The document summarizes various parasites that can cause anemia in humans. It discusses 6 parasites in particular:
1. Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes malaria, which infects red blood cells and can cause hemolysis, leading to normochromic anemia.
2. Leishmania donovani, the parasite that causes leishmaniasis, which can involve the spleen and bone marrow and cause normochromic anemia.
3. Trypanosoma gambiense, the parasite that causes sleeping sickness, which can cause hemolysis, remove immune-sensitized red blood cells, and reduce bone marrow activity, leading to normochromic anemia.
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
coccidian parasite is a very important topic for pg entrance........so every important point about it have been discussed in detail......take a look at it...
Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology, Life Cycle, Prevention and Erad...Sarath
Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology, Life Cycle, Prevention and Eradication.
Contains Videos in two slides. So try using Power Point 2010.
My email : doc.sarathrs@gmail.com
A parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused or transmitted by a parasite. Many parasites do not cause diseases. Parasitic diseases can affect practically all living organisms, including plants and mammals. The study of parasitic diseases is called parasitology.
coccidian parasite is a very important topic for pg entrance........so every important point about it have been discussed in detail......take a look at it...
Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology, Life Cycle, Prevention and Erad...Sarath
Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology, Life Cycle, Prevention and Eradication.
Contains Videos in two slides. So try using Power Point 2010.
My email : doc.sarathrs@gmail.com
A parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused or transmitted by a parasite. Many parasites do not cause diseases. Parasitic diseases can affect practically all living organisms, including plants and mammals. The study of parasitic diseases is called parasitology.
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person, or from a surface or a food. Diseases can be transmitted during air travel through: direct contact with a sick person. respiratory droplet spread from a sick person sneezing or coughing.
Malaria is an infectious disease that is caused by mosquito-borne plasmodium parasite which infects the red blood cells. It’s one of the deadliest diseases in India. There’s no vaccine for malaria yet and immunity occurs naturally through repeated infection. Common symptoms are fever, chills, vomiting, nausea, body ache, headache, cough and diarrhea. If untreated, it can lead to complications like jaundice, dehydration, anemia, brain malaria, liver failure and kidney failure. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
Plasmodium is the parasite that causes malaria; it is transmitted from one person to another through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Once infected, these parasites travel through the blood to the liver, where they mature and multiply. They then infect the red blood cells causing them to break open, releasing haemoglobin. This loss of haemoglobin leads to anaemia.
This presentation gives a brief information on malaria, epidemiology, its causative agent, life cycle, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and vaccines available.
Protozoa and Helminth Parasites ppt by Dr.Prince.C.PDR.PRINCE C P
PPT prepared by :Dr.Prince.C.P
Associate Professor & HOD , Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Medical Parasitology is the subject which deals with the parasites that infect human being, the diseases caused by them, clinical feature and the response generated by human being against them. It's also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control.
An ova or cyst or egg is detected by microscopic evaluation of a stool sample that is used to look for parasites that may infect the lower digestive tract, causing symptoms such as diarrhoea. The parasites and their eggs (ova) are shed from the lower digestive tract into the stool
Stool examination (Microscopic) is performed for the diagnosis of following parasitic infections
1. Protozoa • Entamoeba histolytica • Giardia lamblia • intestinal coccidian parasites (i) Cryptosporidium parvum (ii) Cyclospora (iii) Isospora • Balantidium coli
2. Helminthes • nematodes: (i) Ascaris lumbricoides (ii) Trichuris trichuria
(Iii) hookworm • Ancylostoma duodenale • Nectar americans (iv) Strongyloides stercoralis
Cestodes: (i) Taenia spp • T. Saginata • T.Solium (ii) Hymenolepsis nana (iii) Enterobius vermicularis
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Parasites causing anemia
1. Parasites Causing Anemia
Undersupervision Of :
Dr. Azza El-Ghareeb , Assistant Professor
And Head Of Medical Parasitology
Department , Faculty Of Medicine ,
October 6 University
2.
3. P. falciparum Malaria Normochromic
Hemolysis,
Hypersplenism
Parasite Disease Type of anemia Mechanism
L. donovani Leishmaniasis Normochromic
Spleen and bone marrow
involvement
T. gambiense Sleeping
sickness
Normochromic Haemolysis, removal of
immune sensitized RBCs,
Reduced bone marrow
activity
A. duodenale
N. americanus
Hookworm Hypochromic
microcytic
Haemorrhage
T. trichiura Trichuriasis Normochromic Haemorrhage
S. haematobium Schistosomiasis Normochromic Haemorrhage
The Parasites Causing Anemia
4. 1-Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria is caused by a parasite
called Plasmodium, which is
transmitted via the bites of
infected mosquitoes.
