This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the energy stored in a flywheel motor system with multiple human operators. The study developed an experimental setup using elliptical and circular chainwheels connected to flywheels of varying mass. Trials were conducted with male riders of different weights and ages, measuring the revolutions and calculated energy stored for various gear ratios, flywheel masses, chainwheel types, rider weights and ages. The results showed that energy storage increased with rider weight up to 70kg, and was highest for riders aged 25-30 years. Elliptical chainwheels stored approximately 13% more energy than circular chainwheels. The study aims to optimize the performance of human-powered flywheel systems.
The document describes the design of a slider-crank leg mechanism for a mobile hopping robotic platform. The mechanism uses a slider-crank mechanism to convert continuous motor rotation into piston motion, which impacts the ground to generate hopping locomotion. A mechanical clutch trigger mechanism was developed to control the impact timing and maintain a constant transmission angle for repeated hopping. Dynamic analysis was performed to determine the optimal position of the clutch trigger mechanism to maximize hopping height. Experimental validation was conducted, and future work on a two degree-of-freedom leg design is proposed.
This document summarizes research on optimizing operating power in bicycles using non-circular chain rings. It reviews several studies that have investigated different types of non-circular chain rings, including Q-rings, oval rings, and ovate rings, and their effects on pedaling kinematics, forces, and efficiency. One study used musculoskeletal modeling and found a non-circular chain ring shape that could increase average crank power by 2.9% compared to a circular chain ring. However, another study found that a new proposed non-circular chain ring design did not improve performance over a standard circular chain ring during high-intensity cycling.
This document discusses the development of a CAD model for a flywheel motor system that can be operated by multiple riders. The flywheel motor is a key component in many manually powered machines that store human energy through pedaling and release it to drive machine processes. Previous flywheel motor designs only accommodated a single rider. The proposed new design includes two bicycle mechanisms mounted on a common shaft that allow two people to pedal and contribute energy simultaneously. The document outlines design considerations for flywheel speed, size, gear ratios, and other parameters based on prior research. It presents the CAD model created in Solid Edge software, which can be used for simulation, analysis and optimization of the multi-rider flywheel motor system.
CAD based modeling of flywheel motor with multiple operatorIOSR Journals
Abstract : The Human powered flywheel motor (HPFM) is the integral part of the various manually energized
machines such as brick making machine, chaff cutter, pedal operated flour mill etc .Since its invention
continuous efforts are being made for its optimization with objective of the efficient energy utilization of human
energy. In an attempt this paper presents the development of flywheel motor for multiple rider as till now only
single rider system is developed. Further the CAD modeling of this system is developed by using the CAD
software SOLID EGDE.
Keywords - CAD modeling, HPFM, Solid edge.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The document simulates testing of an ATV roll cage in ANSYS to evaluate its performance against crashes.
2) A model of the roll cage and vehicle is created using pipe, mass, and spring elements. The roll cage is tested under front impact, rear impact, side impact, torsional stiffness, front wheel bump, and rollover conditions.
3) The results show that under all test conditions, the stress and deflection of the roll cage are within safe limits, though further optimization may be possible to reduce weight.
IRJET- Experimental Study of Renewable Sources for Lighting and Irrigation fo...IRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental study of renewable energy sources for lighting and irrigation in a forest village in India without grid power. The study examines using solar energy as the main source and human or animal power as backup. A system was designed using a speed increaser to convert human or animal torque into rotations to power a generator or water pump. Experimental results showed the system reliably provided power for lighting and irrigation when solar power was unavailable, using animal or human power instead. The system was low-cost, required little maintenance, and could be operated by anyone with or without skills.
The document describes the design of a slider-crank leg mechanism for a mobile hopping robotic platform. The mechanism uses a slider-crank mechanism to convert continuous motor rotation into piston motion, which impacts the ground to generate hopping locomotion. A mechanical clutch trigger mechanism was developed to control the impact timing and maintain a constant transmission angle for repeated hopping. Dynamic analysis was performed to determine the optimal position of the clutch trigger mechanism to maximize hopping height. Experimental validation was conducted, and future work on a two degree-of-freedom leg design is proposed.
This document summarizes research on optimizing operating power in bicycles using non-circular chain rings. It reviews several studies that have investigated different types of non-circular chain rings, including Q-rings, oval rings, and ovate rings, and their effects on pedaling kinematics, forces, and efficiency. One study used musculoskeletal modeling and found a non-circular chain ring shape that could increase average crank power by 2.9% compared to a circular chain ring. However, another study found that a new proposed non-circular chain ring design did not improve performance over a standard circular chain ring during high-intensity cycling.
This document discusses the development of a CAD model for a flywheel motor system that can be operated by multiple riders. The flywheel motor is a key component in many manually powered machines that store human energy through pedaling and release it to drive machine processes. Previous flywheel motor designs only accommodated a single rider. The proposed new design includes two bicycle mechanisms mounted on a common shaft that allow two people to pedal and contribute energy simultaneously. The document outlines design considerations for flywheel speed, size, gear ratios, and other parameters based on prior research. It presents the CAD model created in Solid Edge software, which can be used for simulation, analysis and optimization of the multi-rider flywheel motor system.
CAD based modeling of flywheel motor with multiple operatorIOSR Journals
Abstract : The Human powered flywheel motor (HPFM) is the integral part of the various manually energized
machines such as brick making machine, chaff cutter, pedal operated flour mill etc .Since its invention
continuous efforts are being made for its optimization with objective of the efficient energy utilization of human
energy. In an attempt this paper presents the development of flywheel motor for multiple rider as till now only
single rider system is developed. Further the CAD modeling of this system is developed by using the CAD
software SOLID EGDE.
Keywords - CAD modeling, HPFM, Solid edge.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The document simulates testing of an ATV roll cage in ANSYS to evaluate its performance against crashes.
2) A model of the roll cage and vehicle is created using pipe, mass, and spring elements. The roll cage is tested under front impact, rear impact, side impact, torsional stiffness, front wheel bump, and rollover conditions.
3) The results show that under all test conditions, the stress and deflection of the roll cage are within safe limits, though further optimization may be possible to reduce weight.
IRJET- Experimental Study of Renewable Sources for Lighting and Irrigation fo...IRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental study of renewable energy sources for lighting and irrigation in a forest village in India without grid power. The study examines using solar energy as the main source and human or animal power as backup. A system was designed using a speed increaser to convert human or animal torque into rotations to power a generator or water pump. Experimental results showed the system reliably provided power for lighting and irrigation when solar power was unavailable, using animal or human power instead. The system was low-cost, required little maintenance, and could be operated by anyone with or without skills.
The active suspension system with hydraulic actuator for half car model analy...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design and simulation of an active suspension system with a hydraulic actuator for a half car model. A PID controller is designed and tuned using three different methods - heuristic tuning, Ziegler-Nichols tuning, and iterative learning algorithm tuning. The half car model and hydraulic actuator are modeled and simulated in MATLAB Simulink. Simulation results show that the PID controller tuned with the iterative learning algorithm provides the best ride quality performance compared to the other tuning methods or a passive suspension, reducing the body displacement under various road disturbances.
This document summarizes an experimental study on load sharing analysis of a planetary gear box. Strain gauges were mounted on the planet pins to measure the load carried by each planet. Testing was done with different input torques both with and without intentional errors introduced to one planet pin. Results showed the actual load sharing varied from the theoretical even load sharing due to manufacturing errors. Load carried by each planet was calculated from the pin stresses measured by strain gauges and FEM analysis. With a 100um error introduced, load on the error planet increased while loads on other planets decreased compared to the no error condition. Experimental and FEM pin stress results closely matched the theoretical values.
