The Mongolian gerbil is a small rodent native to China and Mongolia that is commonly used as a pet and research subject. It has brown fur, a long tail, strong claws for burrowing, and hind limbs adapted for jumping. Gerbils grow to about 11-15 centimeters long and weigh 70-150 grams. They have a lifespan of 3-4 years. In research, gerbils are used to study radiation effects, endocrinology, epilepsy, reproduction, toxicology, infectious diseases, and parasitology due to their tolerances and susceptibilities. They require cages with bedding, tubes or boxes for hiding, and a pelleted diet with continuous access to water.
The document summarizes the articulations of the vertebral column and ribs in dogs, horses and oxen. It describes the four main types of joints: 1) atlanto-occidital joint, 2) atlanto-axial joint, 3) joints of the articular processes, and 4) costo-vertebral joints. For each joint, it provides the participating bones, joint form, and functional movements allowed in dogs, horses and oxen. The articulations are mainly pivot, plane, hinge and composite joints that allow flexion, rotation and sliding movements of the vertebral column and ribs.
This document discusses various methods for preparing teaser bulls to identify cows in heat for artificial insemination. Key considerations for choosing a teaser bull include mild temperament, good libido, and moderate size. Common surgical preparation techniques include vasectomy, caudal epididymectomy, penile deflection, and preputial obstruction. Non-surgical methods involve testosterone administration. Advantages and disadvantages of different techniques are provided, such as vasectomized bulls maintaining libido but risk of spreading venereal disease, and penile deviated bulls better detecting cows in heat with no disadvantages noted.
This document discusses semen evaluation in animals. It defines semen as the liquid containing sperm and seminal plasma ejected from the male reproductive tract. Regular examination of semen is important for assessing breeding soundness, infertility, artificial insemination, and parasitic diseases. The document outlines the microscopic and macroscopic parameters examined during semen evaluation, including volume, color, motility, sperm concentration, and the presence of abnormalities. Normal semen values are provided for various species.
Copies of PowerPoint slides from presentation on obstetrics by Dr. Susan Kerr, 4-H Extension Educator and veterinarian from Washington State University.
Ewes can experience several pregnancy problems including pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia (milk fever), and hypomagnesaemia (grass staggers). Pregnancy toxemia occurs when ewes do not receive enough nutrition in the last weeks of pregnancy. Hypocalcemia is caused by stress lowering blood calcium levels in late pregnancy. Hypomagnesaemia results from ewes consuming fast-growing spring grass low in magnesium. Treatment for these conditions involves calcium or magnesium supplementation through intravenous or subcutaneous injections.
1. Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where an incision is made through the abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more fetuses.
2. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, fetal issues like malpresentation or oversized fetus, uterine rupture, and medical issues in the mother.
3. The procedure requires strict aseptic technique to prevent post-operative complications like infection. Incision sites vary by species, such as a ventral midline incision for dogs and left flank incision for cattle.
The science of synchronization of estrus and ovulation in females has made great strides.
Several protocols that allow producers to precisely schedule insemination of groups of females are available for fixed-time insemination in females.
The document summarizes the articulations of the vertebral column and ribs in dogs, horses and oxen. It describes the four main types of joints: 1) atlanto-occidital joint, 2) atlanto-axial joint, 3) joints of the articular processes, and 4) costo-vertebral joints. For each joint, it provides the participating bones, joint form, and functional movements allowed in dogs, horses and oxen. The articulations are mainly pivot, plane, hinge and composite joints that allow flexion, rotation and sliding movements of the vertebral column and ribs.
This document discusses various methods for preparing teaser bulls to identify cows in heat for artificial insemination. Key considerations for choosing a teaser bull include mild temperament, good libido, and moderate size. Common surgical preparation techniques include vasectomy, caudal epididymectomy, penile deflection, and preputial obstruction. Non-surgical methods involve testosterone administration. Advantages and disadvantages of different techniques are provided, such as vasectomized bulls maintaining libido but risk of spreading venereal disease, and penile deviated bulls better detecting cows in heat with no disadvantages noted.
This document discusses semen evaluation in animals. It defines semen as the liquid containing sperm and seminal plasma ejected from the male reproductive tract. Regular examination of semen is important for assessing breeding soundness, infertility, artificial insemination, and parasitic diseases. The document outlines the microscopic and macroscopic parameters examined during semen evaluation, including volume, color, motility, sperm concentration, and the presence of abnormalities. Normal semen values are provided for various species.
Copies of PowerPoint slides from presentation on obstetrics by Dr. Susan Kerr, 4-H Extension Educator and veterinarian from Washington State University.
Ewes can experience several pregnancy problems including pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia (milk fever), and hypomagnesaemia (grass staggers). Pregnancy toxemia occurs when ewes do not receive enough nutrition in the last weeks of pregnancy. Hypocalcemia is caused by stress lowering blood calcium levels in late pregnancy. Hypomagnesaemia results from ewes consuming fast-growing spring grass low in magnesium. Treatment for these conditions involves calcium or magnesium supplementation through intravenous or subcutaneous injections.
1. Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where an incision is made through the abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more fetuses.
2. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, fetal issues like malpresentation or oversized fetus, uterine rupture, and medical issues in the mother.
3. The procedure requires strict aseptic technique to prevent post-operative complications like infection. Incision sites vary by species, such as a ventral midline incision for dogs and left flank incision for cattle.
The science of synchronization of estrus and ovulation in females has made great strides.
Several protocols that allow producers to precisely schedule insemination of groups of females are available for fixed-time insemination in females.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where the uterus is cut open to deliver one or more fetuses due to complications such as uterine inertia, dystocia, or rupture of the uterus. The key steps of a C-section in bovines include preparing the surgical area, giving local anesthesia, making an incision in the left lower flank, exteriorizing the uterus, removing the fetus, delivering the placenta, suturing the uterus, and closing the abdominal wall. Post-operative care including antibiotics, fluids, and oxytocin are important to prevent complications such as infection, adhesions, and hemorrhage.
Ear new affection of ear and its treatmentBikas Puri
Otitis, or ear infections, can affect the outer, middle, or inner ear in dogs and cats and are commonly caused by parasites, bacteria, yeast, or skin issues. Symptoms include ear scratching, redness, discharge, and in severe cases neurological signs. Treatment involves cleaning and flushing the ears under anesthesia followed by topical and oral antibiotics, antifungals, or other medications based on diagnostic tests and addressing any underlying issues.
Restrain and Immobilization of wildlife ravikant1977
This document provides guidance on safely rescuing and immobilizing wild animals. It discusses managing different rescue scenarios for animals trapped in wells, houses, or traps. It emphasizes controlling crowds, examining animals for injuries, and following standard operating procedures. The document also covers capturing techniques, caring for rescued animals, reunifying animal families, and principles of chemical immobilization. In all cases, it stresses having a veterinarian present, ensuring safety, and properly handling tranquilized animals according to protocols.