In the human body, the
parasites multiply in the liver,
and then infect red blood cells.
Usually, people get malaria by
being bitten by an infective
female Anopheles mosquito.Only Anopheles mosquitoes
can transmit malaria and they
must have been infected
through a previous blood meal
taken on an infected person.
About 1 week later, when the
mosquito takes its next blood
meal, these parasites mix with
the mosquito’s saliva and are
injected into the person being
bitten.
When a mosquito bites an
infected person, a small
amount of blood is taken in
which contains microscopic
malaria parasites
Malaria can also be
transmitted through blood
transfusion, organ transplant,
or the shared use of needles
or syringes contaminated with
blood.
5. Malaria Symptoms
• Symptoms of malaria may include fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhoea, cough,
stomach, pain and muscular aches and weakness.
• If infected with the malaria parasite, Plasmodium results in the most severe
form of malaria and if left untreated, it can cause serous illnesses. Like
seizures, mental confusion, kidney failure, coma and death.
6. How can malaria
be treated :
Malaria is treated with a
class of drugs called
antimalarial. Antimalarial
drugs are designed to
attack the parasites that
cause malaria,
preventing them from
spreading while also
killing them off so they
cant continue causing
infection.
How can malaria be
prevented :
Be aware of the places that
are malaria risk zones, the
main symptoms and how
long it takes for symptoms to
start.
If prescribed, take anti-
malarial medicines strictly as
directed. Anti malarial
medicines are not 100%
Immediately see a doctor and
seek treatment if a fever
develops after entering a
malaria-risk zone, and for up
to 3 months after leaving the
area
8. Clinical Manifestation
• Variable - Incubation 3-100+ weeks
• Lowgrade fever
• Hepato-splenomegaly
• Bone marrow hyperplasia
• Anemia, Leucopenia & Cachexia
• Hypergammaglobulinnemia
• Epistaxis , Proteinuria, Hematuria
• Most severe form of the disease, may
be fatal if left untreated
• Usually associated with fever, weight
loss, and an enlarged spleen and liver
• Anemia (low RBC), leukopenia (low
WBC), and thrombocytopenia (low
platelets) are common
• Lymphadenopathy may be present
• Visceral disease from the Middle East
is usually milder with less specific
findings than visceral leishmaniasis
from other areas of the world
Cutaneous
Leishmaniasis
9. • Suppress the reservoir: dogs, rats,
gerbils, other small mammals and
rodents
• Suppress the vector: Sandfly
• Critical to preventing disease
in stationary troop
populations
• Prevent sandfly bites: Personal
Protective Measures
• Most important at night
• Sleeves down
• Insect repellent w/ DEET
• Permethrin treated uniforms
• Permethrin treated bed nets
Prevention
• Antimony (Pentostam®,
Sodium stibogluconate) is
the drug of choice
• Given under an
experimental protocol at
Walter Reed Army
Medical Center
(WRAMC)
• 20 days of intravenous
therapy
• Available at WRAMC for
all branches of the
military
• Requires patient to
come to WRAMC
Treatment
11. Symptoms
The symptoms begin within 1 to 4 weeks.
• Fever
• Personality changes
• Disturbance of sleep patterns
• Troubles with walking and talking
• Aching muscles and joints
• Slurred speech
• Seizures
• Rashes
• Swelling around the eyes and hands
• Headaches
• Fatigue
• Prolonged sleep
• Death shortly happens a few months
after the invasion of the central nervous system.
12. Medicines used to treat this disorder
include:
Eflornithine (for T. b. gambiense only)
Melarsoprol
Pentamidine (for T. b. gambiense only)
Suramin (Antrypol)
Some patients may receive combination
therapy
Treatment
Pentamidine injections protect against T.
b. gambiense. But not against T. b.
rhodesiense . Because this medicine is
toxic, using it for prevention is not
recommended.
Insect control measures can help prevent
the spread of sleeping sickness in high-
risk areas.
Prevention
Tsetse Fly Trap
14. Pathogensis & Clinical Features
When filariform larva enters the skin, they
cause severe local itching
Erythematous papular rash may develop
Scratching and secondary bacterial infection
may follow
This condition is called Ground itch, occurs
when large number of larvae penetrate the
skin, more common with necator
Larvae sometimes cause creeping eruption-
more common in animal hookworms
When larvae enters the alveoli, they may
cause minute local haemorrhages.
