The document outlines different epidemiological terms related to disease spread, including pandemic, endemic, epidemic, outbreak, and cluster. It emphasizes that a pandemic is a worldwide spread of a new disease, often stemming from animal viruses, while an epidemic signifies a sudden increase in cases above expected levels. Additionally, it lists historical pandemics and highlights the importance of understanding these concepts to manage public health.

1. PANDEMICAnkuran Dutta

2. an initiative of
Dr. Anamika Ray Memorial Trust

3. What is
PandemicA pandemic is an epidemic occurring
worldwide, or over a very wide area,
crossing international boundaries and
usually affecting a large number of people.
Dictionary of Epidemiology
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4. WHO states a pandemic is the worldwide
spread of a new disease.
An influenza pandemic occurs when a new
influenza virus emerges and spreads
around the world
Viruses that have caused past pandemics
typically originated from animal influenza
viruses.
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5. Some aspects of influenza pandemics can
appear similar to seasonal influenza while
other characteristics may be quite
different.
Both seasonal and pandemic influenza
can cause infections in all age groups
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6. What is Endemic?
It refers to the constant presence and/or
usual prevalence of a disease or infectious
agent in a population within a geographic
area.
The baseline or endemic level is not
necessarily the desired level, which may in
fact be zero, but rather is the observed
level.
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7. What is
Hyperendemic?It refers to persistent, high levels of disease
occurrence.
Occasionally, the amount of disease in a
community rises above the expected level.
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8. What is Epidemic?
It refers to an increase, often sudden, in the
number of cases of a disease above what is
normally expected in that population in that
area.
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9. Epidemic is the occurrence in a community
or region of cases of an illness, specific
health-related behaviour, or other health-
related events clearly in excess of normal
expectancy.
The community or region and the period in
which the cases occur are specified
precisely.
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10. No of case varies according to the agent,
size, and type of population exposed,
previous experience or lack of exposure
Epidemics are sparked either by the re-
emergence of pathogens that have been
familiar for a long time, but now threaten new,
immunologically vulnerable populations, or
are newly-emerging ones.
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11. They come in a daunting array of species
of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
Some are borne in contaminated water or
food; others are carried in the air we
breathe and by human touch.
70% of emerging human pathogens come
from animals. (World Health Organisation)
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12. What is Outbreak?
Outbreak carries the same definition of
epidemic, but is often used for a more
limited geographic area.
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13. What is Cluster?
Cluster refers to an aggregation of cases
grouped in place and time that are
suspected to be greater than the number
expected, even though the expected
number may not be known.
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14. LARGEST PANDEMICS
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SOURCE: VISUALCAPITALIST.COM

15. Antonine
Plague
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16. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Japanese
smallpox
epidemic

17. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Plague of
Justinian

18. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Black
Death

19. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
New World
Smallpox
Outbreak

20. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Italian
plague

21. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Great
Plague of
London

22. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Cholera
Pandemi
cs

23. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Third
Plague
-China

24. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Yellow
Fever

25. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Russian
Flu

26. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Spanish
Flu

27. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Asian
Flu

28. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Hong
Kong Flu

29. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
HIV
AIDS

30. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Swine
Flu

31. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
SARS

32. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
MERS

33. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Ebola

34. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
COVID -
19

35. Don’t spread
rumours and fake
news
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