Haemoproteus columbae is an intracellular parasite that infects the red blood cells of pigeons and doves. It undergoes asexual reproduction in the blood cells which leads to the formation of merozoites. These merozoites then infect other red blood cells. The parasite has a life cycle that involves sexual reproduction in the gut of its vector, the louse fly Pseudolynchia canariensis, which then transmits the sporozoites to other birds through biting. Infection can cause anemia and enlargement of organs in infected birds. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears for the characteristic halter-shaped gamonts inside red blood cells. Treatment involves antimalarial
This document summarizes small ruminant reproduction and opportunities to enhance reproductive performance in sheep and goats. It discusses puberty, estrus cycles, breeding seasons, signs of estrus, factors affecting reproductive rates, common breeding practices, flushing, monitoring breeding activity, pregnancy diagnosis, breeding soundness exams, estrus synchronization, and out-of-season breeding techniques like ram/buck effect and CIDR inserts. The goal is to provide information to help sheep and goat producers improve reproductive efficiency and increase lamb and kid crops.
This lecture covers the topic of techniques of artificial insemination in farm and pet animals useful for veterinary students, practitioners, and researchers.
Jaagsiekte, also known as ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, is a transmissible lung cancer in sheep caused by the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). It presents as multiple firm tumors in the lungs that can be seen running from the nose. Microscopically, the tumors are well-differentiated bronchioloalveolar carcinomas that fill the alveoli. The virus infects type II pneumocytes and Clara cells in the lungs. While diagnosis relies on pathology, PCR and detecting the virus in tissues of young lambs offers potential for earlier detection.
Andrology lecture 16 Semen collection from male animals and its evaluationDrGovindNarayanPuroh
This document discusses techniques for collecting and evaluating semen from male animals. There are three main techniques for collecting semen: using an artificial vagina, digital manipulation, or electro-ejaculation. The artificial vagina uses thermal and mechanical stimulation and comes in different models for various species. Semen is evaluated based on volume, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and other characteristics to assess fertility potential. Abnormal color, consistency or presence of flakes could indicate health issues.
This document discusses various hormonal causes of infertility in cattle, including ovarian atrophy, follicular atresia, silent heat, delayed ovulation, ovarian cysts, and persistent corpus luteum. Ovarian atresia occurs when follicles fail to grow and ovulate due to hormonal imbalances. Ovarian cysts develop from unovulated follicles and can cause anestrum. Persistent corpus luteum refers to the corpus luteum persisting beyond its normal lifespan, also resulting in anestrum. Diagnosis and treatment options aim to induce ovulation or luteinization and reestablish normal estrus cycles. Left untreated, these hormonal issues can increase costs through extended calving intervals and reduced fertility.
Camels are seasonal breeders, with males and females becoming sexually active during the late fall and winter months. Females have an estrous cycle of 23-27 days that is strictly follicular, without ovulation or luteal phase occurring spontaneously. Ovulation requires copulation to be induced. Males also enter periods of increased sexual activity and aggression called "rutting" during the breeding season, accompanied by higher testosterone and behaviors like soft palate ejection and smudging secretions to mark territory. The reproductive cycles of both males and females are adapted for breeding during the rainy/cold season.
Angels presenting chronic patellar luxation in cattle.by pavulPavulraj Selvaraj
Patellar luxation is a non-inflammatory disorder of the femoropatellar articulation in cattle and dogs where the patella is displaced from its normal position. In cattle, it causes jerky limb movements and an extended limb stance. Surgical treatment involves cutting the medial patellar ligament to allow the patella to move freely. In dogs, it causes intermittent lameness and abnormal gaits. Surgical options aim to deepen the trochlear groove or reinforce the lateral soft tissues to stabilize the patella.
This document provides information on terminology, behavior, and restraint techniques for sheep, goats, and pigs. It defines common terms for each species and their production purposes. Details are given on their normal behaviors and what to be aware of when handling each animal. Methods for capture, restraint, and specific positions for various procedures are described. Safety tips are emphasized, such as using minimal restraint needed and having an escape route when working with pigs.
Dr. Jigdrel Dorji gave a lecture on estrus synchronization in animals. Estrus synchronization is achieved by using progesterone, PGF2 alpha, or a combination to bring a group of female animals into heat at the same predetermined time through the use of exogenous hormones. The lecture covered definitions, hormones used, mechanisms of action, advantages, and common protocols for cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats. Protocols typically involve administering prostaglandins with or without a progestogen implant to regress the corpus luteum and induce estrus within a few days. Synchronization allows for better reproductive management and increased productivity.
Fetotomy in bovines by Dr Dushyant Yadav BASU, Patna INDIADrDushyant Yadav
Fetotomy is the process of sectioning a fetus into parts to facilitate delivery through the birth canal. There are two main types - partial fetotomy which divides parts of the fetus, and total fetotomy which divides the entire fetus. The document outlines the various techniques for fetotomy based on fetal presentation, including the 6 main cuts typically needed for anterior presentation and 5 for posterior. It also discusses instruments, indications, precautions and post-care for fetotomy. Fetotomy aims to reduce fetal size to allow vaginal delivery but can cause injuries if not performed carefully.
The reproductive cycle of female dogs (bitches) consists of four stages: proestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus. Proestrus lasts around 9 days as estrogen levels rise, followed by estrus which lasts 9 days when the bitch will accept mating. Ovulation occurs 2-3 days after the LH surge, with fertilization possible 4-7 days later. Diestrus then lasts around 2 months as progesterone levels rise. Finally, anestrus is when the bitch is not receptive to mating until hormone levels change to start the cycle again.
The document discusses horn anatomy and affections in cattle. It notes that horns are formed by the frontal bones and become hollow. The base is thin and the horn thickens towards the apex. Blood and nerve supply are described. Major horn affections include avulsion, fracture, and horn cancer. Treatment for fractures may include amputation. Dehorning involves removing the horn at the base through elliptical incision and sawing. Disbudding young calves removes small horn buds using a caustic compound or hot iron. Procedures are done with local anesthesia and analgesia.
Bone marrow biopsy in animals Veterinary DiagnosticsAjith Y
The document discusses bone marrow biopsy procedures. It describes:
- Bone marrow as the flexible tissue within bone cavities that can be red (involved in blood cell production) or yellow (non-productive).
- Indications for bone marrow biopsy including abnormal blood counts, infections, cancers, and iron storage investigations.
- Precautions for biopsy in cases of bleeding disorders, anemia, or low platelet counts.
- The steps of bone marrow biopsy including equipment, patient preparation, sample collection and evaluation, and sample submission.
