Pakistan and China have had close diplomatic and economic relations since Pakistan was the first Muslim country to recognize China in 1950. Some key events in their relations include the completion of the Karakoram Highway in 1986, numerous defense agreements and transfers of military equipment, the development of the Gwadar Port under CPEC from 2002 onward, and increasingly strong economic cooperation. The relationship is based on political trust and understanding, national defense cooperation, and economic cooperation.

1. ▣ ALI BADER
▣ SOHAIL ASLAM
Pak China Relations

2. ▣ Pakistan gained Independence (1947)
▣ The communist rebels won the war against
nationalist government in October 1949 led
by Mao Zedong.
▣ Pakistan And China Relationship Began in
1950 as Pakistan was the first Muslim
country to establish relations with China.
▣ Pakistan helped China to build relations
with the Muslim world.

3. ▣ Diplomatic relations between Pakistan
and China were established on 21 May
1951.
▣ In 1960s , relations improved, largely as a
result of border dispute between India and
China.
▣ China had a war with India over Border
dispute in 1962.
▣ China won some of India’s land in March
1963.
▣ Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram
Tract to China.

4. ▣ Early in 1963 Pakistan and China
announced a series of trade
agreements.
▣ China granted Pakistan a $60 million
interest free loan and soon became
the world’s largest purchaser of
Pakistani cotton.
▣ In august 1963 PIA began regular
flights to China.

5. ▣ In 1964 China made a statement
supporting Pakistan's policy in
Kashmir.
▣ Pakistan supported China’s entry in
UN
▣ USA was supporting Taiwan as the
legitimate ruler of China.
▣ During the 1965 war with India, China
supplied military aid to Pakistan and
applied diplomatic relation on India to
prevent it attacking Pakistan positions.

6. ▣ During 1966-71, when Western
counties stopped their arms supply to
Pakistan. China gave military aid
including aircrafts and equipments.
▣ China supplied machinery worth of 15
million rupees for the Heavy
Mechanical Complex in Taxila.

7. ▣ Indo-Pak war in 1971, China did not
supported Pakistan openly as Soviet
Union supported India.
▣ Because China could not take steps
as this would risk the war with Soviet
Union.

8. ▣ In 1972, Bhutto visited China and it
was agreed that many of the loans
previously made by China to Pakistan
should become grants.
▣ China sent Pakistan 60 MiG-19
fighters and 100 T-54 and T-59 tanks
as part of a new $300 million
economic and military aid package
which Mr. Bhutto was said to have
negotiated during his visit.

9. * ▣

10. ▣ The karakoram highway is also known as
the China-Pakistan friendship highway,is
one of the highest paved international
roads in the world.
▣ It starts from Havelian and winds through
many beautiful spots such as Mansehra,
Thakot, Abbottabad, Besham, Pattan,
Sazin, Chils, Gilgit Baltistan and Hunza,
connecting China's Xinjiang region with
Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan region in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at an altitude of
4,693 m/15,397 ft.

11. ▣ It was started in 1959 and was
completed and opened to the public in
1979. About 810 Pakistanis and about
200 Chinese workers lost their
lives,mostly in landslides and falls, while
building the highway. The Chinese
workers who died during the
construction are buried in the Chinese
cemetery in Gilgit. The route of the KKH
traces one of the many paths of the
ancient Silk Road.

12. ▣ The road has a length of 1,300 km (800
mi): Pakistan: 887 km (551 mi) and China:
413 km (257 mi). it was started in 1959
and was completed in 1986 after 27 years
of construction.
▣ The fearless road builders of China and
Pakistan took almost 20 years to
complete this 805-mile long highway
which has been stretched over the hills,
gorges, valleys and rivers.

13. ▣ With help from China and many
Moslem nations, the United States led
a huge international operation over the
last eight years to arm the Afghan
guerrillas with the weapons they
needed to drive the Soviet Army from
their country.
▣ The operation is one of the biggest
ever mounted by the Central
Intelligence Agency, according to
American officials and foreign
diplomats.

