The document provides an overview of pancreatitis including:
- The signs and symptoms of acute and chronic pancreatitis including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
- The causes of pancreatitis including gallstones, alcohol use, autoimmune diseases, and genetic factors.
- The diagnostic tests used including blood tests, imaging like CT scans, and endoscopy.
- The management of acute pancreatitis focuses on pain control, IV fluids, antibiotics if infected, and diet restriction. Chronic pancreatitis management centers on pain control, insulin if diabetic, pancreatic enzymes, and sometimes surgery.
- Complications can include kidney failure, infection, pseudocysts, malnutrition, and diabetes.
INTRODUCTION
Dislocation of the hip is a common injury to the hip joint. Dislocation occurs when the ball–shaped head of the femur comes out of the cup–shaped acetabulum set in the pelvis. This may happen to a varying degree. A dislocated hip, much more common in females than in males, is a condition that can either be congenital or acquired
Definition
• A dislocation is an injury in which a bone is displaced from its proper position
CLASSIFICATION
The relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum is used to classify the dislocation. The three main patterns are posterior, anterior, and central.
POSTERIOR HIP DISLOCATION
Posterior dislocations account of more than 90% of dislocations and occur when the knee and hip are flexed and a posterior force is applied at the knee.
Posterior hip dislocations occur typically during MVAs, especially head-on collisions, when the knees of the front-seat occupant strike the dashboard. Energy is transmitted along the femoral shaft to the hip joint. If the leg is struck while in an adducted position, a posterior dislocation may result. If the leg is in neutral or an abducted position when struck, an anterior dislocation or fracture/dislocation may occur. In the latter case, the posterior wall of the acetabulum is fractured, making subsequent reduction less stable.
Several classification systems are used to describe posterior hip dislocations.
• The Thompson-Epstein classification is based on radiographic findings.
o Type 1 – With or without minor fracture
o Type 2 – With large, single fracture of posterior acetabular rim
o Type 3 – With comminution of rim of acetabulum, with or without major fragments
o Type 4 – With fracture of the acetabular floor
o Type 5 – With fracture of the femoral head
• The Steward and Milford classification is based on functional hip stability.
o Type 1 – No fracture or insignificant fracture
o Type 2 – Associated with a single or comminuted posterior wall fragment, but the hip remains stable through a functional range of motion
o Type 3 – Associated with gross instability of the hip joint secondary to loss of structural support
o Type 4 – Associated with femoral head fracture
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum)
INTRODUCTION
Dislocation of the hip is a common injury to the hip joint. Dislocation occurs when the ball–shaped head of the femur comes out of the cup–shaped acetabulum set in the pelvis. This may happen to a varying degree. A dislocated hip, much more common in females than in males, is a condition that can either be congenital or acquired
Definition
• A dislocation is an injury in which a bone is displaced from its proper position
CLASSIFICATION
The relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum is used to classify the dislocation. The three main patterns are posterior, anterior, and central.
POSTERIOR HIP DISLOCATION
Posterior dislocations account of more than 90% of dislocations and occur when the knee and hip are flexed and a posterior force is applied at the knee.
Posterior hip dislocations occur typically during MVAs, especially head-on collisions, when the knees of the front-seat occupant strike the dashboard. Energy is transmitted along the femoral shaft to the hip joint. If the leg is struck while in an adducted position, a posterior dislocation may result. If the leg is in neutral or an abducted position when struck, an anterior dislocation or fracture/dislocation may occur. In the latter case, the posterior wall of the acetabulum is fractured, making subsequent reduction less stable.
Several classification systems are used to describe posterior hip dislocations.
• The Thompson-Epstein classification is based on radiographic findings.
o Type 1 – With or without minor fracture
o Type 2 – With large, single fracture of posterior acetabular rim
o Type 3 – With comminution of rim of acetabulum, with or without major fragments
o Type 4 – With fracture of the acetabular floor
o Type 5 – With fracture of the femoral head
• The Steward and Milford classification is based on functional hip stability.
o Type 1 – No fracture or insignificant fracture
o Type 2 – Associated with a single or comminuted posterior wall fragment, but the hip remains stable through a functional range of motion
o Type 3 – Associated with gross instability of the hip joint secondary to loss of structural support
o Type 4 – Associated with femoral head fracture
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum)
Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach
lining—known as the mucosa—is inflamed. The stomach lining contains special
cells that produce acid and enzymes, which help break down food for digestion,
and mucus, which protects the stomach lining from acid. When the stomach lining
is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes, and mucus.
Gastritis may be acute or chronic. Sudden,
severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acute gastritis. Inflammation
that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is
not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.
Erosive gastritis is a type of gastritis that
often does not cause significant inflammation but can wear away the stomach
lining. Erosive gastritis can cause bleeding, erosions, or ulcers. Erosive
gastritis may be acute or chronic.
The relationship between gastritis and
symptoms is not clear. The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal
inflammation in the stomach lining. People who have gastritis may experience
pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, but many people with gastritis do not
have any symptoms.