Clinical pneumonitis develops only in
massive infections
Important manifestations of
ancylostomiasis is in the intestine
Worms attach to gut mucosa by their
buccal capsules
Suck a portion of intestinal villi, utilise gut
epithelial cells and plasma for their food
The worm sucks in blood, which passes
out undigested through its intestines
Adult ancylostome can suck about 0.2ml
blood and necator sucks 0.03ml per day
The worms frequently leave one site and
attaches to another site
15. In hookworm disease, intestinal
absorption of iron is normal so oral
administration of iron can correct anemia
Hookworm infection cause intestinal
syndrome resembling peptic ulcer- with
epigastric pain, dyspepsia and vomiting.
Reddish or black stool, diarrhoea may be
seen in acute stage
Anaemia leads to lassitude and dullness,
hypoprotenemia etc
Severe hookworm anemia leads to cardiac
failure
16. Treatment
• MEBENDAZOLE
• PYRANTEL PAMOATE
• THIABENDAZOLE is less effective
• BEPHENIUM HYDROXYNAPHTHOATE
is active against Ancylostoma but not
against Necator
The best way to avoid hookworm
infection is not to walk barefoot in areas
where hookworm is common and where
there may be human fecal contamination
of the soil. Also, avoid other skin contact
with such soil and avoid ingesting it.
Infection can also be prevented by not
defecating outdoors and by effective
sewage disposal systems.
Prevention & Control
18. Infection occurs when skin comes in contact with contaminated
freshwater in which certain types of snails that carry the parasite are
living. Freshwater becomes contaminated by Schistosoma eggs when
infected people urinate or defecate in the water. The eggs hatch, and if
the appropriate species of snails are present in the water, the parasites
infect, develop and multiply inside the snails. The parasite leaves the
snail and enters the water where it can survive for about 48
hours. Schistosomaparasites can penetrate the skin of persons who
come in contact with contaminated freshwater, typically when wading,
swimming, bathing, or washing. Over several weeks, the parasites
migrate through host tissue and develop into adult worms inside the
blood vessels of the body. Once mature, the worms mate and females
produce eggs. Some of these eggs travel to the bladder or intestine and
are passed into the urine or stool.
Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused not by the worms themselves
but by the body’s reaction to the eggs. Eggs shed by the adult worms
that do not pass out of the body can become lodged in the intestine or
bladder, causing inflammation or scarring. Children who are repeatedly
infected can develop anemia, malnutrition, and learning difficulties.
After years of infection, the parasite can also damage the liver,
intestine, spleen, lungs, and bladder.
Clinical Picture
19. The drug of choice for treating all species of
schistosomes is praziquantel. Cure rates of 65-
90% have been described after a single
treatment with praziquantel. In individuals
not cured, the drug causes egg excretion to be
reduced by 90%.[55] Praziquantel affects the
membrane permeability of the parasite,
which causes vacuolation of the tegument. It
paralyses the worm and exposes it to attack
by the host immune system. However, as
praziquantel is ineffective on developing
schistosomula, it may not abort early
infection.
Treatment Prevention
• Avoid swimming or wading in
freshwater
• Drink safe water. Although
schistosomiasis is not transmitted
by swallowing contaminated
water, if your mouth or lips come
in contact with water containing
the parasites, you could become
infected.
• Water used for bathing should be
brought to a rolling boil for 1
minute to kill any cercariae
21. Light infestations (<100 worms) are
frequently asymptomatic.
Heavy infestations may have bloody
diarrhea.
Long-standing blood loss may lead to iron-
deficiency anemia.
Rectal prolapse is possible in severe cases.
Vitamin A deficiency may also result due to
infection.
Mechanical damage to the mucosa may
occur as well as toxic or inflammatory
damage to the intestines of the host.
Finger clubbing
Clinical manifestations
Trichuris Egg
22. TREATMENT
Mebendazole (Vermox)
Causes worm death by selectively and
irreversibly blocking glucose uptake and
other nutrients in the susceptible adult
intestine where helminths dwell.
Administer a second course if patient is
not cured within 3-4 wk.
Albendazole (Albenza)
Decreases whipworm ATP production,
causing energy depletion,
immobilization, and death.
Avoid ingesting soil that
may be contaminated with
human feces
Wash your hands with
soap and warm water
before handling food.
Teach children the
importance of washing
hands to prevent infection.
Wash, peel, or cook all raw
vegetables and fruits
before eating
Prevention