14. ▣ Indeed, Congress was continually
prodding the C.I.A., the Joint Chiefs of
Staff and the State Department to
provide more support for the Afghan
guerrillas, who limped along with
relatively ineffective weapons until they
got Stinger antiaircraft missiles in
September 1986.

15. ▣ Zulfikar Ali Bhutto made the first
request to China to help Pakistan to
develop nuclear weapon capabilities to
match India’s budding program when
he was foreign minister in 1965, but
China at that time was non- committal.
▣ In 1976 he urged the Chinese again to
oblige, and this time they agreed to
supply Pakistan with blueprints for a
fission weapon around or before 1983.

16. ▣ China joined the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) in 1984. China supplied M-11
missiles to Pakistan and maintained that this was
within the Missile Technology Control Regime.
▣ In 1986,China concluded a comprehensive
nuclear cooperation agreement with Pakistan.
Chinese scientists began assisting Pakistan with
the enrichment of weapons’ grade uranium, and
China reportedly also transferred tritium gas to
Pakistan, which could be used to achieve fusion
in hydrogen bombs and boost the yield of atomic
bombs.

17. ▣ Chashma Nuclear Power Plant reactors
and other facilities are being built and
operated by the Pakistan Atomic Energy
Commission (PAEC) with Chinese support
under the approval and guidelines of
International Atomic Energy Agency.
▣ In November 2006, The International
Atomic Energy Agency approved an
agreement with the Pakistan Atomic
Energy Commission for new nuclear power
plants to be built in the country with
Chinese assistance.

18. ▣ They used the missiles to shoot down
armored Soviet helicopter gunships, and
as a result, the guerrillas and their supply
caravans have been able to move with
much less fear of being attacked from the
air. Cost Totals $2 Billion.
▣ China, which has a short border with
Afghanistan, ''worked hand in glove with
the United States'' in supplying the
guerrillas with rocket launchers and other
weapons, according to a military officer
who served at the American Embassy in
Beijing..''

19. ▣ The Chashma Nuclear Power Plant
(CHASNUPP) or Chashma Nuclear
Power Complex, near Chashma Colony
and Kundian town, Mianwali District,
Punjab, Pakistan, is a commercial nuclear
power plant consisting of two operating
units (CHASNUPP-I and CHASNUPP-II),
two units under construction
(CHASNUPP-III and CHASNUPP-IV).

20. * ▣

21. * ▣
▣ The visit was aimed at boosting bileteral
relationship between China and pakitan.

22. ▣ Mr Jiang Zemin, in a statement at the
airport said that’’it has been proved
that China-Pakistan friendship not
only conforms to the fundamental
interests of the two countries and
peoples but also contributes to the
maintenance of peace and stability of
south asia and asia at large.

23. ▣ In his address, chinese president Jiang
Zemin said history had proved and would
continue to prove that China and Pakistan
were true friends who have stood together
through thick and thin and shared weal
and woe.

24. ▣ The two president also exchange views
on the afghan issue.
▣ Mr.Zemin called to remove the
imbalance so as to further strengthen
trade cooperation.

25. *20
01
• A joint-ventured
Chinese-Pakistani tank,
the MBT-2000(Al-Khalid)
MBT is completed.
• US$20 million were
reportedly spent on the
indigenous development
of the Al-Khalid tanks
over a period of eight
years.

26. *20
02
• The building of the Gwadar deep sea port
begins, with China as the primary investor.
• 2007, the port was inaugurated by Parvez
Musharraf after four years of construction,
at a cost of $248 million

27. * ▣

28. ▣ The Sino-Pakistani joint-
ventured multirole fighter aircraft, the JF-17
Thunder (FC-1 Fierce Dragon) is formally
rolled out

29. ▣ In April 2008, the Beijing Olympic torch
relay took place in Islamabad in Pakistan
Sports Complex in the southeastern part of
the Pakistani capital.
▣ Thousands of soldiers and police were
deployed to the sports complex, which is
also a project constructed in mid-1980s
with Chinese assistance.