This document discusses the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of guttural pouch diseases in horses. It describes the guttural pouch as a mucous sac located in the cranial cavity that connects the pharynx to the eustachian tube. Common guttural pouch diseases include empyema (accumulation of exudate), emphysema (abnormal filling with air), and impactions. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, radiography, or ultrasound imaging of the pouch. Treatment involves systemic antibiotics, flushing the pouch, or surgical drainage and removal of debris through approaches like Viborg's triangle or hyovertebrotomy. Post-operative care includes antibiotics, analgesics
The document describes key characteristics of Kingdom Animalia. Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that lack cell walls. They have nervous systems and locomotion to obtain food as heterotrophs. Most animals develop from a zygote into a gastrula with three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Animals are also classified based on their body plan, symmetry, development of mouth/anus, and presence of coelom. The major invertebrate phyla include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, mollusca, annelida, echinodermata, arthropoda and their characteristics are described
There are 12 species of hornbills found at Temenggor Lake in Malaysia. Hornbills are a family of birds characterized by a long, down-curved bill and are found throughout tropical Africa and Asia. They exhibit considerable variation in size and show sexual dimorphism. Hornbills are omnivorous, eating fruit, insects, and small animals. They nest in tree cavities or cliffs, with females sealing themselves into the nest during incubation, relying on males to pass food through a small opening.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where the uterus is cut open to deliver one or more fetuses due to complications such as uterine inertia, dystocia, or rupture of the uterus. The key steps of a C-section in bovines include preparing the surgical area, giving local anesthesia, making an incision in the left lower flank, exteriorizing the uterus, removing the fetus, delivering the placenta, suturing the uterus, and closing the abdominal wall. Post-operative care including antibiotics, fluids, and oxytocin are important to prevent complications such as infection, adhesions, and hemorrhage.
Ear new affection of ear and its treatmentBikas Puri
Otitis, or ear infections, can affect the outer, middle, or inner ear in dogs and cats and are commonly caused by parasites, bacteria, yeast, or skin issues. Symptoms include ear scratching, redness, discharge, and in severe cases neurological signs. Treatment involves cleaning and flushing the ears under anesthesia followed by topical and oral antibiotics, antifungals, or other medications based on diagnostic tests and addressing any underlying issues.
Restrain and Immobilization of wildlife ravikant1977
This document provides guidance on safely rescuing and immobilizing wild animals. It discusses managing different rescue scenarios for animals trapped in wells, houses, or traps. It emphasizes controlling crowds, examining animals for injuries, and following standard operating procedures. The document also covers capturing techniques, caring for rescued animals, reunifying animal families, and principles of chemical immobilization. In all cases, it stresses having a veterinarian present, ensuring safety, and properly handling tranquilized animals according to protocols.
Haemoproteus columbae is an intracellular parasite that infects the red blood cells of pigeons and doves. It undergoes asexual reproduction in the blood cells which leads to the formation of merozoites. These merozoites then infect other red blood cells. The parasite has a life cycle that involves sexual reproduction in the gut of its vector, the louse fly Pseudolynchia canariensis, which then transmits the sporozoites to other birds through biting. Infection can cause anemia and enlargement of organs in infected birds. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears for the characteristic halter-shaped gamonts inside red blood cells. Treatment involves antimalarial
This document summarizes small ruminant reproduction and opportunities to enhance reproductive performance in sheep and goats. It discusses puberty, estrus cycles, breeding seasons, signs of estrus, factors affecting reproductive rates, common breeding practices, flushing, monitoring breeding activity, pregnancy diagnosis, breeding soundness exams, estrus synchronization, and out-of-season breeding techniques like ram/buck effect and CIDR inserts. The goal is to provide information to help sheep and goat producers improve reproductive efficiency and increase lamb and kid crops.
This lecture covers the topic of techniques of artificial insemination in farm and pet animals useful for veterinary students, practitioners, and researchers.
Jaagsiekte, also known as ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, is a transmissible lung cancer in sheep caused by the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). It presents as multiple firm tumors in the lungs that can be seen running from the nose. Microscopically, the tumors are well-differentiated bronchioloalveolar carcinomas that fill the alveoli. The virus infects type II pneumocytes and Clara cells in the lungs. While diagnosis relies on pathology, PCR and detecting the virus in tissues of young lambs offers potential for earlier detection.
Andrology lecture 16 Semen collection from male animals and its evaluationDrGovindNarayanPuroh
This document discusses techniques for collecting and evaluating semen from male animals. There are three main techniques for collecting semen: using an artificial vagina, digital manipulation, or electro-ejaculation. The artificial vagina uses thermal and mechanical stimulation and comes in different models for various species. Semen is evaluated based on volume, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and other characteristics to assess fertility potential. Abnormal color, consistency or presence of flakes could indicate health issues.
This document discusses various hormonal causes of infertility in cattle, including ovarian atrophy, follicular atresia, silent heat, delayed ovulation, ovarian cysts, and persistent corpus luteum. Ovarian atresia occurs when follicles fail to grow and ovulate due to hormonal imbalances. Ovarian cysts develop from unovulated follicles and can cause anestrum. Persistent corpus luteum refers to the corpus luteum persisting beyond its normal lifespan, also resulting in anestrum. Diagnosis and treatment options aim to induce ovulation or luteinization and reestablish normal estrus cycles. Left untreated, these hormonal issues can increase costs through extended calving intervals and reduced fertility.
Camels are seasonal breeders, with males and females becoming sexually active during the late fall and winter months. Females have an estrous cycle of 23-27 days that is strictly follicular, without ovulation or luteal phase occurring spontaneously. Ovulation requires copulation to be induced. Males also enter periods of increased sexual activity and aggression called "rutting" during the breeding season, accompanied by higher testosterone and behaviors like soft palate ejection and smudging secretions to mark territory. The reproductive cycles of both males and females are adapted for breeding during the rainy/cold season.
Angels presenting chronic patellar luxation in cattle.by pavulPavulraj Selvaraj
Patellar luxation is a non-inflammatory disorder of the femoropatellar articulation in cattle and dogs where the patella is displaced from its normal position. In cattle, it causes jerky limb movements and an extended limb stance. Surgical treatment involves cutting the medial patellar ligament to allow the patella to move freely. In dogs, it causes intermittent lameness and abnormal gaits. Surgical options aim to deepen the trochlear groove or reinforce the lateral soft tissues to stabilize the patella.
This document provides information on terminology, behavior, and restraint techniques for sheep, goats, and pigs. It defines common terms for each species and their production purposes. Details are given on their normal behaviors and what to be aware of when handling each animal. Methods for capture, restraint, and specific positions for various procedures are described. Safety tips are emphasized, such as using minimal restraint needed and having an escape route when working with pigs.