IRJET- Design and Experimental Testing of a Two-Terminal Mass Device with a V...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and testing of a two-terminal mass device with a variable moment of inertia flywheel for use in vehicle suspensions. A conventional suspension uses springs and dampers, while this device aims to incorporate a mass in a two-terminal configuration to provide damping. It presents a proposed design of a flywheel with sliders that can change the moment of inertia in response to driving conditions. Experimental testing showed the variable moment of inertia design outperformed a fixed moment of inertia design in reducing body movement and improving ride comfort. Future work could include linearization and control of the system response as well as reducing friction within the device.
inclined car parking lift mechanism system by 070 batch (IOE Pulchowk)Dinesh Rawal
The document describes the design, fabrication and testing of an inclined car parking lift mechanism. It includes sections on the objectives, literature review, methodology, design calculations, components, working principle, results and analysis, costing, and conclusions. The key points are:
1. The project aims to design a vehicle lifting mechanism for easy movement on an inclined surface and analyze its operating cost.
2. A review of literature on lift systems from 1929 to present day showed they are powered by electric motors or hydraulic pumps to efficiently park vehicles.
3. The methodology involved concept development, data collection, design, fabrication, testing, and analysis of stress, velocity and operating costs with varying payloads.
4.
Implementation of uni directional shaft for energy conservationAlexander Decker
This document describes a mechanical device that converts bidirectional motion of an input shaft into unidirectional motion of an output shaft. The device uses two sets of gearing arranged one after the other along with a ratchet wheel and chain mechanism. The input shaft is connected to two opposing ratchet wheels and an intermediate shaft. One ratchet wheel is attached to a gearwheel on the input shaft, and the other is attached via a chain to the ratchet wheel on the output shaft. This arrangement allows rotation of the input shaft in either direction to result in single-direction motion of the output shaft. The device aims to improve energy efficiency in power generation and transmission applications.
PNEUMATIC VEHICLE ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING PID CONTROLLERTushar Tambe
The slide contains the simulation of pneumatic active suspension behavior on different road surface. These results shows the active suspension with controllers works effectively,if feedback loop is provided.
IRJET - Design of Gyroscopes for Stabilizing Two-WheelerIRJET Journal
The document describes a research project to design gyroscopes for stabilizing two-wheel vehicles. It discusses incorporating gyroscopes that generate counteracting torque to balance a tilting two-wheeler. The researchers designed, modeled, and fabricated gyroscopes and tested their ability to stabilize a two-wheeler model under different loads. Calculations are shown for determining gyroscope speed, counteracting torque required for stabilization, and the center of gravity of the vehicle.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Analysis of 5-D Coupling for Parallel Angular TransmissionIJSTA
This document analyzes the performance of a 5-dimensional coupling used for parallel angular power transmission. Experimental tests were conducted on a test rig using a dynamometer to measure torque, power, and efficiency at varying loads and speeds with 30mm parallel offset and 40 angular offset. The results showed that maximum power and efficiency were achieved at around 1200 rpm for 30mm parallel offset and 900 rpm for 40 angular offset. Therefore, these speeds are recommended for maximum power transmission efficiency under these offset conditions.
This document describes a student project to design an ergonomic bicycle drive system. The system aims to store kinetic energy from pedaling in a flywheel and release it to boost bicycle speed with less effort. It allows carrying heavier loads and making the bicycle more comfortable to use. The ergonomic design transmits power from the pedals to both the rear wheel and a flywheel through a dual chainring system. This project bicycle could benefit students, delivery workers, and others seeking more efficient transportation.
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF “KLANN MECHANISM” USING OCTO-POD ROBOTNikhil Koli
This project highlights the reduction in jerk-imparted to the robot by improving the root gait profile of "KLANN Mechanism" used for locomotion in robot.
This document summarizes research into replacing wheel-based vehicles with linkage-based locomotion for mining excavation. It begins by discussing the drawbacks of current wheel-based systems and how animal locomotion inspired exploring alternate designs. It then reviews the Klann and Theo Jansen linkage mechanisms, settling on the Jansen design for its smooth motion. Dimensions are scaled up from Jansen's original design and applied to a prototype model. Finally, a finite element analysis of solid tires is presented and will be used to compare loading capacity between the tire and Jansen designs.
ANKLE MUSCLE SYNERGIES FOR SMOOTH PEDAL OPERATION UNDER VARIOUS LOWER-LIMB PO...csandit
This study investigated how ankle muscle activity varies with knee and ankle joint angles during pedal operation in different driving positions. Experiments measured electromyography of ankle muscles during acceleration and overtaking tasks. Results showed muscle activity levels increased as the driving position moved the knee into extension and ankle into plantar flexion. The ratio of biarticular gastrocnemius muscle activity varied depending on knee angle. Smooth pedal operation was achieved through appropriate variation in relative muscle activity based on lower limb posture and pedal angle.
Stability Control System for a Two-WheelerIOSRJEEE
A two-wheeler is statically unstable but as the speed increases vehicle achieves stability. At low speed, the vehicle loses its stability. In order to achieve stability, the driver has to balance the vehicle. While negotiating a curve, a vehicle has to lean to a certain angle, if this angle exceeds the certain value, the vehicle tends to skid. In this paper the stability control system is incorporated, so that a vehicle will maintain stability even at low speeds. The stability of a two-wheeler depends on weight distribution, tyre dynamics, speed and steering angle. In this paper, only two parameters are considered, one is steering effect and another one is speed. For developing a simplified model, the speed of the vehicle is kept as constant, using which the effect of steering angle is analysed and accordingly a controller is incorporated for providing stability.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Chainless BicycleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a chainless bicycle. After examining chain and shaft drive mechanisms, a shaft drive was selected due to its lower cost and flexibility. Key components of the shaft drive include the drive shaft, bevel gears, and bearings. The drive shaft transfers power from the pedals to the rear wheel. Bevel gears with a module of 4 mm were used to connect the drive shaft to the rear wheel. Calculations were shown to verify that the bevel gear design could withstand the expected tangential forces of 452.4 N. Mild steel was selected for materials like the gear shaft and frame. The overall design aims to develop a low-cost chainless bicycle using shaft power transmission.
A two-stage closed-form planetary gear train dynamic model is presented with 3 sentences:
The model considers translational and rotational displacements of all components in both stages of the gear train. Natural frequencies and vibration modes are determined by formulating the dynamic equations into a matrix form and calculating the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Parameter effects like planet number and coupling stiffness on natural modes are analyzed to better understand the vibration characteristics.
Design of Tank Simulator for Side-Mount Support Structure for a SpacecraftIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a tank simulator for a side-mounted support structure for an Indian communications satellite (GSAT). The traditional design of mounting fuel tanks inside the central cylinder increases the satellite's length-to-diameter ratio and reduces stability. The new design moves the fuel tank to the sides of the satellite, connected via a side-mount structure. This includes a central ring, top/bottom plates, ribs, flex plates, struts, and brackets. Finite element analysis was conducted applying 8g loads horizontally and 18g vertically to simulate launch stresses. Stress and displacement results for all components were within allowable limits, validating the new tank simulator design.
Selection of gearbox for epicyclic gear boxShekhar Kamthe
This presentation discusses epicyclic gear trains and their applications. It describes the basic components and operation of simple and compound epicyclic gear trains, including sun and planet gears. Methods for calculating velocity ratios in epicyclic gears are presented. Examples of specific epicyclic gear applications discussed include Humpage's speed reduction gear and the differential gear used in automobiles. The advantages of epicyclic gears over conventional gears are their smaller size, higher durability, and ability to achieve high transmission ratios. Their disadvantages include higher cost and more complex design.
The formula cars need high tire grip on racing challenge by reducing rolling displacement at corner or
double change lands. In this case study, the paper clarifies some issues related to suspension system with
inerter to reduce displacement and rolling angle under impact from road disturbance on Formula SAE
Car. We propose some new designs, which have an advance for suspension system by improving dynamics.