30. ▣ The Agreement on Trade in Services was
signed in Wuhan, China on the occasion of the
visit of President of Pakistan to China on 21st
February 2009. After signing of this Agreement
Pakistan has a comprehensive Free Trade
Agreement with China covering Trade in
Goods, Investments and Trade in Services.
Negotiations on “Trade in Goods” and
“Investment” were concluded and the
Agreement was signed on November 24, 2006
during the visit of H.E HU. Jintao, President of
China to Islamabad. The Agreement was
concluded after five Rounds of negotiations
with China on 3rd December 2008.

31. ▣ The F-22P or Zulfiqar-class frigate is a
general purpose frigate built by China
and Pakistan for the Pakistan Navy(PN).
▣ Design and construction of the F-22P
started after a $750m deal was signed in
2005 between Pakistan's Ministry of
Defence Production (MoDP) and China
Shipbuilding Trading Co (CSTC).

32. ▣ The deal involved an order for construction of
four F-22P frigates for the Pakistan Navy's fleet.
▣ The first of the frigates, PNS Zulifqar, was
delivered in September 2009.The second frigate,
PNS Shamsheer, was launched in October
2008. It was commissioned into the Pakistan
Navy in December 2009. The third frigate, PNS
Saif, was launched in May 2008 and was
delivered in September 2010. The fourth frigate
in class, PNS Aslat was built at Karachi Shipyard
and Engineering Works under a technology
transfer agreement signed with China. It was
delivered to the Pakistan Navy in April 2013.

33. ▣ The deal involved an order for construction of
four F-22P frigates for the Pakistan Navy's
fleet.
▣ The first of the frigates, PNS Zulifqar, was
delivered in September 2009.The second
frigate, PNS Shamsheer, was launched in
October 2008. It was commissioned into the
Pakistan Navy in December 2009. The third
frigate, PNS Saif, was launched in May 2008
and was delivered in September 2010. The
fourth frigate in class, PNS Aslat was built at
Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works
under a technology transfer agreement signed
with China. It was delivered to the Pakistan
Navy in April 2013.

34. ▣ The deal involved an order for construction
of four F-22P frigates for the Pakistan Navy's
fleet.
▣ The first of the frigates, PNS Zulifqar, was
delivered in September 2009.The second
frigate, PNS Shamsheer, was launched in
October 2008. It was commissioned into the
Pakistan Navy in December 2009. The third
frigate, PNS Saif, was launched in May 2008
and was delivered in September 2010. The
fourth frigate in class, PNS Aslat was built at
Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works
under a technology transfer agreement
signed with China. It was delivered to the
Pakistan Navy in April 2013.

35. ▣ The deal involved an order for construction of
four F-22P frigates for the Pakistan Navy's
fleet.
▣ The first of the frigates, PNS Zulifqar, was
delivered in September 2009.The second
frigate, PNS Shamsheer, was launched in
October 2008. It was commissioned into the
Pakistan Navy in December 2009. The third
frigate, PNS Saif, was launched in May 2008
and was delivered in September 2010. The
fourth frigate in class, PNS Aslat was built at
Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works
under a technology transfer agreement
signed with China. It was delivered to the
Pakistan Navy in April 2013.

36. ▣ The deal involved an order for construction of
four F-22P frigates for the Pakistan Navy's
fleet.
▣ The first of the frigates, PNS Zulifqar, was
delivered in September 2009.The second
frigate, PNS Shamsheer, was launched in
October 2008. It was commissioned into the
Pakistan Navy in December 2009. The third
frigate, PNS Saif, was launched in May 2008
and was delivered in September 2010. The
fourth frigate in class, PNS Aslat was built at
Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works
under a technology transfer agreement signed
with China. It was delivered to the Pakistan
Navy in April 2013.

37. ▣ The deal involved an order for construction of
four F-22P frigates for the Pakistan Navy's
fleet.
▣ The first of the frigates, PNS Zulifqar, was
delivered in September 2009.The second
frigate, PNS Shamsheer, was launched in
October 2008. It was commissioned into the
Pakistan Navy in December 2009. The third
frigate, PNS Saif, was launched in May 2008
and was delivered in September 2010. The
fourth frigate in class, PNS Aslat was built at
Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works
under a technology transfer agreement signed
with China. It was delivered to the Pakistan
Navy in April 2013.