The term gastritis is sometimes mistakenly
used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Many
diseases and disorders can cause these symptoms. Most people who have upper
abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
Introduction, anatomy of GI tract, definition, cause & risk factors, pathophysiology, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management, surgical management and nursing management, complications of Regional Enteritis/Crohn's Disease.
Pancreatitis is known as a disease that happens due to the inflammation of the pancreas.
Let's explore more: https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/pancreatitis-treatment-and-surgery/
Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach
lining—known as the mucosa—is inflamed. The stomach lining contains special
cells that produce acid and enzymes, which help break down food for digestion,
and mucus, which protects the stomach lining from acid. When the stomach lining
is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes, and mucus.
Gastritis may be acute or chronic. Sudden,
severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acute gastritis. Inflammation
that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is
not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.
Erosive gastritis is a type of gastritis that
often does not cause significant inflammation but can wear away the stomach
lining. Erosive gastritis can cause bleeding, erosions, or ulcers. Erosive
gastritis may be acute or chronic.
The relationship between gastritis and
symptoms is not clear. The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal
inflammation in the stomach lining. People who have gastritis may experience
pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, but many people with gastritis do not
have any symptoms.
The term gastritis is sometimes mistakenly
used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Many
diseases and disorders can cause these symptoms. Most people who have upper
abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
Introduction, anatomy of GI tract, definition, cause & risk factors, pathophysiology, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management, surgical management and nursing management, complications of Regional Enteritis/Crohn's Disease.
Pancreatitis is known as a disease that happens due to the inflammation of the pancreas.
Let's explore more: https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/pancreatitis-treatment-and-surgery/
Pancreatitis is inflammation in the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits tucked behind the stomach in the upper abdomen. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digestion and hormones that help regulate the way your body processes sugar (glucose).
ENZYMATIC STUDY IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS.Sandhya Rani
PANCREATITIS IS A CONDITION IN THIS PANCREASE ATTACKED BY ITS OWN ENZYMES AND GETS INFLAMMED. PARAMETERS STUDIED: COMPARING AMYLASE AND LIPASE NORMALS WITH DISEASED.
Pancreatic Disease :- The pancreas is a narrow, flat organ about six inches long, with a head, middle, and tail section. It is located below the liver, between the stomach and the spine, and its head section connects to the duodenum. Inside the pancreas, small ducts (tubes) feed fluids produced by the pancreas into the pancreatic duct. This larger duct carries the fluids down the length of the pancreas, from the tail to the head, and into the duodenum.
The common bile duct also runs through the head section of the pancreas, carrying bile from the liver and gall bladder into the small intestine. The bile duct and the pancreatic duct usually join just before entering the duodenum and so have a common opening into the small intestine.
The pancreas consists of two kinds of tissues:
Exocrine — which make powerful enzymes to digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The enzymes normally are created and carried to the duodenum in an inactive form, then activated as needed. Exocrine tissue also makes bicarbonates that work to neutralize stomach acids.
Endocrine — which produce the hormones insulin and glucagon and release them into the blood stream. These hormones regulate glucose transport into the body’s cells and are crucial for energy production.
Pancreatic Disease
Diseases of the Pancreas:
1. Pancreatitis: Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas. It is caused when the digestive enzymes from the exocrine pancreas become activated inside of the pancreas, instead of in the duodenum, and start “digesting” the pancreas itself. It usually presents with abdominal pain and can cause nausea and vomiting. Two Types of Pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis : The most common cause of acute pancreatitis is blockage of the pancreatic duct by gallstones. Secretions can back up in the pancreas and cause permanent damage in just a few hours. Acute pancreatitis often presents with raised levels of pancreatic enzymes in the blood. The abdominal pain in acute pancreatitis is often severe. The disease may even lead to internal bleeding and infection and can be life-threatening.
Chronic pancreatitis: chronic or persistent abdominal pain and may or may not present with raised pancreatic enzymes. It develops gradually, often results in slow destruction of the pancreas. The main causes of chronic pancreatitis are gall bladder disease (ductal obstruction) and alcoholism. Other causes of chronic pancreatitis include cystic fibrosis, hypercalcemia, hyperlipidemia, some drugs, and autoimmune conditions.
2. Pancreatic Insufficiency: Pancreatic insufficiency is the inability of the pancreas to produce and/or transport enough digestive enzymes to break down food in the intestine and allow its absorption. occurs as the result of progressive pancreatic damage – It is most frequently associated with cystic fibrosis in children and with chronic pancreatitis in adults.
3. Pancreatic Cancer: Main Causes of Pancreatic cancer are chronic pancreatitis, and exposure to some industrial
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4. • PANCREATITIS is a disease in which
your pancreas becomes inflamed.
• The pancreas is a large gland behind your stomach and
next to your small intestine. Your pancreas does two main
things:
• It releases powerful digestive enzymes into your small
intestine to help you digest food.
• It releases insulin and glucagon into your bloodstream.
These hormones help your body control how it uses food
for energy.
• Your pancreas can be damaged when digestive enzymes
begin working before your pancreas releases them.
