Pantothenic acid
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Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in energy metabolism. It is found in many foods and is converted in the body to coenzyme A (CoA), which acts as a cofactor in many metabolic reactions involving carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Deficiency is rare but can cause symptoms like hypoglycemia, fatigue, and hair depigmentation. Pantothenic acid is absorbed in the small intestine and transported primarily to the liver to be used throughout the body.
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Pantothenic acid(B5)
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) which plays a key role in numerous metabolic pathways. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues where it is phosphorylated and linked to cysteine to form 4'-phosphopantetheine, which is then converted to dephospho-CoA and CoA. CoA is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids, and ketone bodies as well as the oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids through acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare but can cause burning feet syndrome in experimental
Vitamin b5, pantothenic acid
This document summarizes information about vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid). It discusses the discovery of pantothenic acid and its role in Coenzyme A (CoA), the structure of pantothenic acid and CoA, the synthesis of CoA from pantothenic acid, the biochemical functions of pantothenic acid through CoA in various metabolic pathways, dietary sources of pantothenic acid, and symptoms of deficiency. The recommended daily intake of pantothenic acid for adults is 5-10 mg, and while deficiency symptoms have not been reported in humans, deficiency in experimental animals can cause issues like anemia and fatty liver.
PANTOTHENIC ACID (B5)
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential to numerous metabolic processes in the body. It is involved in the synthesis of coenzyme A, which acts as a carrier of acyl and acetyl groups in many vital reactions like the citric acid cycle. Coenzyme A is required for the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to release energy. Pantothenic acid deficiency is rare in humans but can cause burning feet syndrome with symptoms like numbness and pain. Good dietary sources include eggs, meat, yeast, and vegetables.
Panthothenic Acid
Panthothenic acid,also called B5, is a water soluble vitamin.
its names derived from Greek word pantot. Pantos, means "from everywhere"
Absorption, transport and metabolism of pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid is absorbed from food as coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl-carrier protein, which are broken down to release pantothenic acid. It is transported through the body bound to proteins and converted to CoA for use in cellular metabolism. CoA is synthesized from pantothenic acid through a series of phosphorylation and addition of amino acids in the cytosol and mitochondria. Excess pantothenic acid and its breakdown products are excreted in the urine and breathed out as carbon dioxide.
Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, forms part of coenzyme A which plays an important role in energy metabolism. It is essential for the formation of ATP from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and alcohol. Pantothenic acid is used to synthesize coenzyme A, which transports carbon atoms within cells to form acetyl-CoA and related compounds for energy metabolism and biosynthesis of important compounds like fatty acids and cholesterol. Coenzyme A is also required for the formation of acetyl carrier protein needed for fatty acid synthesis.
Vitamin b5
The document summarizes information about vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid). It was discovered in 1919 by Roger J. Williams. It plays a key role in the synthesis of coenzyme A which is essential in energy metabolism and biosynthesis. Pantothenic acid is absorbed in the small intestine and transported into cells. Deficiency can cause neurological and metabolic issues, but is very rare. Toxicity from pantothenic acid is also unlikely as massive doses only cause mild side effects.
Metabolic functions of pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid functions metabolically through its derivatives coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein (ACP). CoA serves as a cofactor in over 100 metabolic reactions including fatty acid synthesis and oxidation. It helps transfer acyl groups to form acetyl CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle or be used to synthesize lipids and steroids. ACP transfers fatty acid intermediates as part of fatty acid synthesis. High doses of pantothenic acid and its derivatives have shown benefits such as reduced cholesterol levels and alleviated symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Pantothenic acid(B5)
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) which plays a key role in numerous metabolic pathways. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues where it is phosphorylated and linked to cysteine to form 4'-phosphopantetheine, which is then converted to dephospho-CoA and CoA. CoA is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids, and ketone bodies as well as the oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids through acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare but can cause burning feet syndrome in experimental
Vitamin b5, pantothenic acid
This document summarizes information about vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid). It discusses the discovery of pantothenic acid and its role in Coenzyme A (CoA), the structure of pantothenic acid and CoA, the synthesis of CoA from pantothenic acid, the biochemical functions of pantothenic acid through CoA in various metabolic pathways, dietary sources of pantothenic acid, and symptoms of deficiency. The recommended daily intake of pantothenic acid for adults is 5-10 mg, and while deficiency symptoms have not been reported in humans, deficiency in experimental animals can cause issues like anemia and fatty liver.
PANTOTHENIC ACID (B5)
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential to numerous metabolic processes in the body. It is involved in the synthesis of coenzyme A, which acts as a carrier of acyl and acetyl groups in many vital reactions like the citric acid cycle. Coenzyme A is required for the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to release energy. Pantothenic acid deficiency is rare in humans but can cause burning feet syndrome with symptoms like numbness and pain. Good dietary sources include eggs, meat, yeast, and vegetables.