We optimize design of model based on the minimization of cost functions for roll dynamics, by reducing the
displacement transfer and the energy consumed by the inerter. Base on a passive suspension model that we
carried out quarter-car and half-car model for different parameters which show the benefit of the inerter.
The important advantage of the proposed solution is its integration a new mechanism, the inerter, this
system can increase advance in development and have effects on the vehicle dynamics in stability vehicle.
This paper discusses the optimization of an adaptive equalization system using the steepest gradient method. It presents the steepest gradient algorithm for minimizing a cost function with respect to adjustable filter parameters. Simulation results show the actual and estimated weights, true and estimated output signals, and estimation error over samples converging as the algorithm runs. The steepest gradient method provides an effective approach for removing limitations in the system and achieving weight equalization.
The document describes the design and simulation of a dual-band microstrip patch antenna with a defected ground structure for STM-1 and cellular applications at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz. A rectangular patch antenna was designed on a dielectric substrate above a ground plane. Two slots were etched into the ground plane to create a defected ground structure. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved return losses of -12.75 dB and -13.01 dB at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz respectively, meeting the design requirements. Parameters like slot width and feed length were optimized to improve impedance matching and bandwidth. The antenna design demonstrates a technique for dual-band operation using a defected ground structure.
The active suspension system with hydraulic actuator for half car model analy...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design and simulation of an active suspension system with a hydraulic actuator for a half car model. A PID controller is designed and tuned using three different methods - heuristic tuning, Ziegler-Nichols tuning, and iterative learning algorithm tuning. The half car model and hydraulic actuator are modeled and simulated in MATLAB Simulink. Simulation results show that the PID controller tuned with the iterative learning algorithm provides the best ride quality performance compared to the other tuning methods or a passive suspension, reducing the body displacement under various road disturbances.
This document summarizes an experimental study on load sharing analysis of a planetary gear box. Strain gauges were mounted on the planet pins to measure the load carried by each planet. Testing was done with different input torques both with and without intentional errors introduced to one planet pin. Results showed the actual load sharing varied from the theoretical even load sharing due to manufacturing errors. Load carried by each planet was calculated from the pin stresses measured by strain gauges and FEM analysis. With a 100um error introduced, load on the error planet increased while loads on other planets decreased compared to the no error condition. Experimental and FEM pin stress results closely matched the theoretical values.
IRJET- Design and Experimental Testing of a Two-Terminal Mass Device with a V...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and testing of a two-terminal mass device with a variable moment of inertia flywheel for use in vehicle suspensions. A conventional suspension uses springs and dampers, while this device aims to incorporate a mass in a two-terminal configuration to provide damping. It presents a proposed design of a flywheel with sliders that can change the moment of inertia in response to driving conditions. Experimental testing showed the variable moment of inertia design outperformed a fixed moment of inertia design in reducing body movement and improving ride comfort. Future work could include linearization and control of the system response as well as reducing friction within the device.
inclined car parking lift mechanism system by 070 batch (IOE Pulchowk)Dinesh Rawal
The document describes the design, fabrication and testing of an inclined car parking lift mechanism. It includes sections on the objectives, literature review, methodology, design calculations, components, working principle, results and analysis, costing, and conclusions. The key points are:
1. The project aims to design a vehicle lifting mechanism for easy movement on an inclined surface and analyze its operating cost.
2. A review of literature on lift systems from 1929 to present day showed they are powered by electric motors or hydraulic pumps to efficiently park vehicles.
3. The methodology involved concept development, data collection, design, fabrication, testing, and analysis of stress, velocity and operating costs with varying payloads.
4.
Implementation of uni directional shaft for energy conservationAlexander Decker
This document describes a mechanical device that converts bidirectional motion of an input shaft into unidirectional motion of an output shaft. The device uses two sets of gearing arranged one after the other along with a ratchet wheel and chain mechanism. The input shaft is connected to two opposing ratchet wheels and an intermediate shaft. One ratchet wheel is attached to a gearwheel on the input shaft, and the other is attached via a chain to the ratchet wheel on the output shaft. This arrangement allows rotation of the input shaft in either direction to result in single-direction motion of the output shaft. The device aims to improve energy efficiency in power generation and transmission applications.
PNEUMATIC VEHICLE ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING PID CONTROLLERTushar Tambe
The slide contains the simulation of pneumatic active suspension behavior on different road surface. These results shows the active suspension with controllers works effectively,if feedback loop is provided.
IRJET - Design of Gyroscopes for Stabilizing Two-WheelerIRJET Journal
The document describes a research project to design gyroscopes for stabilizing two-wheel vehicles. It discusses incorporating gyroscopes that generate counteracting torque to balance a tilting two-wheeler. The researchers designed, modeled, and fabricated gyroscopes and tested their ability to stabilize a two-wheeler model under different loads. Calculations are shown for determining gyroscope speed, counteracting torque required for stabilization, and the center of gravity of the vehicle.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Analysis of 5-D Coupling for Parallel Angular TransmissionIJSTA
This document analyzes the performance of a 5-dimensional coupling used for parallel angular power transmission. Experimental tests were conducted on a test rig using a dynamometer to measure torque, power, and efficiency at varying loads and speeds with 30mm parallel offset and 40 angular offset. The results showed that maximum power and efficiency were achieved at around 1200 rpm for 30mm parallel offset and 900 rpm for 40 angular offset. Therefore, these speeds are recommended for maximum power transmission efficiency under these offset conditions.
This document describes a student project to design an ergonomic bicycle drive system. The system aims to store kinetic energy from pedaling in a flywheel and release it to boost bicycle speed with less effort. It allows carrying heavier loads and making the bicycle more comfortable to use. The ergonomic design transmits power from the pedals to both the rear wheel and a flywheel through a dual chainring system. This project bicycle could benefit students, delivery workers, and others seeking more efficient transportation.
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF “KLANN MECHANISM” USING OCTO-POD ROBOTNikhil Koli
This project highlights the reduction in jerk-imparted to the robot by improving the root gait profile of "KLANN Mechanism" used for locomotion in robot.
This document summarizes research into replacing wheel-based vehicles with linkage-based locomotion for mining excavation. It begins by discussing the drawbacks of current wheel-based systems and how animal locomotion inspired exploring alternate designs. It then reviews the Klann and Theo Jansen linkage mechanisms, settling on the Jansen design for its smooth motion. Dimensions are scaled up from Jansen's original design and applied to a prototype model. Finally, a finite element analysis of solid tires is presented and will be used to compare loading capacity between the tire and Jansen designs.
ANKLE MUSCLE SYNERGIES FOR SMOOTH PEDAL OPERATION UNDER VARIOUS LOWER-LIMB PO...csandit
This study investigated how ankle muscle activity varies with knee and ankle joint angles during pedal operation in different driving positions. Experiments measured electromyography of ankle muscles during acceleration and overtaking tasks. Results showed muscle activity levels increased as the driving position moved the knee into extension and ankle into plantar flexion. The ratio of biarticular gastrocnemius muscle activity varied depending on knee angle. Smooth pedal operation was achieved through appropriate variation in relative muscle activity based on lower limb posture and pedal angle.