Dr. Jigdrel Dorji gave a lecture on estrus synchronization in animals. Estrus synchronization is achieved by using progesterone, PGF2 alpha, or a combination to bring a group of female animals into heat at the same predetermined time through the use of exogenous hormones. The lecture covered definitions, hormones used, mechanisms of action, advantages, and common protocols for cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats. Protocols typically involve administering prostaglandins with or without a progestogen implant to regress the corpus luteum and induce estrus within a few days. Synchronization allows for better reproductive management and increased productivity.
Fetotomy in bovines by Dr Dushyant Yadav BASU, Patna INDIADrDushyant Yadav
Fetotomy is the process of sectioning a fetus into parts to facilitate delivery through the birth canal. There are two main types - partial fetotomy which divides parts of the fetus, and total fetotomy which divides the entire fetus. The document outlines the various techniques for fetotomy based on fetal presentation, including the 6 main cuts typically needed for anterior presentation and 5 for posterior. It also discusses instruments, indications, precautions and post-care for fetotomy. Fetotomy aims to reduce fetal size to allow vaginal delivery but can cause injuries if not performed carefully.
The reproductive cycle of female dogs (bitches) consists of four stages: proestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus. Proestrus lasts around 9 days as estrogen levels rise, followed by estrus which lasts 9 days when the bitch will accept mating. Ovulation occurs 2-3 days after the LH surge, with fertilization possible 4-7 days later. Diestrus then lasts around 2 months as progesterone levels rise. Finally, anestrus is when the bitch is not receptive to mating until hormone levels change to start the cycle again.
The document discusses horn anatomy and affections in cattle. It notes that horns are formed by the frontal bones and become hollow. The base is thin and the horn thickens towards the apex. Blood and nerve supply are described. Major horn affections include avulsion, fracture, and horn cancer. Treatment for fractures may include amputation. Dehorning involves removing the horn at the base through elliptical incision and sawing. Disbudding young calves removes small horn buds using a caustic compound or hot iron. Procedures are done with local anesthesia and analgesia.
Bone marrow biopsy in animals Veterinary DiagnosticsAjith Y
The document discusses bone marrow biopsy procedures. It describes:
- Bone marrow as the flexible tissue within bone cavities that can be red (involved in blood cell production) or yellow (non-productive).
- Indications for bone marrow biopsy including abnormal blood counts, infections, cancers, and iron storage investigations.
- Precautions for biopsy in cases of bleeding disorders, anemia, or low platelet counts.
- The steps of bone marrow biopsy including equipment, patient preparation, sample collection and evaluation, and sample submission.
This document discusses the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of guttural pouch diseases in horses. It describes the guttural pouch as a mucous sac located in the cranial cavity that connects the pharynx to the eustachian tube. Common guttural pouch diseases include empyema (accumulation of exudate), emphysema (abnormal filling with air), and impactions. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, radiography, or ultrasound imaging of the pouch. Treatment involves systemic antibiotics, flushing the pouch, or surgical drainage and removal of debris through approaches like Viborg's triangle or hyovertebrotomy. Post-operative care includes antibiotics, analgesics
The document describes key characteristics of Kingdom Animalia. Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that lack cell walls. They have nervous systems and locomotion to obtain food as heterotrophs. Most animals develop from a zygote into a gastrula with three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Animals are also classified based on their body plan, symmetry, development of mouth/anus, and presence of coelom. The major invertebrate phyla include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, mollusca, annelida, echinodermata, arthropoda and their characteristics are described
There are 12 species of hornbills found at Temenggor Lake in Malaysia. Hornbills are a family of birds characterized by a long, down-curved bill and are found throughout tropical Africa and Asia. They exhibit considerable variation in size and show sexual dimorphism. Hornbills are omnivorous, eating fruit, insects, and small animals. They nest in tree cavities or cliffs, with females sealing themselves into the nest during incubation, relying on males to pass food through a small opening.
The document provides information about laboratory mice and rats. It describes their key physical characteristics including small size and high fecundity for mice and larger size for rats. It also outlines their taxonomy, common uses in research, physiological norms and development stages, breeding cycles, housing and identification. Common diseases and euthanasia methods are also mentioned.
This document discusses different forms of parental care among fish species. It notes that parental care is common in fish, with around 25% of species providing care mainly through males. Common forms of fish parental care include nest building, attaching eggs to the body, mouth breeding, using a mermaid's purse, and viviparity. Notable examples provided include seahorses where males carry and give birth to offspring after the female deposits eggs in his pouch.
This presentation provides information about hornbills, including their taxonomy, distribution, description, species in Bangladesh, natural behavior and reproduction, feeding, diseases and management. It discusses that hornbills are found in Southeast Asia and Africa, there are 4-5 species in Bangladesh, they have a distinctive curved beak and casque, and females seal themselves in nesting holes while raising offspring. It also summarizes common diseases like Newcastle disease and their treatment.
This document provides information about classifying animals into vertebrates and invertebrates. It defines vertebrates as having backbones and lists the five classifications of vertebrates as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Invertebrates are defined as not having backbones, with the most common types being protozoa, annelids, echinoderms, mollusks, and arthropods. Examples are given for common vertebrate and invertebrate animals, with interesting facts provided. The document concludes by listing references used to research the topic.
Classroom presentation day 3 reproduction hs marine bionlightowler
The document discusses abalone and their classification as gastropods. It provides details about the characteristics of gastropods, including that they have a well-developed head with tentacles and eyes, undergo a process called torsion during development, have asymmetric coiled shells, and can reproduce sexually or hermaphroditically. The document also describes abalone anatomy, including how to determine their sexes, and their lifecycle from trochophore larvae to post-larval spat.
The document summarizes information about tilapia, including that it is native to Africa but distributed worldwide, adapts well to different environments, and has a high growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. It also discusses global tilapia aquaculture production led by China, common tilapia species farmed like Nile tilapia, their breeding cycles and parental care, and techniques used for brood stock management and production of monosex seed including hormonal sex reversal and hybridization.
Chapter 2 Animals Where they live and How they get foods4oconne
The document discusses animal life cycles and how babies resemble their parents. It covers how different types of animals, such as birds, spiders, insects, fish, frogs, and mammals, develop from eggs or live births. Their life cycles often involve stages from embryo to adult. Babies learn skills both through instincts as well as watching and learning from parents and other adults of their species. Animals continue learning through making mistakes and practicing behaviors important for survival.
Roundworms have complex life cycles involving eggs passed in feces that develop into infective larvae. Puppies, kittens, and young animals are most commonly infected through prenatal, nursing, or environmental exposure. Roundworm larvae migrate through tissues before maturing and reproducing in the intestines, completing their life cycles. Regular deworming is especially important for hunting or outdoor animals to prevent roundworm infection and spread.