38. ▣ The deal involved an order for construction of
four F-22P frigates for the Pakistan Navy's
fleet.
▣ The first of the frigates, PNS Zulifqar, was
delivered in September 2009.The second
frigate, PNS Shamsheer, was launched in
October 2008. It was commissioned into the
Pakistan Navy in December 2009. The third
frigate, PNS Saif, was launched in May 2008
and was delivered in September 2010. The
fourth frigate in class, PNS Aslat was built at
Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works
under a technology transfer agreement signed
with China. It was delivered to the Pakistan
Navy in April 2013.

39. ▣ 2010 - Pakistan and China conduct a joint
anti-terrorism drill.
In July and August 2010,China donates
$260 million in dollars to flood hit Pakistan
and sends 4 military rescue helicopters to
assist in rescue operations.
▣ 2010 - Wen Jiabao visits Pakistan. More
than 30 billion dollars’ worth of deals were
signed.
▣ 2011 - Pakistan and China celebrated
“Pak-China Friendship Year” at the
occasion of 60th anniversary of bilateral
Pak-China relations.

40. ▣ 2011 - Pakistan is expected to buy air to air
SD 10 missiles from China for its 250 JF 17
thunder fighter fl.
▣ In June 2012, President of Pakistan Asif Ali
Zardari ninth times visited China and
attended 12th Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO).
▣ In 2012, there were high
level exchanges of visits from both states.

41. ▣ Pakistan's relations with the PRC became
stronger; since then, the two countries
have regularly exchanged high-level visits
resulting in a variety of agreements.
▣ Favourable relations with China have
been a pillar of Pakistan's foreign policy.
▣ The PRC and Pakistan also share a close
military relation.
▣ Substantial investment from China in
Pakistani infrastructure.

42. The most important factors of the foreign
policy between Pakistan and China are:
1. Sino-Pak agreement
2. Pak-China Business Forum
3. Free Trade Agreement
4. Agreement on Early Harvest
Programme
5. CPEC (China-Pak Economic Corridor)

43. ▣ The Sino-Pak agreement was signed on
March 2, 1963 between the governments
of Pakistan and China establishing the
border between those countries.
▣ The Sino-Pak relationship is mainly
based on four important pillars:
◾ political trust and understanding
◾ national defence cooperation
◾ economic cooperation.
◾ people-to-people contacts

44.  COMSATS Institute of Information and
Technology is organizing this program.
 It is to promote University and Industry
collaborations.
 Five Pak-China business forums have
been conducted:
i. Pak-China business forum 2012
ii. Pak-China business forum 2013
iii. Pak-China business forum 2014
iv. Pak-China business forum 2015
v. Pak-China business forum 2016

45.  Free trade agreement was signed between
the People’s Republic of China and
Pakistan.
 It was concluded in 2006 and entered into
effect in July, 2007.
 Trade volume due to agreement between
the two states was $13 billion in 2013, and
reached to $20 billion by 2015.
 By 2012 the source of imports was overall
15% from the whole world as compared to
9.8% in 2006.

46.  The Agreement on Early Harvest
Programme (EHP) between Pakistan and
China is operational with effect from 1st
January 2006.
 The Early Harvest Programme (EHP) is a
mini fast track prelude to the FTA under
negotiation.
 Both Pakistan and China have increased
market access for each other on items of
significant commercial interests.
 The EHP has provided duty free access to
a substantial number of products within
next two years.

47. * ▣
*
to Pakistan and it officially became the part of Pakistan.
▣ Gwadar Port is a warm-water, deep-sea port situated
on the Arabian Sea at Gwadar in Balochistan province
of Pakistan.
▣ Gwadar is a planned free trade port.
▣ National Highway authority (NHA) began construction
of the 653 km-long Makran Coastal Highway linking
Gwadar with Karachi.
48

48. ▣ The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC) is an ongoing development
megaproject which aims to connect
Gwadar port in southwestern Pakistan to
China’s northwestern region of Xinjiang,
via a network of highways, railways and
Pipeline to transport oil and gas.
49