Stability Control System for a Two-WheelerIOSRJEEE
A two-wheeler is statically unstable but as the speed increases vehicle achieves stability. At low speed, the vehicle loses its stability. In order to achieve stability, the driver has to balance the vehicle. While negotiating a curve, a vehicle has to lean to a certain angle, if this angle exceeds the certain value, the vehicle tends to skid. In this paper the stability control system is incorporated, so that a vehicle will maintain stability even at low speeds. The stability of a two-wheeler depends on weight distribution, tyre dynamics, speed and steering angle. In this paper, only two parameters are considered, one is steering effect and another one is speed. For developing a simplified model, the speed of the vehicle is kept as constant, using which the effect of steering angle is analysed and accordingly a controller is incorporated for providing stability.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Chainless BicycleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a chainless bicycle. After examining chain and shaft drive mechanisms, a shaft drive was selected due to its lower cost and flexibility. Key components of the shaft drive include the drive shaft, bevel gears, and bearings. The drive shaft transfers power from the pedals to the rear wheel. Bevel gears with a module of 4 mm were used to connect the drive shaft to the rear wheel. Calculations were shown to verify that the bevel gear design could withstand the expected tangential forces of 452.4 N. Mild steel was selected for materials like the gear shaft and frame. The overall design aims to develop a low-cost chainless bicycle using shaft power transmission.
A two-stage closed-form planetary gear train dynamic model is presented with 3 sentences:
The model considers translational and rotational displacements of all components in both stages of the gear train. Natural frequencies and vibration modes are determined by formulating the dynamic equations into a matrix form and calculating the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Parameter effects like planet number and coupling stiffness on natural modes are analyzed to better understand the vibration characteristics.
Design of Tank Simulator for Side-Mount Support Structure for a SpacecraftIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a tank simulator for a side-mounted support structure for an Indian communications satellite (GSAT). The traditional design of mounting fuel tanks inside the central cylinder increases the satellite's length-to-diameter ratio and reduces stability. The new design moves the fuel tank to the sides of the satellite, connected via a side-mount structure. This includes a central ring, top/bottom plates, ribs, flex plates, struts, and brackets. Finite element analysis was conducted applying 8g loads horizontally and 18g vertically to simulate launch stresses. Stress and displacement results for all components were within allowable limits, validating the new tank simulator design.
Selection of gearbox for epicyclic gear boxShekhar Kamthe
This presentation discusses epicyclic gear trains and their applications. It describes the basic components and operation of simple and compound epicyclic gear trains, including sun and planet gears. Methods for calculating velocity ratios in epicyclic gears are presented. Examples of specific epicyclic gear applications discussed include Humpage's speed reduction gear and the differential gear used in automobiles. The advantages of epicyclic gears over conventional gears are their smaller size, higher durability, and ability to achieve high transmission ratios. Their disadvantages include higher cost and more complex design.
The formula cars need high tire grip on racing challenge by reducing rolling displacement at corner or
double change lands. In this case study, the paper clarifies some issues related to suspension system with
inerter to reduce displacement and rolling angle under impact from road disturbance on Formula SAE
Car. We propose some new designs, which have an advance for suspension system by improving dynamics.
We optimize design of model based on the minimization of cost functions for roll dynamics, by reducing the
displacement transfer and the energy consumed by the inerter. Base on a passive suspension model that we
carried out quarter-car and half-car model for different parameters which show the benefit of the inerter.
The important advantage of the proposed solution is its integration a new mechanism, the inerter, this
system can increase advance in development and have effects on the vehicle dynamics in stability vehicle.
This paper discusses the optimization of an adaptive equalization system using the steepest gradient method. It presents the steepest gradient algorithm for minimizing a cost function with respect to adjustable filter parameters. Simulation results show the actual and estimated weights, true and estimated output signals, and estimation error over samples converging as the algorithm runs. The steepest gradient method provides an effective approach for removing limitations in the system and achieving weight equalization.
The document describes the design and simulation of a dual-band microstrip patch antenna with a defected ground structure for STM-1 and cellular applications at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz. A rectangular patch antenna was designed on a dielectric substrate above a ground plane. Two slots were etched into the ground plane to create a defected ground structure. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved return losses of -12.75 dB and -13.01 dB at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz respectively, meeting the design requirements. Parameters like slot width and feed length were optimized to improve impedance matching and bandwidth. The antenna design demonstrates a technique for dual-band operation using a defected ground structure.
The document describes a study comparing DNA fingerprinting techniques of Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) and rep-PCR fingerprinting using BOX-A1R primer for the identification of Bacillus species. A collection of 171 soil bacterial isolates was tested with Bacillus group-specific PCR primers. Isolates that tested positive were further analyzed by ARDRA and rep-PCR fingerprinting and compared to standard Bacillus strains. Cluster analysis of the fingerprinting patterns revealed grouping of isolates with B. thuringiensis, B. megaterium, B. pumilus and B. subtilis. Sequencing of some isolates showed identification of Bacillus at the species level was
This document summarizes a study on habitat selection of pupation height and its correlation with abdominal melanization and desiccation resistance in nine altitudinal populations of Drosophila melanogaster from India. The study found that pupation height, abdominal melanization, and desiccation resistance increased with increasing altitude. Genetic correlations between abdominal melanization and desiccation resistance were also significantly high and varied with altitude. The results suggest that habitat selection of higher pupation heights and correlated increases in abdominal melanization confer greater desiccation resistance in high altitude populations as an adaptation to their environment.
El documento presenta información sobre los eclipses lunares y solares. Explica que un eclipse ocurre cuando un cuerpo celeste bloquea la luz de otro cuerpo celeste. Un eclipse lunar se produce cuando la Tierra está entre la Luna y el Sol y la sombra de la Tierra oscurece la Luna. Un eclipse solar ocurre cuando la Luna está entre el Sol y la Tierra y proyecta su sombra sobre la superficie terrestre.
Este documento trata sobre diferentes tipos de anemia y angina de pecho. Describe la anemia aplásica como una enfermedad grave de la médula ósea que afecta a los glóbulos rojos, blancos y plaquetas. También explica la anemia en el embarazo, la cual ocurre debido a alteraciones digestivas y el consumo de nutrientes por el feto. Finalmente, define la angina de pecho como un síndrome causado por falta de oxígeno al corazón, con síntomas como dolor en el pecho que puede al
This document reviews various e-learning methodologies. It discusses asynchronous and synchronous learning methods. Asynchronous methods allow learners and instructors flexibility in time and location through tools like email and discussion forums. Synchronous methods require all participants to be online at the same time, using tools like video conferencing and real-time chat. The document also examines interactions between learners and instructors and among learners, noting benefits of both asynchronous flexibility and synchronous collaboration.
This document describes an experimental study of heat transfer in a rectangular duct with and without internal V-shaped ribs. Experiments were conducted with air flow in turbulent regime (Reynolds numbers 3000-18000) in smooth duct and ducts with continuous or discrete internal V-shaped ribs. Temperature and pressure measurements were taken to determine heat transfer coefficients and friction factors for different configurations. Results showed that continuous ribs enhanced heat transfer more than discrete ribs, but also increased pressure drop more substantially. Heat transfer enhancement was dependent on rib geometry and position.
Daniela expresa la importancia de ser valiente ante las dificultades de la vida y de creer en uno mismo y sus capacidades. También enfatiza la necesidad de superar los límites personales y esforzarse para alcanzar los sueños, sin rendirse a pesar de los obstáculos. Finalmente, destaca que los sueños pueden volverse realidad si se lucha por ellos.
This document summarizes research into synthesizing a silicon carbide composite material for industrial applications. The composite is made up of silicon carbide particles reinforced with fibers, along with binders and fillers. The synthesis process is described in detail, including mixing the constituents, compacting them in a mold, and sintering the compact at increasing temperatures. The final composite material is then characterized through wear and friction tests to evaluate its potential for applications requiring high temperature resistance, such as brake pads and clutch plates.
This document summarizes a proposed system for providing data security and accountability in cloud computing. It discusses the existing issues around lack of security and accountability when data is stored in the cloud. The proposed system aims to address these issues through the use of technologies like OTP verification for user registration, encryption and fragmentation of user data, and monitoring of data and system activities by a Third Party Auditor. The system is designed with modules for data security, accountability, and integrity verification. It outlines the architecture including user registration and authentication, file uploading and downloading processes, and generation of alerts if any security issues are detected during internal monitoring.