1. The domestic cat is a small carnivorous mammal that is found globally and primarily lives in areas of human habitation.
2. Domestic cats come in over 100 breeds but generally have a similar body shape, weighing between 4-5 kg and measuring around 76 cm long.
3. Cats are polygynandrous, meaning both males and females can mate with multiple partners, and gestation typically lasts 60-67 days resulting in litters of kittens that are dependent on their mother for care.
Male frogs and toads attract females through vocal calls produced by vocal sacs, while male salamanders and newts rely on smell. Amphibian reproduction involves external fertilization, with frogs amplexing and the male fertilizing eggs as the female lays them. Tadpoles hatch with gills and tails, and undergo metamorphosis to grow limbs and lungs as they develop into adult frogs or salamanders. Key differences are frogs/toads lay eggs in clumps while salamanders use sperm packets, and tadpoles of frogs/toads are herbivores versus carnivorous salamander larvae.
Biology of laboratory animals (guinea pig and rabbit).pptxvasanthibalan2
Biology of laboratory animals (guinea pig and rabbit )
This presentation is regarding the biology and behaviour of laboratory guinea pig and rabbit explaining the different breeds, advantages and disadvantages , breeds and strains, animal models and their applications, feeding management, health management, housing management unique traits, gender identification, normal and abnormal behaviour etc.
The document discusses invertebrate animals. It defines invertebrates as animals without a backbone and explains that they are oviparous and can be found living in many environments with different diets. The document then describes some common groups of invertebrates, including jellyfish, annelids/worms, molluscs, and various arthropods such as insects, arachnids and crustaceans. For each group, it provides some key defining characteristics and examples.
This document discusses slugs and snails, which are molluscs that can be agricultural pests. It describes their characteristics, such as being unsegmented and having an open circulatory system. It provides details on common species of snails, like Helix spp. and the giant African snail, and their life cycles. Common species of slugs, such as the common garden slug and black/brown slug, are also described. Slugs and snails can damage a variety of crops by feeding on leaves, stems, fruits and more. They can also spread plant pathogens. Control methods include handpicking, using barriers, and chemical controls with substances like carbaryl and metaldehyde baits or sprays.
This document provides information on the biology of laboratory mice and rats. It begins with an introduction and course syllabus on the use of animals in research and their anatomy, physiology, reproduction and care. Key points include mice and rats being the most commonly used laboratory animals, with strains like C57BL/6 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats widely used. Their sensory abilities like vision, hearing, smell and touch are described. Details are provided on their reproductive cycles, breeding, strains and suppliers. Factors influencing breeding performance are also discussed.
Mammals are vertebrates that are viviparous or oviparous, breathe with lungs, have hair or fur, and feed their young milk. Birds are oviparous, have feathers and wings, and feed their young. Reptiles are oviparous or viviparous, breathe with lungs or gills, and have scales. Amphibians undergo metamorphosis, breathe with gills or lungs, and have moist skin. Arthropods are the largest invertebrate group including insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans having exoskeletons and jointed legs. Molluscs include gastropods, bival
The document discusses characteristics of jellyfish including that they mostly live in the ocean, are carnivores that trap prey with their stinging tentacles, and are found in many parts of Spain like Galicia, Asturias, and Catalonia. It also includes information about a platypus describing its physical traits such as a duck-like beak and beaver tail, as well as discussing what type of animal it is and where it is from.
This document discusses facts about giraffes presented by a student group. It includes details about giraffe anatomy like their long legs and tongues, habitats in woodlands and acacia trees, and behaviors such as sleeping while eating. The group learned many new facts and had fun but wished for more time together despite the hot weather. They referenced various sources to research giraffes and reflected positively on their learning experience.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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2. The Mongolian gerbilThe Mongolian gerbil isis
also known as the jird,also known as the jird,
clawed jird, sand rat, orclawed jird, sand rat, or
desert rat. It is native todesert rat. It is native to
China and MongoliaChina and Mongolia andand
was introduced into thewas introduced into the
United States in 1954.United States in 1954.
The most common color isThe most common color is
the agoutithe agouti, shown here:, shown here:
light buff to white ventrum,light buff to white ventrum,
with mixed white, yellowwith mixed white, yellow
and black hairs dorsally,and black hairs dorsally,
giving an overall brown furgiving an overall brown fur
color.color.
3. AppearanceAppearance
Gerbils may also beGerbils may also be black,black,
gray, white, or piebald. Theygray, white, or piebald. They
are characterized by a long,are characterized by a long,
fully furred tail, strong clawsfully furred tail, strong claws
for burrowing, and elongatedfor burrowing, and elongated
hindlimbs, uhindlimbs, used for jumpingsed for jumping
and for maintaining a semi-and for maintaining a semi-
erect posture.erect posture.
TheThe body and the tail arebody and the tail are
each about 11-15 centimeterseach about 11-15 centimeters
in lengtin length, with the bodyh, with the body
slightly longer than the tail.slightly longer than the tail.
Adults weigh 70-150 gramsAdults weigh 70-150 grams,,
with males slightly larger thanwith males slightly larger than
females.females.
4. TaxonomyTaxonomy
The Mongolian gerbil,The Mongolian gerbil, MerionesMeriones
unguiculatus,unguiculatus, is in the order Rodentia,is in the order Rodentia,
suborder Myomorpha and the familysuborder Myomorpha and the family
Cricetidae - the same family as theCricetidae - the same family as the
hamster.hamster.
5. Dental and vertebralDental and vertebral
formulasformulas
Their dental formula is typical of rodents.Their dental formula is typical of rodents.
Gerbils have a single maxillary andGerbils have a single maxillary and
mandibular incisor on each side. There aremandibular incisor on each side. There are
no canines or premolars. The gerbil has 3no canines or premolars. The gerbil has 3
maxillary and 3 mandibular molars on eachmaxillary and 3 mandibular molars on each
side.side.
2 ( I 1/1 C 0/0 PO/O M3/3 ) = 162 ( I 1/1 C 0/0 PO/O M3/3 ) = 16
They have 7 cervical vertebrae, 13 thoracic,They have 7 cervical vertebrae, 13 thoracic,
6 lumbar, 4 sacral and 7 or more coccygeal6 lumbar, 4 sacral and 7 or more coccygeal
vertebrae.vertebrae. ( C7 T13 L6 S4 Cy7+)( C7 T13 L6 S4 Cy7+)
6. FactsFacts
Life SpanLife Span:: 3-4 years3-4 years on average (up to 8on average (up to 8
reported, though this is exceptional!)reported, though this is exceptional!)
Mongolian gerbilsMongolian gerbils are not nocturnalare not nocturnal althoughalthough
they are sometimes active at night; they gothey are sometimes active at night; they go
through severalthrough several sleep/active cycles in thesleep/active cycles in the
course of 24 hourscourse of 24 hours
7. They are very curious and will explore
anything, and can be quite entertaining.