49. * ▣
▣ The Pak-China Economic Corridor was
inaugurated in Islamabad on 27 August
2013.
▣ The vision for the economic corridor
stretches far back as Musharraf era.
▣ It effectively promote the Economic and
Social development of Pakistan. 50

50. *▣
▣ Major Projects Sales Energy ($33.8 billion)
Infrastructure ($11.8 billion) Communication
($44 Million) Cotton biotech research
Economics.
51

51. *Energy
Projects
– Wind Energy
• Jhimpir wind Power project
• Dawood Wind Power Project
– Coal Power Plant
• Hubco Coal-fired Power Plant Project
• Development of Private Hydro Power
Projects
– Nuclear Power Plant
• Kanupp-II, Kanupp-III. – Coal Power Plant
• Zonergy 9x100 MW solar project in Punjab
– Hydro Power Plant
• 720MW Karot Hydropower Project
• Development of Private Hydro Power
Projects
52

52. * ▣
▣ Lahore Karachi Motorway
▣ Havelian-Khunjerab Railway
▣ Hazara Motorway
▣ Gwadar International Airport
▣ Lahore Orange Lane Metro
53

53. *▣
▣ Take full advantage of (PTA) Preferential Trade
Agreement and (FTA) Free Trade Agreement.
▣ Increase export to China, recently export to
China is $3.14 billion.
▣ Pakistan and China are second largest
partners in south Asia, this will help to retain
partnership.
54

54. ▣
*
km distance and it is the
shortest route.
▣ Shortest route from Western
China to Gwadar.
55

55. * ▣
* ▣
,Technology and Education sector.
▣ Create new employment opportunities.
▣ Pakistan and china both collectively target
the half of the population of the world ,it will
provide great opportunity for both countries
to expend their market .
56

56. ▣ The ETIM is a Waziri based Mujahedeen
organization that is said to be allied with
Taliban, which has received funding from
rogue elements in ISI.
▣ 18 July 2011 Hotan attack in Xinjiang,
suspected Pakistani involvement.
▣ The U.S. war on terror has the wary of U.S.
influence in the region.

57. ▣ Pakistan is U.S. ally and major recipient of
US military and economic aid, china is
obligated to step up its support in order to
maintain its influence in the region.
▣ Close Relation of China and India is the
threat for Pakistan.
▣ Indian textile and agricultural exports to China
might negatively impact Pakistan's exports to
China.
▣ If China decides to support India in UN, then
the Pakistan position will become weak and
the Kashmir issue will become impossible to
resolve.

58. ▣ Both states are enjoying deep diplomatic,
defence, economic and cultural ties.
▣ Pakistan needs China in the field of
defence, nuclear and economic
development.
▣ Chinese investment is playing important
role to uplift Pakistan’s economy.

59. ▣ China can fulfill its need from Pakistan’s
Gwadar port through safe and cheap
trading routes linked with rich natural
resources countries.
▣ Pak-China relation is not only on the
political level but people of both the
countries share a deep and special bond. It
is clear from the Chinese President visits of
Pakistan.

60. ▣ Relationship of two countries with continue
to grow if we ensure fusion of all the three
pillars of relations:-
1. Strategic
2. Economic
3. People-to-people exchange
▣ Indian involvement in Afghanistan is
harming Pakistan’s core interests. Pakistan
needs to align its policy with China to
counter balance Indian influence in
Afghanistan.

61. ▣ China is not ready to annoy the U.S; it
would not allow its support for Pakistan
to impinge on its relations with
Washington. Strategic planners of
Pakistan should factor this limitation in
their national strategic calculus.
▣ Security of Chinese personnel working
on various projects in Pakistan should
be ensured.
▣ Western and Indian media is projecting
Pakistan-China relations in a negative
way. Pakistan and China should take
active measures to counter this
campaign.

62. ▣ China offers scholarship program for
Pakistani Students, Pakistan should
initiate such program on reciprocal basis.
▣ China suggested alternative energy
generation technologies; Pakistan should
seek Chinese help in acquiring the
capability of making nuclear power
plants.
▣ Pakistan needs to make deliberate effort
for maintaining friendly relations with
China; continuation of high profile
friendship should not be taken for
granted.