This document reviews alternative thermal barrier coatings for diesel engines. It discusses how thermal barrier coatings can increase combustion chamber temperatures, improving engine efficiency and reducing emissions. Several alternative coating materials are described that have properties suitable for thermal barrier coatings, such as low thermal conductivity and high thermal stability at high temperatures. These include zirconates, garnets, yttria stabilized zirconia, and oxides from the alumina-silica-magnesia system like cordierite, forsterite, spinel, and mullite. The document also reviews the potential benefits of thermal barrier coatings, such as reduced fuel consumption and increased engine efficiency, as well as some challenges in fully realizing these benefits.
This document summarizes a study on assessing deposition rate in metal inert gas (MIG) welding of stainless steel. Four welding parameters - current, voltage, wire speed, and gas flow rate - were examined at two levels each using a Taguchi experimental design. Welding experiments were conducted according to the design and deposition rate was measured for each experiment. The results were analyzed using signal-to-noise ratios and ANOVA to determine the significant welding parameters affecting deposition rate. The optimal levels of parameters will be confirmed with validation experiments.
The document presents a generic architecture for an area-efficient 4-input binary coded decimal (BCD) adder implemented on an FPGA. It modifies a previously proposed area-efficient 3-input decimal adder to support a generic number of inputs. The proposed 4-input adder has four stages: 1) carry save addition and propagation/generation signal generation, 2) carry network, 3) correction stage, and 4) final addition. Simulation results on a Xilinx FPGA for different number of bits and inputs are presented, showing the adder has reduced delay and area compared to previous approaches. The generic approach can support addition of any number of inputs.
This document presents a model of a photovoltaic array developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The model accounts for the effects of irradiation and temperature on the output current and power. The photovoltaic array is modeled as a current source in parallel with a diode. Equations are provided to calculate the photo current, reverse saturation current, and saturation current as functions of irradiation, temperature, and other parameters. Simulation results show the I-V and P-V characteristics of the photovoltaic module under varying irradiation levels and constant temperature, demonstrating increased current, voltage, and power output with higher irradiation. The model provides an accurate representation of a photovoltaic module for researchers to study the effects of operational factors on
This document describes a software system that aims to help deaf and dumb people communicate using hand gesture recognition and text-to-speech conversion. The system has three main modules: 1) text-to-voice conversion, 2) text-to-image matching, and 3) image recognition of hand gestures to provide audio or image outputs. The system uses algorithms like localization, pixel analysis, and skin color detection to analyze hand gestures from images. Evaluation results demonstrate the system's ability to correctly convert text inputs to audio or matched images and recognize stored gesture images to output audio or images. Future work to implement the system on mobile devices using sensors is also discussed.
This document provides a comprehensive review of vision-based hand gesture recognition technology. It discusses different approaches to vision-based hand gesture recognition including appearance-based and model-based approaches. Appearance-based approaches model gestures based on image properties and views, while model-based approaches use 3D models to represent hand posture. The document also reviews several papers on specific hand gesture recognition systems and compares their segmentation methods, feature extraction techniques, representations, and classification algorithms. Finally, it discusses applications of vision-based hand gesture recognition including as an alternative to touchscreens and in areas like sign language recognition, gaming, and robot control.
Slider Crank Mechanism for Four bar linkageijsrd.com
the slider crank mechanism is a particular four bar linkage configuration that exhibits both linear and rotational motion simultaneously. This mechanism is frequently utilized in undergraduate engineering courses to investigate machine kinematics and resulting dynamic forces. The position, velocity, acceleration and shaking forces generated by a slider crank mechanism during operation can be determined analytically. Certain factors are often neglected from analytical calculations, causing results to differ from experimental data. The study of these slight variances produces useful insight. The following report details the successful design, fabrication and testing of a pneumatically powered slider crank mechanism for the purpose of classroom demonstration and experimentation. Transducers mounted to the mechanism record kinematic and dynamic force data during operation, which can then be compared to analytical values. The mechanism is capable of operating in balanced and unbalanced configurations so that the magnitude of shaking forces can be compared. The engine was successfully manufactured and operates as intended. Data recorded by the device's accelerometers is comparable to calculated values of acceleration and shaking force.
This document describes the design of a kinetic energy regenerative system (KERS) for bicycles. The KERS stores energy from the bicycle's kinetic energy during braking in a flywheel. It then provides extra power to the bicycle during acceleration by transferring energy back from the flywheel through a clutch mechanism. The document outlines the working principle, fabrication process including the flywheel, clutch, axle and sprockets. It discusses the advantages of mechanical KERS over electrical systems and concludes that KERS has the potential to improve bicycle efficiency by harnessing energy normally lost during braking.
Electricity Generation using Treadmill TricycleIRJET Journal
1. Students at the Sree Narayana Institute of Technology designed a treadmill tricycle that allows people to exercise and generate electricity at the same time.
2. The tricycle replaces the pedals with a treadmill. As the user exercises on the treadmill, it drives the rear wheels of the tricycle via a chain drive, allowing the user to travel while exercising.
3. Small generators are attached to rotating parts of the tricycle. As the parts rotate due to the user's exercise, the generators produce electrical energy that can be stored in a battery. This stored energy can then be used to power devices during emergencies or power outages.
A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that stores rotational energy. It absorbs energy during periods where energy production exceeds energy demand, and releases stored energy during periods of high demand. This helps reduce fluctuations in rotational speed. Flywheels are used in engines to maintain a constant crankshaft angular velocity despite varying torque from pistons. Modern flywheels use strong, lightweight composite materials and can rotate at speeds over 100,000 rpm in a vacuum to efficiently store and deliver high amounts of energy.
The document reviews the design and operation of free-piston linear engines (FPLEs). FPLEs have pistons that move freely without a crankshaft. The review covers the classification of FPLEs by number of strokes (two-stroke and four-stroke), piston configuration (single, dual, opposed), combustion characteristics (spark ignition, compression ignition, HCCI), and applications in hybrid electric vehicles. FPLEs can operate with variable compression ratios and multi-fuels. Controlling piston motion is challenging without a crankshaft.
Effective and safe way to create energy by spring force without causing pollu...Vladimir Zenin
The document describes a spring-powered engine that converts the elastic force of compressed springs into continuous rotational motion. It does this through a novel method using springs as the main components of a rotor and a dynamic stator of multiple cylindrical wheels arranged in a ring around the rotor. Elastic spring forces act on guiding wheels of the rotor and helical rails of the stator wheels, pushing the wheels to rotate continuously without the springs needing to fully decompress. This allows for a new type of engine that generates power from compressed springs without them having to fully unwind.
This document summarizes a research article about free-piston linear engines (FPLEs). It discusses the basic design and operation of FPLEs, which differ from conventional engines by having pistons that move freely without a crankshaft. The document reviews different types of FPLE designs based on factors like the number of strokes and piston configuration. It also examines the combustion characteristics of spark ignition and compression ignition FPLEs through previous simulation and experimental studies. In general, FPLEs offer benefits like variable compression ratios and potential for improved efficiency compared to conventional engines. However, control and commercialization of FPLEs remains challenging.
Design and Development of Foot Step Power Generator as an Alternative Source ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a footstep power generator that converts the kinetic energy from human footsteps into electrical energy. The system uses a rack and pinion mechanism connected to gears and a dynamo to generate electricity when force is applied to the top surface. Analytical calculations were performed to determine the expected electrical output based on average human weight and displacement. The design includes components like springs, bearings, and a battery. Experimental results showed that increasing weight produced more voltage output, with a 70kg load generating up to 2.46V total. The system provides a renewable energy alternative and has potential for further efficiency improvements.