8. Sexual dimorphismSexual dimorphism
Gerbils have a prominent,Gerbils have a prominent,
elliptical ventral markingelliptical ventral marking
gland, composed ofgland, composed of
sebaceous glands andsebaceous glands and
overlying coarse hair.overlying coarse hair.
TheThe marking gland is moremarking gland is more
prominent in males than inprominent in males than in
females and is helpful infemales and is helpful in
sexing mature animalssexing mature animals..
TheThe males also have amales also have a
prominent, darklyprominent, darkly
pigmented scrotumpigmented scrotum..
9. Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands
TheThe adrenal glands (arrow) are largeadrenal glands (arrow) are large forfor
their body weight.their body weight.
10. Breeding andBreeding and
reproductionreproduction
Female gerbils areFemale gerbils are polyestrous,polyestrous,
spontaneous ovulators with an estrous cyclespontaneous ovulators with an estrous cycle
of 4-6 daysof 4-6 days..
They may display a slight winter breedingThey may display a slight winter breeding
depression.depression. Males and females that areMales and females that are
paired before seven weeks of age bond inpaired before seven weeks of age bond in
lifelong monogamous pairslifelong monogamous pairs. Remating is. Remating is
difficult if one dies or is removed.difficult if one dies or is removed. Housing ofHousing of
two females with a single male is anothertwo females with a single male is another
acceptable mating system.acceptable mating system.
11. ReproductionReproduction
Gestation lasts 24-26 daysGestation lasts 24-26 days; but if the; but if the
female is bred during the postpartumfemale is bred during the postpartum
estrus, implantation may be delayed,estrus, implantation may be delayed,
increasing gestation to a total length ofincreasing gestation to a total length of
42 days42 days..
The male gerbil should not beThe male gerbil should not be
removed from the cage when theremoved from the cage when the
young are born, because fighting mayyoung are born, because fighting may
occur when he is reintroduced.occur when he is reintroduced.
12. Reproduction cont..Reproduction cont..
The average litterThe average litter
consists ofconsists of 3-7 blind,3-7 blind,
hairless pupshairless pups
weighing 3-4 gramsweighing 3-4 grams
each.each.
The ears of theThe ears of the
newborn will open atnewborn will open at
3-7 days postpartum3-7 days postpartum..
The young will beThe young will be
covered with furcovered with fur by 7-by 7-
1 0 days and their1 0 days and their
eyes will open at 2-3eyes will open at 2-3
weeks.weeks.
13. Maturation/ life cycleMaturation/ life cycle
Gerbils are ready to be weaned atGerbils are ready to be weaned at 20-20-
30 days of age.30 days of age.
They reach puberty atThey reach puberty at 65-85 days65-85 days..
The reproductive lifespan of theThe reproductive lifespan of the
female lasts until aboutfemale lasts until about 12-17 months12-17 months
of ageof age and the male until two years ofand the male until two years of
age.age.
14. HUSBANDRYHUSBANDRY
Satisfactory housing in aSatisfactory housing in a
research setting includesresearch setting includes
polycarbonate "shoebox"polycarbonate "shoebox"
cages, as shown here.cages, as shown here.
They should be at least 15They should be at least 15
centimeters (6 inches)centimeters (6 inches)
high.high.
Each gerbil should have aEach gerbil should have a
minimum ofminimum of 116 sq.116 sq.
centimeters (1 8 sq. in.) ofcentimeters (1 8 sq. in.) of
floor space.floor space.
A breeding pair with theirA breeding pair with their
litter should have alitter should have a
minimum of 900 sq.minimum of 900 sq.
centimeterscentimeters (140 sq. in.)(140 sq. in.)
of floor space.of floor space.
15. ManagementManagement
Cages should beCages should be
constructed with roundedconstructed with rounded
corners to discouragecorners to discourage
chewing.chewing.
Optimal temperature rangeOptimal temperature range
for gerbils is betweenfor gerbils is between 6565
and 80° F, with babiesand 80° F, with babies
doing best at 70 to 75° Fdoing best at 70 to 75° F..
The relativeThe relative humidityhumidity shouldshould
be betweenbe between 30 and 50%.30 and 50%.
16. Bedding and nestingBedding and nesting
materialsmaterials
Absorbent bedding forAbsorbent bedding for
burrowing should beburrowing should be
provided in the cage.provided in the cage.
Opaque tubes orOpaque tubes or
boxes for hidingboxes for hiding
provide environmentalprovide environmental
enrichment and softenrichment and soft
shreddable materialsshreddable materials
for nesting mayfor nesting may
improve reproductiveimprove reproductive
performance.performance.
17. FoodFood
Gerbils should be fedGerbils should be fed adad
libitumlibitum from feed hoppersfrom feed hoppers
that have wide openingsthat have wide openings
for easy accessibility. Thefor easy accessibility. The
feed hopper should befeed hopper should be
mounted low as newbornsmounted low as newborns
will begin to consume solidwill begin to consume solid
food at about 2 weeks offood at about 2 weeks of
age. Each adult gerbil willage. Each adult gerbil will
consume approximatelyconsume approximately 5-5-
8 grams of pelleted rodent8 grams of pelleted rodent
ration per day.ration per day.
18. WaterWater
Captive gerbilsCaptive gerbils
need a waterneed a water
supply - either asupply - either a
water bottle or anwater bottle or an
automatic wateringautomatic watering
devicedevice
19. USES IN RESEARCHUSES IN RESEARCH
One of the first uses of gerbils in research was inOne of the first uses of gerbils in research was in
radiation studies, because theyradiation studies, because they can tolerate muchcan tolerate much
greater whole-body radiation exposuregreater whole-body radiation exposure than otherthan other
animal species.animal species.
They have also been used in studies ofThey have also been used in studies of endocrineendocrine
gland metabolismgland metabolism, as they have one of the largest, as they have one of the largest
ratios of adrenal weight to body weight of all animals.ratios of adrenal weight to body weight of all animals.
Gerbils have a high incidence of spontaneousGerbils have a high incidence of spontaneous
epileptiform seizuresepileptiform seizures, usually precipitated by being, usually precipitated by being
startled or by a novel environment. This makes themstartled or by a novel environment. This makes them
an important animal model for study of epilepsy.an important animal model for study of epilepsy.
20. USES IN RESEARCHUSES IN RESEARCH
They have been used in reproduction studies toThey have been used in reproduction studies to
evaluate antifertility drugs and in auditory research,evaluate antifertility drugs and in auditory research,
because their hearing curve is closer to man's thanbecause their hearing curve is closer to man's than
most common laboratory animals.most common laboratory animals.