Panthothenic Acid
Panthothenic acid,also called B5, is a water soluble vitamin.
its names derived from Greek word pantot. Pantos, means "from everywhere"
Absorption, transport and metabolism of pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid is absorbed from food as coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl-carrier protein, which are broken down to release pantothenic acid. It is transported through the body bound to proteins and converted to CoA for use in cellular metabolism. CoA is synthesized from pantothenic acid through a series of phosphorylation and addition of amino acids in the cytosol and mitochondria. Excess pantothenic acid and its breakdown products are excreted in the urine and breathed out as carbon dioxide.
Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, forms part of coenzyme A which plays an important role in energy metabolism. It is essential for the formation of ATP from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and alcohol. Pantothenic acid is used to synthesize coenzyme A, which transports carbon atoms within cells to form acetyl-CoA and related compounds for energy metabolism and biosynthesis of important compounds like fatty acids and cholesterol. Coenzyme A is also required for the formation of acetyl carrier protein needed for fatty acid synthesis.
Vitamin b5
The document summarizes information about vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid). It was discovered in 1919 by Roger J. Williams. It plays a key role in the synthesis of coenzyme A which is essential in energy metabolism and biosynthesis. Pantothenic acid is absorbed in the small intestine and transported into cells. Deficiency can cause neurological and metabolic issues, but is very rare. Toxicity from pantothenic acid is also unlikely as massive doses only cause mild side effects.
Metabolic functions of pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid functions metabolically through its derivatives coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein (ACP). CoA serves as a cofactor in over 100 metabolic reactions including fatty acid synthesis and oxidation. It helps transfer acyl groups to form acetyl CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle or be used to synthesize lipids and steroids. ACP transfers fatty acid intermediates as part of fatty acid synthesis. High doses of pantothenic acid and its derivatives have shown benefits such as reduced cholesterol levels and alleviated symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Protein metabolism
Proteins are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. There are 20 standard amino acids, of which 9 are essential and must be obtained through diet. Amino acids combine to form polypeptides and proteins, which take on unique 3D structures that determine their specific functions. Protein digestion breaks down proteins into amino acids so they can be absorbed and used for various purposes throughout the body.
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This document summarizes the digestion and absorption of proteins. It discusses the proteolytic enzymes involved in protein digestion in the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and intestines. These enzymes break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids. Absorption of amino acids and small peptides occurs in the small intestine through active transport and is important for tissue growth and repair. Some diseases can impair protein digestion, like steatorrhea, while food allergies result from an immune response to specific proteins.
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Lipid metabolism
The document summarizes lipid digestion and absorption. It begins with lipid digestion starting in the stomach by lingual and gastric lipases. It then discusses emulsification of lipids in the small intestine by bile salts and pancreatic enzymes that degrade triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids. Absorbed lipids are packaged into chylomicrons for transport to tissues.
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Category of compounds that includes
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Phospholipids
Contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Hydrophobic
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This document summarizes the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. It discusses the enzymes involved in breaking down each macronutrient in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. For carbohydrates, enzymes like amylase and disaccharides break starches and sugars into glucose. Proteins are broken into peptides and amino acids by pepsin and pancreatic proteases. Lipids are emulsified and hydrolyzed by lipases like pancreatic lipase into fatty acids and monoglycerides. The end products of digestion are absorbed for energy and building materials.
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Pantothenic acid
- 2. PANTOTHENIC ACID- VITAMIN B5 • PANTOTHEN- means everywhere • Water soluble STRUCTURE Pantonic acid joined to beta alanine Held by peptide bond Heat stable Active form – co enzyme A (CoA)
- 3. SYNTHESIS OF CoA (ACTIVE FORM) • Pantothenic acid is phosphorylated- 4 phosphopantothenic acid is formed • 4-phosphopantothenic acid is converted to 4-phosphopantothenylcysteine • 4-phosphopantothenylcysteine is decarboxylated to 4- phosphopantotheine • 4-phosphopantotheine is then converted to diphospho coenzyme • Phosphorylation of diphospho co enzyme yields the active Co enzyme A (CoA)
- 4. FOOD SOURCE • Present in food as acetyl coA or phosphopantrtheine Food source includes: Animal liver and kidney Yeast egg yolk Peanuts Fish Chiccken milk
- 5. ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT • Food –contains acetyl COA and phosphopantrtheine • Intestinal pyro phosphatase hydrolyze to yield free forms • Free forms are absorbed TRANSPORT Enters the portal circulation Mostly ends up in liver
- 6. FUNCTION Function is mostly related to CoA Invoved in most of the metabolism Acts as co-factor as in: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase FAS complex Thiolase, HMG COA synthase Helps in formation of neurotransmitters Act as substrates Essential for energy metabolism
- 7. DEFICIENCY AND CLINICAL CORRELATION • Deficiency is very rare • Usually in malnourished individuals • Anorexia nervosa • Malabsorption syndrome NORMAL RANGE:1.6 to 2.7 mcmol/L No toxicity arises due to excessive intake of pantothenic acid RDA ADULTS : 10mg/day children : 7mg/day
- 8. CLINICAL SYMTOMS • Hypoglycemia • Irritation • Fatigue • Tiredness • Depigmentation of hair