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a shaft-driven transmission for a two-wheeled vehicle. It begins with an introduction to shaft drives and their advantages over chain-driven systems. It then reviews the relevant literature and compares shaft and chain drives. The document describes the components of the shaft-driven system, including bevel gears and the drive shaft. It provides the specifications for the system designed, and calculates various parameters like torque, power, stresses, strains, and deflection. The results show that the shaft-driven system can meet the design requirements. In conclusion, the shaft-driven transmission is analyzed to be a viable alternative to chain-driven systems for two-wheelers.
IRJET- Design and Development of Pendulum Operated Water PumpIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a pendulum-operated water pump. The pump aims to reduce the effort required to pump water compared to traditional hand pumps. It works by using the oscillating motion of a pendulum to power a reciprocating pump. The pendulum motion is transferred through a lever and connecting rod to drive the up and down motion of the piston inside the cylinder. Springs are used to assist the downward motion of the piston. The pendulum pump requires less continuous force than traditional pumps and can be efficiently used for small-scale irrigation or by those with less physical strength. Test results showed that increasing the mass of the pendulum or swing angle led to higher water discharge rates from the pump.
Current status of Wells Turbine for Wave Energy Conversionijsrd.com
The method of wave energy conversion utilizes an oscillating water column (OWC). The OWC converts wave energy into low-pressure pneumatic energy in the form of bi-directional airflow. Wells has been used to convert this pneumatic power into uni-directional mechanical shaft power. But a Wells turbine has inherent disadvantages like lower efficiency and poorer starting characteristics. This paper provides current status of wells turbine and reviews various researches done to improve starting and running characteristics of wells turbine.
This document summarizes a study characterizing a hybrid electric-glow engine power system for multi-rotor helicopters. The system uses a glow engine to drive two propellers and generators to produce electricity and offset the power needs of the remaining four electric rotors. Testing characterized the generators' power output and the glow engine's thrust, power, and fuel consumption with different propellers. Analysis showed only two propeller types were viable. Using one type, the glow engine could run for 22 minutes generating 8.66 Joules; using the other, it could run for 40 minutes generating 4.49 Joules. While this hybrid system cannot provide full lift, it can negate added weight and generate power to extend total
Development of improved dual purpose fitness bike for electricity generationAlexander Decker
This document describes the development of an improved dual-purpose fitness bike that can generate electricity during cycling. It presents a mathematical model of the pedaling motion and describes the design of the improved bike, which includes modifications to an adult bicycle by removing the wheels and adding stands, along with coupling the crank to an alternator. Experimental results found the bike can generate an average of 3,500 watts of power during a one hour cycling session at 60 rpm, equivalent to over 1 megawatt annually and a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of over 300,000 liters per year. This design aims to generate a substantial amount of electricity from human power during exercise.
This document discusses balancing coupled locomotives. It begins by introducing the concept of balancing a rotating shaft with a weight on an arm through counteracting centrifugal forces. It then discusses how locomotive driving wheels are coupled using connecting rods and balanced through counterweights on the wheels. The document covers different counterweight configurations for inside and outside frame locomotives and describes how counterweights cannot fully eliminate vibration from non-circular piston motion, leading to hammering that damages the locomotive and track.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document discusses the design of flywheels for storing rotational energy. Flywheels smooth out fluctuations in shaft speed caused by torque variations and provide continuous energy. The key design parameters are the degree of energy required and the flywheel's moment of inertia. The design process involves determining the acceptable speed fluctuation and calculating the required kinetic energy. Common geometries are solid disks or hollow wheels with multiple arms. Modern flywheels use high-strength composite materials and can rotate at speeds over 100,000 rpm to achieve high power densities. Flywheels are beneficial for aerospace applications due to their high energy density, low mass, long life, and peak load capability.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF STEAM TURBINE BLADE AND SHAFT ASSEMBLYIjripublishers Ijri
rotary motion. A system of angled and shaped blades arranged on a rotor through which steam is passed to generate
rotational energy. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor.
The blades are designed in such a way to produce maximum rotational energy by directing the flow of the steam along
its surface. The blades are made at specific angles in order to incorporate the net flow of steam over it in its favour.
The blades may be of stationary or fixed and rotary or moving types, and shaft is designed to work in extreme conditions,
hear it has to bear the temperature which is coming from the steam and loads (weight and centrifugal force) of
the blades assembly and other assembly parts.
The use of flywheels to capture and store rotational kinetic energy has been used in a range of systems for the past two hundred years or so. This document explores some of the modern applications of these devices and their implications for future use. An example of the calculation of the rotational kinetic energy is given and the parameters associated with this calculation are discussed.
Generation of power using Railway trackIRJET Journal
1. The document proposes harvesting energy from railway tracks when trains pass over them. Small vibrations and displacements in the track can be captured through an electromagnetic energy harvester.
2. The harvester uses a rack and pinion gear arrangement to convert the linear motion from track vibrations into rotational motion. This spins a flywheel that stores kinetic energy and powers a generator to produce regulated DC power.
3. Experimental results found the harvester was able to produce 2-4 volts of power from a 0.25 inch vibration in the track at 1 Hz. The flywheel helped reduce impact forces and provided continuous output to the generator.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines pricing strategy in a two-stage supply chain consisting of a supplier and retailer. The supplier offers a credit period to the retailer, who then offers credit to customers. A mathematical model is formulated to maximize total profit for the integrated supply chain system. The model considers three cases based on the relative lengths of the credit periods offered at each stage. Equations are developed to represent the profit functions for the supplier, retailer and overall system in each case. The goal is to determine the optimal selling price that maximizes total integrated profit.
The document discusses melanoma skin cancer detection using a computer-aided diagnosis system based on dermoscopic images. It begins with an introduction to skin cancer and melanoma. It then reviews existing literature on automated melanoma detection systems that use techniques like image preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. Features extracted in other studies include asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter and texture-based features. The proposed system collects dermoscopic images and performs preprocessing, segmentation, extracts 9 features based on the ABCD rule, and classifies images using a neural network classifier to detect melanoma. It aims to develop an automated diagnosis system to eliminate invasive biopsy procedures.
This document summarizes various techniques for image segmentation that have been studied and proposed in previous research. It discusses edge-based, threshold-based, region-based, clustering-based, and other common segmentation methods. It also reviews applications of segmentation in medical imaging, plant disease detection, and other fields. While no single technique can segment all images perfectly, hybrid and adaptive methods combining multiple approaches may provide better results. Overall, image segmentation remains an important but challenging task in digital image processing and computer vision.
This document presents a test for detecting a single upper outlier in a sample from a Johnson SB distribution when the parameters of the distribution are unknown. The test statistic proposed is based on maximum likelihood estimates of the four parameters (location, scale, and two shape) of the Johnson SB distribution. Critical values of the test statistic are obtained through simulation for different sample sizes. The performance of the test is investigated through simulation, showing it performs well at detecting outliers when the contaminant observation represents a large shift from the original distribution parameters. An example application to census data is also provided.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a portable device called the "Disha Device" to improve women's safety. The device has features like live location tracking, audio/video recording, automatic messaging to emergency contacts, a buzzer, flashlight, and pepper spray. It is designed using an Arduino microcontroller connected to GPS and GSM modules. When the button is pressed, it sends an alert message with the woman's location, sets off an alarm, activates the flashlight and pepper spray for self-defense. The goal is to provide women a compact, one-click safety system to help them escape dangerous situations or call for help with just a single press of a button.
- The document describes a study that constructed physical fitness norms for female students attending social welfare schools in Andhra Pradesh, India.
- Researchers tested 339 students in classes 6-10 on speed, strength, agility and flexibility tests. Tests included 50m run, bend and reach, medicine ball throw, broad jump, shuttle run, and vertical jump.