In toxicology research, gerbils have been used inIn toxicology research, gerbils have been used in
studies of food additives, pesticides, industrialstudies of food additives, pesticides, industrial
solvents and heavy metals.solvents and heavy metals.
Gerbils are also useful in infectious diseaseGerbils are also useful in infectious disease
research. Although they are relatively free ofresearch. Although they are relatively free of
spontaneous diseases, they are susceptible tospontaneous diseases, they are susceptible to
agents from other species.agents from other species.
And finally, they are used in parasitology research,And finally, they are used in parasitology research,
as they have been successfully infected withas they have been successfully infected with
parasites common to other species.parasites common to other species.
21. HANDLINGHANDLING
To physicallyTo physically
restrain a gerbil,restrain a gerbil,
grasp it at thegrasp it at the basebase
of the tail - not theof the tail - not the
tip. If the tip istip. If the tip is
grasped, the skingrasped, the skin
may come offmay come off
(degloving).(degloving).
22. Fractures of theFractures of the tail vertebrae, and slipping of the tail skin can all occur withtail vertebrae, and slipping of the tail skin can all occur with
improper handlingimproper handling (A.). This usually involves picking up animals by the distal(A.). This usually involves picking up animals by the distal
portion of the tail. Surgical amputation with cautery (silver nitrate cautery shown inportion of the tail. Surgical amputation with cautery (silver nitrate cautery shown in
B.) supportive post-surgical care may be necessary when large amounts of tissueB.) supportive post-surgical care may be necessary when large amounts of tissue
are compromised. Such injuries may be prevented by handling animals by theare compromised. Such injuries may be prevented by handling animals by the
base of the tailbase of the tail
23. Injection siteInjection site
The loose skin ofThe loose skin of the neck is a site forthe neck is a site for
subcutaneous injectionsubcutaneous injection
24. IM, IV injectionsIM, IV injections
The muscles of theThe muscles of the thigh arethigh are
a site for intramusculara site for intramuscular
injections. Care must beinjections. Care must be
taken totaken to avoid the sciaticavoid the sciatic
nerve,nerve, which lies parallel towhich lies parallel to
the femur, it may be helpfulthe femur, it may be helpful
for one person to restrain thefor one person to restrain the
gerbil while a second persongerbil while a second person
pulls the leg out for injection.pulls the leg out for injection.
After the gerbil is adequatelyAfter the gerbil is adequately
sedated or anesthetized,sedated or anesthetized,
intravenous injections can beintravenous injections can be
made into the femoral,made into the femoral,
saphenous or tail veinssaphenous or tail veins..
25. IP InjectionsIP Injections
IntraperitonealIntraperitoneal
injections areinjections are
accomplished offaccomplished off
midline in the caudalmidline in the caudal
abdomenabdomen, after tilting, after tilting
the head of the gerbilthe head of the gerbil
down to displacedown to displace
internal organsinternal organs
forward.forward.
27. Chemical restraintChemical restraint
Chemical restraint can be accomplishedChemical restraint can be accomplished
with sodiumwith sodium pentobarbital, administeredpentobarbital, administered
intraperitoneally at 60 mg/kg body weightintraperitoneally at 60 mg/kg body weight..
A cocktail containingA cocktail containing ketamine, xylazine andketamine, xylazine and
acepromazine can also be used at theacepromazine can also be used at the
following dosage: 0.6 ml/kg body weight,following dosage: 0.6 ml/kg body weight,
administered intramuscularly, oradministered intramuscularly, or
subcutaneously, of a mixture of 1.5 ml (150subcutaneously, of a mixture of 1.5 ml (150
mg) 100 mg/ml ketamine HCI, 1.5 ml (30mg) 100 mg/ml ketamine HCI, 1.5 ml (30
mg) of 20 mg/ml xylazine HCI and 0.5 ml (5mg) of 20 mg/ml xylazine HCI and 0.5 ml (5
mg) of 10 mg/ml acepromazinemg) of 10 mg/ml acepromazine
P#120P#120
29. INFECTIOUS DISEASESINFECTIOUS DISEASES
Tyzzer's diseaseTyzzer's disease
The most commonly reported infectiousThe most commonly reported infectious
disease in gerbils is Tyzzer's disease, andisease in gerbils is Tyzzer's disease, an
acute, often fatal, hepatoenteric disease. Itacute, often fatal, hepatoenteric disease. It
is caused byis caused by Clostridium piliformiClostridium piliformi,, anan
obligate intracellular, spore-forming,obligate intracellular, spore-forming,
filamentous, argyrophilic rod.filamentous, argyrophilic rod.
The organism is transmitted by the fecal-The organism is transmitted by the fecal-
oral route; spores survive in theoral route; spores survive in the
environment for months or years.environment for months or years.
Clinical signs includeClinical signs include sudden death,sudden death,
perianal fecal staining, watery diarrhea,perianal fecal staining, watery diarrhea,
anorexia, lethargy and rough hair coatanorexia, lethargy and rough hair coat
30. Gross lesionsGross lesions
Gross lesions ofGross lesions of
Tyzzer's diseaseTyzzer's disease
includeinclude hepatomegalyhepatomegaly
with yellow-whitewith yellow-white
hepatic foci ofhepatic foci of
necrosisnecrosis, as seen here,, as seen here,
typhlitis andtyphlitis and enteritisenteritis
with watery entericwith watery enteric
contents.contents.
31. TreatmentTreatment
Treatment of Tyzzer's disease is oftenTreatment of Tyzzer's disease is often
unsuccessful in gerbils, butunsuccessful in gerbils, but
oxytetracyclineoxytetracycline has been reported tohas been reported to
reduce mortality in mice.reduce mortality in mice.
32. Nonspecific enteritisNonspecific enteritis
Nonspecific enteritis inNonspecific enteritis in
gerbils may result fromgerbils may result from
bacterial infections, suchbacterial infections, such
as withas with SalmonellaSalmonella spp.spp.
Other possible causalOther possible causal
agents include heavyagents include heavy
protozoal infections andprotozoal infections and
food deprivationfood deprivation
Signs of enteritis includeSigns of enteritis include
perianal fecal stainingperianal fecal staining
(seen in photo), anorexia,(seen in photo), anorexia,
depression and rough hairdepression and rough hair
coatcoat
33. Facial DermatitisFacial Dermatitis
In juvenile and adult gerbils, environmentalIn juvenile and adult gerbils, environmental
stressors such as incompatible cagemates, highstressors such as incompatible cagemates, high
humidity, and overcrowding cause release ofhumidity, and overcrowding cause release of
Harderian gland porphyrinHarderian gland porphyrin secretions around thesecretions around the
external nares and eyes.external nares and eyes.
