDS
▪ HARVESTING
▪ MANAGEMENT AND CARE
▪ PRAWN CULTURE OBSERVED IN INDIA
▪ PRESENT STATUS AND GLOBAL SCENARIO OF PRAWN CULTURE
▪ CONCLUSION
3. INTRODUCTION
In terms of value the crustacean fisheries of India rank highest at nearly
60% of the total of the various categories of Indian fisheries. Prawns
are of considerable value and play a major role in foreign exchange.
India has always been among the topmost prawn producing countries
in the world. India exports prawns to various countries like the USA,
Japan and Australia. Freshwater prawn farm is an aquaculture business
designed to raise and produce freshwater prawn for human
consumption. All farmed freshwater prawns today belong to the genus
Macrobrachium.
4. CULTURE OF PRAWN
Recognition of the potential of the freshwater prawn is organised
culture in confined water arose from chance observation on their
production in the wild in situation where seed is received directly from
rivers. Macrobrachium rosenbergii has become the main freshwater
prawn species for small scale and large scale farming .
Formulation of the cultural practice of prawns in freshwater ponds
was initiated by the CIFRI (Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute)
at Rajahmundry and Cuttack centres using M. malcolmsonii.Work later
began at Badampudi and Balabhadrapuram (Andhra Pradesh) using M.
malcolmsonii and M. rosenbergii, respectively.
6. Culturing in Ponds
Ponds, the same as for carp culture, are used for freshwater prawn
culture with the difference that water supply invariably comes from
irrigation canals or wells.
Stocking is done using juveniles of 20-60 mm sizes and hence
nursery rearing phase is eliminated. Prawn juveniles are stocked in
stock ponds which are pre-prepared on lines similar to those used for
carp culture.
7. ▪ Selection of Size at Stocking :The growing period of prawn is short, it
being only 4-6 months. Studies
conducted on M. malcolmsonii and on
M. rosenbergii (Barrackpore,1976)
indicate that at a stocking size greater
than 35mm to 45mm, the growth
pickup would be fast in both the
species.
8. ▪ Stocking Rates : From the present knowledge, a stocking rate of
25,000 to 30,000/ha. of juveniles seems to be
optimal for Macrobrachium culture (Barrackpore,
1975,1976; Rajyalakshmi,1979). If a water flow or
circulation can be maintained in ponds, the density
can be raised to 40,000 to 50,000/ha.
9. Fig. Substrates have been placed vertically in this temperate
zone rearing pond for Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture.
10. Culturing in Mixed Culture
Culture trials conducted so far in India have been with combination
of M. malcolmsonii and Indian major or minor carps. Observations
indicate that with any combination of major carps, the growth rate and
survival of prawns were higher. In mixed culture, maximum production
of M. malcolmsonii at 30,000/ha stocking rate was 327 kg. of prawns and
2,084 kg. of fish (Venkateswara Rao et al. 1979).
11. Culturing in Monoculture
In monoculture at varying stocking rates, the maxium yields
obtained were in respect of M. rosenbergii, viz., 577 to 606 kg/ha.
(Barrackpore, 1977) in a 4-months grow-out. In the case of M.
malcolmsonii, productions obtained were 256 kg/ha. at 75,000/ha.
stocking rate in 6 months and 313.7 kg/ha. in 10 months.The low
survival indicates the necessity of drastic reduction in stocking density
especially when no aeration or water circulation is to be done in the
culture ponds.
12. Fertilization and Feeds
In extensive pond culture systems, fertilization of ponds with either
organic (cow dung or poultry manure) and inorganic salt (NPK) has
been assigned an important role. Artificial feeds have also been used
with the main objective of providing supplementary feed in addition to
natural food.The feed formulae so far derived consist of the
ingredients: rice bran + broken rice or groundnut oilcake or tapioca
powder + fish meal or shark live meal, tubificid worms or pila meat
(Barrackpore, 1971, 1973, 1975; Rajyalakshmi, 1974 and Rajyalakshmi et
al., 1979)
13. HARVESTING
▪ Crafts :Vallom, masula, dinghi, nauk
▪ Gear : Nets,traps and hooks
▪ Net :Cast net, drag net, bag net, barrier net, dol, gholu jal
14. MANAGEMENT AND CARE
▪ Water inlets should be carefully screened
▪ The bunds of the pond should be inspected a frequent intervals
▪ Prawns are more susceptible to oxygen depletion than fish, control
measures should be applied earlier.
15. PRAWN CULTURE OBSERVED IN
INDIA
Two major species of Macrobrachium, M. rosenbergii and M.
malcolmsonii are reported to have commercial importance in many
estuarine areas of India. In the state of Kerala, small amount of the
harvest consists of prawns of the species Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
M. malcolmsonii is an important fishery in East Godavari district in
Andhra Pradesh state.The biology of this species has been studied and
it was found that it is essentially an inhibitant of flowing waters, such as
rivers and estuarine areas.
These species also occurs in many other river systems in india, such
as the river Mahanadi, in Chilka Lake, the waters of the river Krishna
and its tributaries, as well as in the Hoogly estuary system.
16. PRESENT STATUS AND GLOBAL
SCENARIO OF PRAWN CULTURE
Freshwater prawn production in India that includes farming and wild capture
of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and the monsoon
river prawn, M. Malcolmsonii has increased steadily since 1999 reaching a peak
output of 42 780 t in2005, but then declined to 6568 t in 2009-2010. Stunted
growth and diseases in ponds because of poor seed quality and the
broodstock which had been inbred over several generations; pond water
quality issues; and increased cost of production on account of feed, labour and
the mandatory certification requirements are suggested to be some of the
factors leading to the production declines. While majority of the output occurs
in Andhra Pradesh, single crop paddy prawn production systems in the low
lying fields of Kerala have helped gradual trans-formation to a sustainable,
organic mode of farming of both rice and prawns, suitable for other states of
India. Although the trends by June 2011 indicate that the sector is set to a
revival, future prospects of freshwater prawn farming in India will also depend
on the expansion of white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei that was
introduced recently in India and provided a more profitable opportunity for
farming.
17. CONCLUSION
Prawn farming plays an important role in the economy of India. Despite
of several problems, the practice of prawn farming has offered
opportunity to increase incomes for farmers and associated groups.
The future for prawn farming is bright but requires dynamism to exploit
fully.The realization of its potential must be aided by improvements in
production technology and hatchery operation. In addition, research in
areas such as seed and feed production may need to be given particular
attention, considering existing technology, the transfer, adaption and
development of new technology.
18. REFERENCES
▪ FISH AND FISHERIES OF INDIA –V.G. JHINGRAN
▪ AQUACULTURETECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT – UJWALA JADAV
▪ GOOGLE SEARCH