- The results showed that 9th class students had the best average time for the 50m run. 10th class students had the highest flexibility on average. Strength and performance generally improved with increased class level.
This document summarizes research on downdraft gasification of biomass. It discusses how downdraft gasifiers effectively convert solid biomass into a combustible producer gas. The gasification process involves pyrolysis and reactions between hot char and gases that produce CO, H2, and CH4. Downdraft gasifiers are well-suited for biomass gasification due to their simple design and ability to manage the gasification process with low tar production. The document also reviews previous studies on gasifier configuration upgrades and their impact on performance, and the principles of downdraft gasifier operation.
This document summarizes the design and manufacturing of a twin spindle drilling attachment. Key points:
- The attachment allows a drilling machine to simultaneously drill two holes in a single setting, improving productivity over a single spindle setup.
- It uses a sun and planet gear arrangement to transmit power from the main spindle to two drilling spindles.
- Components like gears, shafts, and housing were designed using Creo software and manufactured. Drill chucks, bearings, and bits were purchased.
- The attachment was assembled and installed on a vertical drilling machine. It is aimed at improving productivity in mass production applications by combining two drilling operations into one setup.
The document presents a comparative study of different gantry girder profiles for various crane capacities and gantry spans. Bending moments, shear forces, and section properties are calculated and tabulated for 'I'-section with top and bottom plates, symmetrical plate girder, 'I'-section with 'C'-section top flange, plate girder with rolled 'C'-section top flange, and unsymmetrical plate girder sections. Graphs of steel weight required per meter length are presented. The 'I'-section with 'C'-section top flange profile is found to be optimized for biaxial bending but rolled sections may not be available for all spans.
This document summarizes research on analyzing the first ply failure of laminated composite skew plates under concentrated load using finite element analysis. It first describes how a finite element model was developed using shell elements to analyze skew plates of varying skew angles, laminations, and boundary conditions. Three failure criteria (maximum stress, maximum strain, Tsai-Wu) were used to evaluate first ply failure loads. The minimum load from the criteria was taken as the governing failure load. The research aims to determine the effects of various parameters on first ply failure loads and validate the numerical approach through benchmark problems.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the larvicidal effects of Aegle marmelos (bael tree) leaf extracts on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Specifically, it assessed the efficacy of methanol extracts from A. marmelos leaves in killing A. aegypti larvae (at the third instar stage) and altering their midgut proteins. The study found that the leaf extract achieved 50% larval mortality (LC50) at a concentration of 49 ppm. Proteomic analysis of larval midguts revealed changes in protein expression levels after exposure to the extract, suggesting its bioactive compounds can disrupt the midgut. The aim is to identify specific inhibitor proteins in the midg
This document presents a system for classifying electrocardiogram (ECG) signals using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The system first preprocesses raw ECG data by removing noise and segmenting the signals. It then uses a CNN to extract features directly from the ECG data and classify arrhythmias without requiring complex feature engineering. The CNN architecture contains 11 convolutional layers and is optimized using techniques like batch normalization and dropout. The system was tested on ECG datasets and achieved classification accuracy of over 93%, demonstrating its effectiveness at automated ECG classification.
This document presents a new algorithm for extracting and summarizing news from online newspapers. The algorithm first extracts news related to the topic using keyword matching. It then distinguishes different types of news about the same topic. A term frequency-based summarization method is used to generate summaries. Sentences are scored based on term frequency and the highest scoring sentences are selected for the summary. The algorithm was evaluated on news datasets from various newspapers and showed good performance in intrinsic evaluation metrics like precision, recall and F-score. Thus, the proposed method can effectively extract and summarize online news for a given keyword or topic.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
1. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.6, June 2014
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Experimental Investigation of Energy Stored In Flywheel
259
Motor with Multiple Operator
P.A.Hatwalne1, A.K.Pitale2 , A.N.Mahure3.
1 Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engg., JDIET, Yavatmal
2 Professor , PRMIT & R , Badnera
3. Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engg., JDIET, Yavatmal
Abstract- In the recent past various human powered machines such as brick making machine, chaff cutter, soap
mixer, flour mill, etc are developed. The common system among all these machines is flywheel motor. Since
invention the flywheel motor is being the subject of many to optimize its performance. This investigation is carried
out with purpose to establish the trends of energy storage in flywheel with multiple rider. For this the experimental
set up of flywheel motor with multiple rider was developed. The setup uses the elliptical as well as regular circular
chainwheel of bicycle. The pair of rider with different age group, different weight will drive the system with
variation in gear ratio, masses of flywheel. The energy stored in each case is then determined.
Keywords: Flywheel motor, elliptical chain wheel, circular chainwheel.
1. INTRODUCTION
Any machine, to power it by human energy,
the maximum power requirement should be 75Watts.
Any machine or process requiring more than 75 Watts
and if process is intermittent without affecting and
product, can also be operated by human energy
(Alexandrove 1981)[3]. This is possible with the
provision of intermediate energy storing unit which
stores the energy of human and supply periodically at
required rate to process unit, this is called as “human
powered flywheel motor.”
The schematics of flywheel
motor is as shown in figure 1.It essentially consists of
bicycle mechanism, speed increasing gears and
flywheel. The human operator along with the bicycle
pedal mechanism together forms the four bar chain
mechanism M. mechanism M consists of rider thigh
(O1A), riders leg (AB), pedal length (BO2) and the
fixed link distance
Fig1.2: Schematics of flywheel motor.
2. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.6, June 2014
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
260
from hip joint to pedal axis(O1O2). The rider
pedals via mechanism M, converting oscillatory motion
of thighs into rotational motion of counter shaft (CS).
This is made possible by using various mechanism such
as elliptical sprocket, double lever inversion and quick
return ration one. These mechanisms improves the
human energy utilization 18%, 34% and 17%
respectively. The countershaft (CS) is connected to the
flywheel shaft (FS) with the step up transmission ,
consisting of pair of spur gears. The driver powers the
flywheel at a comfortable energy input rate. Thus this
man machine system converts human muscular energy
into the rotational kinetic energy of the flywheel which
is then supplied to respective processing machines.
2. OVERVIEW OF PRESENT WORK
Since inventions numerous experimentation
has been done for the performance optimization. But all
of them were consisting of only one operator. Hence in
this work it was decided to develop setup for two
operator and determine the trend of energy stored in
flywheel.
As stated experimental set up consisting of the
two bicycle frame mounted on the either side of main
shaft. The chain drive used consists of elliptical
chainwheel as well as regular circular chainwheel. Both
these chainwheel are alternately used. Pedaling causes
the main shaft to rotate in one particular direction. To
achieve this a pair of spur gear is used to reverse the
direction of one of the bicycle output and hence main
shaft will rotate in one direction only. From the main
shaft power is transmitted to gear box having step up
ratio 1:4. Flywheel is mounted on the output shaft of
the gear box.
The drive mechanism used is chain
drive. The larger sprocket of which is elliptical in shape
instead a circular one. The reason behind using elliptical
sprocket is get maximum utilization human energy
during pedaling which is already being proved
experimentally. The possible lay out of the experimental
set up is as shown in figure 1.4.
Fig1.4: Proposed layout of the experimental set up.
3. TRIALS AND EXPERIMENTATION
Trials were taken on the set up. The two male
riders of equal weight and from various age groups are
asked to pedal the system. Pair of nearly equally
weighing operators from nearly same age group pedals
the system for constant time period of 15 seconds. The
observations of revolutions of flywheel were recorded
for three gear ratios viz; top second and first and for the
three different masses of flywheel namely 35 Kg, 25
Kg, and 20 Kg. In such a way readings are taken for the
persons weighing from 40 Kg to 90 Kg in interval of
5Kg and age from 20-50 years.
The procedure adopted for carrying different
tests on the device is discussed below:
Initially the whole set up is checked properly
for any misalignment.