34. Sore noseNasal dermatitisNasal dermatitis
Accumulation of theAccumulation of the
reddish-brownreddish-brown
porphyrin pigmentporphyrin pigment
causes skin irritationcauses skin irritation
and eventually leadsand eventually leads
to self-trauma,to self-trauma,
localized alopecia,localized alopecia,
and moist dermatitisand moist dermatitis
with erythema, scabs,with erythema, scabs,
and ulcerationand ulceration
35. Sore nose
Staphylococcus saprophyticus , S xylosis , and S aureus may
secondarily invade and exacerbate the dermatitis, spreading to
the forepaws and ventral thorax and abdomen. Skin lesions are
pruritic and frequent scratching may result in bleeding. The
condition may be self-limiting with spontaneous recovery or, more
often, progressive with bacterial infection
36. Treatment includes carefully cleaning the skin lesionsTreatment includes carefully cleaning the skin lesions
and applyingand applying topical antibiotics (chloramphenicol 1%topical antibiotics (chloramphenicol 1%
ophthalmic ointment, tid).ophthalmic ointment, tid). Prevention requires carefulPrevention requires careful
control of environmental temperature and humidity orcontrol of environmental temperature and humidity or
other sources of stress and providing sand baths or clayother sources of stress and providing sand baths or clay
bedding.bedding.
37. Viral DiseasesViral Diseases
No naturally-occurring viral diseasesNo naturally-occurring viral diseases
have been reported in gerbils.have been reported in gerbils.
39. Parasitism of the gerbil rarely causes clinical diseaseParasitism of the gerbil rarely causes clinical disease
problems. Alopecia in aged or debilitated gerbils may beproblems. Alopecia in aged or debilitated gerbils may be
due to demodicosis (A.).due to demodicosis (A.). Scrapes of affected areas mayScrapes of affected areas may
reveal hamster demodectic mange mites,reveal hamster demodectic mange mites, DemodexDemodex
aurati or Demodex cricetiaurati or Demodex criceti (B.)(B.) ..
40. Endoparasites of the gerbil may include mouseEndoparasites of the gerbil may include mouse
pinworms (pinworms (Syphacia obvelataSyphacia obvelata) which can be found) which can be found
in the cecum and a small intestinal gerbil pinwormin the cecum and a small intestinal gerbil pinworm
Dentostomella translucidaDentostomella translucida (A.).(A.). SyphaciaSyphacia ova canova can
be recovered on a cellophane tape test (see mousebe recovered on a cellophane tape test (see mouse
parasitic diseases), whileparasitic diseases), while DentostomellaDentostomella ova (B.)ova (B.)
are identified by the fecal floatation testare identified by the fecal floatation test
42. Management-relatedManagement-related
conditionsconditions
Management-relatedManagement-related
problems includeproblems include
inadvertentinadvertent starvation andstarvation and
water deprivationwater deprivation. The food. The food
may simply be too high tomay simply be too high to
reach or inaccessible. Thereach or inaccessible. The
hopper may have openingshopper may have openings
that are too narrow, or thethat are too narrow, or the
food may be too hard forfood may be too hard for
weanlings to chew.weanlings to chew.
Similarly, the water sourceSimilarly, the water source
may be too high to reachmay be too high to reach
43. EpilepsyEpilepsy
The gerbil displays spontaneousThe gerbil displays spontaneous
epileptiform seizures. These seizures mayepileptiform seizures. These seizures may
be precipitated by sudden stress, handling,be precipitated by sudden stress, handling,
or introduction to a novel environment.or introduction to a novel environment.
Incidence of this syndrome is aboutIncidence of this syndrome is about 50% in50% in
natural populations. The condition appearsnatural populations. The condition appears
to be inherited, and both seizure-resistantto be inherited, and both seizure-resistant
and seizure-sensitiveand seizure-sensitive strains have beenstrains have been
developed by selective breeding. developed by selective breeding.
Inbred animals can have up to 100%Inbred animals can have up to 100%
incidenceincidence
44. Epileptiform seizureEpileptiform seizure
Seizure onset occursSeizure onset occurs
at 2 to 3 months of ageat 2 to 3 months of age
with seizure incidencewith seizure incidence
and severity increasingand severity increasing
with age until thewith age until the
animal reaches sixanimal reaches six
months of age.months of age.
After a seizure, it mayAfter a seizure, it may
be several hoursbe several hours
before seizurebefore seizure
threshold is reachedthreshold is reached
againagain
45. Treatment/ preventionTreatment/ prevention
The seizures have noThe seizures have no
obvious adverse effectsobvious adverse effects
and do not requireand do not require
treatmenttreatment. They should. They should
notnot be treated withbe treated with
diphenylhydantoindiphenylhydantoin, as it, as it
can be fatal to gerbils.can be fatal to gerbils.
Handling weanlingsHandling weanlings
frequently is recommendedfrequently is recommended
to reduce the incidence ofto reduce the incidence of
seizures later on.seizures later on.
46. NeoplasiaNeoplasia
Older gerbils commonly develop aOlder gerbils commonly develop a
number of spontaneousnumber of spontaneous neoplasms mostneoplasms most
commonly affecting the skin, adrenalcommonly affecting the skin, adrenal
gland, kidney, spleen, intestine and thegland, kidney, spleen, intestine and the
female reproductive tracfemale reproductive tract. The mostt. The most
frequently seen neoplasms includefrequently seen neoplasms include
leiomyomas, subcutaneousleiomyomas, subcutaneous
fibrosarcomas, sebaceous glandfibrosarcomas, sebaceous gland
adenomas and adenocarcinomasadenomas and adenocarcinomas
47. MelanomaMelanoma
Cutaneous tumors includeCutaneous tumors include squamous cell carcinomassquamous cell carcinomas
and melanomas affecting the ear and feet. Masses mayand melanomas affecting the ear and feet. Masses may
be surgically removed. The prognosis varies with thebe surgically removed. The prognosis varies with the
size, stage, and timing of surgical excision.size, stage, and timing of surgical excision.
48. Tail barberingTail barbering
GerbilsGerbils may barbermay barber
each other, particularlyeach other, particularly
if they areif they are
overcrowded.overcrowded. ThisThis
results in subordinateresults in subordinate
animals having hairanimals having hair
chewed off in a closely-chewed off in a closely-
shaven pattern,shaven pattern,
especiallyespecially around thearound the
base of the tail.base of the tail.
49. Degloving tail woundDegloving tail wound
The tail of the gerbil is especially sensitive toThe tail of the gerbil is especially sensitive to
degloving wounds.degloving wounds. GerbilsGerbils must notmust not be picked upbe picked up
by the tip of the tail.by the tip of the tail. If the tail is degloved, itIf the tail is degloved, it
should be amputated at the level of the breakageshould be amputated at the level of the breakage