5. TYPES OF PANCREATITIS
• The Two forms of pancreatitis are acute and chronic.
• Acute pancreatitis is sudden inflammation that lasts a short
time. It can range from mild discomfort to a severe, life-
threatening illness. Most people with acute pancreatitis recover
completely after getting the right treatment. In severe cases,
acute pancreatitis can cause bleeding, serious tissue damage,
infection, and cysts. Severe pancreatitis can also harm other
vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
• Chronic pancreatitis is long-lasting inflammation. It most often
often happens after an episode of acute pancreatitis. Another
top cause is drinking lots of alcohol for a long period of time.
Damage to your pancreas from heavy alcohol use may not
6. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Symptoms of acute pancreatitis
• Fever
• Higher heart rate
• Nausea and vomiting
• Swollen and tender belly
• Pain in the upper part of your belly that goes into your back. Eating may make it
worse, especially foods high in fat.
• Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis
• The symptoms of chronic pancreatitis are similar to those of acute pancreatitis.
you may also have:
• Constant pain in your upper belly that radiates to your back. This pain may be
disabling.
• Diarrhea and weight loss because your pancreas isn’t releasing enough enzymes
break down food
• Upset stomach and vomiting
7. CAUSES
• Acute pancreatitis causes include:
• Autoimmune diseases
• Drinking lots of alcohol
• Infections
• Gallstones
• Medications
• Metabolic disorders
• Surgery
• Trauma
• In up to 15% of people with acute pancreatitis, the cause
8. • Chronic pancreatitis causes include:
• Cystic fibrosis
• Family history of pancreas disorders
• Gallstones
• High triglycerides
• Longtime alcohol use
• Medications
• In about 20% to 30% of cases, the cause of chronic pancreatitis
is unknown. People with chronic pancreatitis are usually men
between ages 30 and 40.
9. INVESTIGATION
• Tests and procedures used to diagnose pancreatitis include:
• Blood tests to look for elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes, along with
white blood cells, kidney function and liver enzymes
• Abdominal ultrasound to look for gallstones and pancreas inflammation
• Computerized tomography (CT) scan to look for gallstones and assess
the extent of pancreas inflammation
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look for abnormalities in the
gallbladder, pancreas and ducts
• Endoscopic ultrasound to look for inflammation and blockages in the
pancreatic duct or bile duct
• Stool tests in chronic pancreatitis to measure levels of fat that could
suggest your digestive system isn't absorbing nutrients adequately
10. MANAGEMENT
• acute pancreatitis
• If you have an attack of acute pancreatitis, you may receive
strong drugs for pain. You may have to have
your stomach drained with a tube placed through your nose. If
the attack is prolonged, you may be fed and hydrated
intravenously (through a vein).
• You’ll probably need to stay in the hospital, where your
treatment may include:
• Antibiotics if your pancreas is infected
• Intravenous (IV) fluids, given through a needle
• Low-fat diet or fasting. You might need to stop eating so your
pancreas can recover. In this case, you’ll get nutrition through
a feeding tube.
• Pain medicine
11. • chronic pancreatitis
• If you have chronic pancreatitis, the doctor will focus on treating
pain -- guarding against possible addiction to prescription
-- and watching for complications that affect digestion. You may
placed on a pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy to restore the
digestive tract's ability to digest nutrients; this will also likely
the frequency of new attacks.
• You might need:
• Insulin to treat diabetes
• Pain medicine
• Pancreatic enzymes to help your body get enough nutrients from
your food
• Surgery or procedures to relieve pain, help with drainage, or treat
blockages
12. COMPLICATIONS
• Kidney failure. Acute pancreatitis may cause kidney failure, which
can be treated with dialysis if the kidney failure is severe and
persistent.
• Breathing problems. Acute pancreatitis can cause chemical
changes in your body that affect your lung function, causing the level
of oxygen in your blood to fall to dangerously low levels.
• Infection. Acute pancreatitis can make your pancreas vulnerable to
bacteria and infection. Pancreatic infections are serious and require
intensive treatment, such as surgery to remove the infected tissue.
• Pseudocyst. Acute pancreatitis can cause fluid and debris to collect
in cystlike pockets in your pancreas. A large pseudocyst that
ruptures can cause complications such as internal bleeding and
infection.
13. • Malnutrition. Both acute and chronic pancreatitis can cause your
pancreas to produce fewer of the enzymes that are needed to break
down and process nutrients from the food you eat. This can lead to
malnutrition, diarrhea and weight loss, even though you may be
eating the same foods or the same amount of food.
• Diabetes. Damage to insulin-producing cells in your pancreas from
chronic pancreatitis can lead to diabetes, a disease that affects the
way your body uses blood sugar.
• Pancreatic cancer. Long-standing inflammation in your pancreas
caused by chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for developing
pancreatic
14. An Example of a pancreatitis scenario
• Mr. Walker, a 50-year-old minister, presents with a history of a
sudden onset of acute upper central abdominal pain radiating to
his back. The pain began shortly after his morning meal and he
vomited several times, without relief of his pain.