Two male riders from almost same age group
and almost equally weighing are asked to pedal the
flywheel at a time .
3. International Journal of Research in Advent Technolog
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
They are asked to pedal for 15 seconds
particular gear position.
By using the tachometer revolutions of
flywheel motor are noted.
Then gear shifting from second to third and
then third to top revolutions of flywheel motor are
noted.
Procedure are repeated for different operators.
All these readings ate taken in similar steps for
both elliptical and circular chainwheel trials were taken
on two different days for elliptical and circular so
operator can apply himself at his full capacity.
Exhaustive experimentation were conducted for circular
200
150
100
50
0
40-45 45-50 50-55
Technology, Vol.2, No.6, June 2014
that
y, and elliptical chainwheels and the average RPM for
each group were recorded.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Comparison of kinetic energy stored in
flywheel for circular and elliptical chainwheel for
different gear positions and mass of flywheel
1.For different Gear positions:
· At top gear.
for flywheel mass=20 Kg.
chainwheel.
55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85
Graphical comparison of energy stored in flywheel by elliptical and circular chainwheel for 20 kg mass flywheel at
for flywheel mass=25 Kg.
K.E. stored
comparison of K.E stored between elliptical and circular
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
40-45 45-50 50-55
K.E.stored
top gear.
comparison of K.E stored between elliptical and circular
chainwheel.
55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85
261
el are plotted
circular
chainwheel
elliptical
chainwheel
circular
chainwheel
elliptical
chainwheel
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E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Graphical comparison of energy stored in flywheel by elliptical and circular chainwheel for 25 kg mass flyw
· for flywheel mass=35 Kg.
150
100
50
top gear
chainwheel.
55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85
flywheel at
Graphical comparison of energy stored in flywheel by elliptical and circular chainwheel for 35 kg mass flywheel at
top gear.
2.Variation of kinetic energy stored for different age group.
· for circular chainwheel.
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80
Graphical comparison of energy stored in flywheel by circular chainwheel for 35 kg mass flywheel at top gear for
· for elliptical chainwheel.
0
40-45 45-50 50-55
K.E. Stored
comparison of K.E stored between elliptical and circular
0
40-45 45-50 50
K.E. stored
variation of K.E. for different age group for circular chainwheel.
different age groups operators.
y, 262
circular
chainwheel
elliptical
chainwheel
80-85
20-25
25-30
30-40
40-50
5. International Journal of Research in Advent Technolog
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Technology, Vol.2, No.6, June 2014
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80
Graphical comparison of energy stored in flywheel by elliptical chainwheel fo
for 35 kg mass flywheel at top gear for
different age groups operators.
3.Comparison of kinetic energy stored in flywheel for circular and elliptical chainwheel for different weight of
operators :
· for flywheel mass =20 Kg.
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85
Fig7.13: Graphical comparison
· for flywheel mass= 25 Kg
0
40-45 45-50 50
K.E. stored
variation of K.E. for different age group for elliptical chainwheel.
0
40-45 45-50 50-55
Kinetic energy
stored
comparison of circular Vs elliptical chainwheel for K.E. stored
of energy stored in flywheel by elliptical and circular chainwheel for 20 kg
mass flywheel.
circular top
circular 2nd gear
circular 1st gear
elliptical top gear
elliptical 2nd gear
elliptical 1st gear
y, 263
r 80-85
20-25
25-30
30-40
40-50
6. International Journal of Research in Advent Technolog
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
y, comparison of circular Vs elliptical chainwheel for K.E. stored
40-45 45-50 50-55
55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85
Fig7.14: Graphical comparison of energy stored in flywheel by elliptical and circular chainwheel for 25 kg
· for flywheel mass= 35 Kg.
K.E. stored
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
comparison of circular Vs elliptical chainwheel for K.E. stored
40-45 45-50 50
K.E.stored
50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85
Graphical comparison of energy stored in flywheel by elliptical and circular chainwheel for 35 kg mass flywheel.
5. DISCUSSIONS
Thus the kinetic energy stored in flywheel for
various combinations of mass of flywheel, gear
and operators are calculated. To plot the graph between
various parameters the average values of energy are
calculated.
Variation of kinetic energy according to weight of
operators:
Technology, Vol.2, No.6, June 2014
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
mass flywheel.
ratio
The graphs plot for the energy stored in flywheel of
different weights clearly indicates that amount of energy
stored in the flywheel goes on continuously increasing
with the weight of the operator.
But after almost the weight 70 kg there is certain fall fal
in
energy is observed. The graphs also shows the
comparison between elliptical and circular chainwheel
and it is clear that energy stored in case of elliptical
264
circular top gear
circular 2nd gear
circular 1st gear
elliptical top gear
elliptical 2nd gear
elliptical 1st gear
circular top
circular 2nd gear
circular 1st gear
elliptical top gear
elliptical 2nd gear
elliptical 1st gear
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265
chainwheel is more than circular one. This is because of
the effective utilization of input torque produced by the
operator as stated earlier in literature review.
Variation of kinetic energy according to gear ratio and
mass of flywheel:
The graphs plotted for variation of kinetic energy
according to gear ratio clearly revels that revolutions
and hence the energy stored in flywheel increase with
the increase in the gear ratio. But however this
increment in the energy stored is not significant because
it is expected that the revolutions of flywheel will
increase with the increase in the gear ratio. But since the
pedaling time is kept constant i.e., 15 seconds as gear
ratio is increased the angular acceleration of the
flywheel is also increases. Now as moment of inertia of
flywheel for specific reading is kept constant this will
result in increased torque to drive the flywheel. This
means that with the increase in gear ratio the input
energy by the operator must also be increased.
Variation of kinetic energy according age group:
From the graph indicating the variation of energy for
different age group indicates the operators from the age
group about 20-30 years have generated more energy as
compared to other groups.
Comparison between elliptical and circular
chainwheel:
All the above graphs plotted shows the
comparison between elliptical and circular chainwheel.
from all those graphs it is clear that energy stored is
more in case of elliptical chainwheel as compared to
circular chainwheel. This is because of the elliptical
shape of the chainwheel which reduces the idle span of
pedaling and hence making the effective and efficient
utilization of operators input energy. From the
observations made and calculation the increase of about
13% as compared to circular one is observed.
6. CONCLUSION
Thus an experimental set up for the flywheel motor for
multiple rider is developed with provision of both
conventional circular chainwheel as well as elliptical
one. Experimentation were conducted. Results of the
experimentation puts out some of the following
conclusion. From the graph of variation of kinetic
energy Vs the weight of the operators it is observed the
kinetic energy stored in each flywheel viz., 20 Kg, 25
Kg and 35 Kg; increase with increase in weight of the
operators. But this increment in kinetic energy is upto
around 65-70 Kg operators. After that slight fall down
in the output is observed. Thus for this investigation the
maximum energy stored was obtained for the operators
weighing 65-70 kg.
From the graph of variation of kinetic energy Vs Age of
the operators it was observed that operators between the
age 25-30 years had stored maximum kinetic energy.
For operators above 30 years slight fall down in the
energy is observed.
As such energy stored at each gear position viz top,
second and first shows increases with increased gear
ratio.
All these experimentation were conducted for the both
elliptical and circular chainwheel. And it was found
that elliptical chainwheels are more efficient as
compared to circular one. The advantage of about 13%
in storing kinetic energy was observed which is closer
to claimed 18-20%..
However all these trends of energy
storage in each of the above case doesn’t follow the
some proportionate pattern. This is because that
revolution of the flywheel totally depends on the factor
such as physical strength of the operator , pedaling rate,
atmospheric condition. This indicates that phenomenon
of energy release in human body is highly complex,
varying as load on the limbs and above parameters
changes. The complexity of this phenomenon is the
justification for the need for the experimental solution.
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