1. The document provides guidance on international competitive bidding procedures for procurement under ADB financing projects. It discusses key steps like advertising bids, evaluating bids, and awarding contracts.
2. Contract packaging aims to divide project requirements into a manageable number of contracts large enough for international competition. Factors like nature, value, and market conditions are considered to determine appropriate contract groupings.
3. The document outlines different types of contracts like turnkey contracts where a single contractor is responsible for design, construction and operation of a facility, and alternatives like design-build that involve less employer control but may have cost advantages. Proper contract selection depends on project complexity and capacity of executing agencies.
1) The document outlines guidelines for international competitive bidding from the Asian Development Bank, including requirements for notifying prospective bidders, advertising bidding opportunities, prequalifying bidders, and issuing bidding documents.
2) Two-stage bidding and two-envelope procedures are described as options that allow technical proposals to be clarified or amended before financial bids, for large, complex or specialized contracts.
3) Borrowers are required to publish a general procurement notice with details of the loan and planned bidding opportunities, and must submit specific invitations to bid to ADB for approval and publication. Prequalification may be required for large, complex or specialized contracts.
This document discusses construction pricing and contracting. It covers pricing arrangements like competitive bidding, negotiated contracts, and speculative residential construction. It also discusses contract provisions for allocating risks between owners and contractors, providing examples of contract language that assign different levels of risk. Finally, it addresses risks and incentives related to construction quality and how owners and contractors share these risks.
This document discusses improving the procurement process through architecture-led methods. It acknowledges that many organizations have outsourced IT functions except for architecture and project management, creating architectural risks. The presentation outlines requirements for architectural concepts, techniques, knowledge and skills to exert architectural control over third parties. It proposes using architecture frameworks like TOGAF to drive supplier selection and ensure procurement aligns with enterprise architectures. This can lead to faster, simpler and cheaper procurement.
The document provides an overview of contract types and selection criteria. It defines key terms like statement of work and discusses different categories of contracts including fixed-price, cost reimbursement, and structured types. For each major contract type there are sub-types described in detail, outlining their characteristics, common applications, benefits, and constraints. The document aims to guide selection of the optimal contract type based on the specific needs, risks, and circumstances involved.
This document provides guidelines for international competitive bidding (ICB) under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits. It discusses the objective of ICB to provide eligible bidders with timely notification and equal opportunity to bid. It describes the types of contracts that may be used such as lump sum, unit prices, and cost plus fees. The size and scope of contracts will depend on the magnitude, nature and location of the project. Two-stage bidding may be used for complex projects. Notification and advertising of bid opportunities is required in national newspapers, UNDB online and other sites. Prequalification of bidders is usually needed for large projects and ensures invitations are sent only to capable bidders.
This document discusses the procurement and tendering process for construction projects. It covers the key stages of procurement including preparation, documentation, invitation, processing and awarding the contract. Tendering involves selecting suitable contractors through pre-qualification, evaluating technical and financial proposals, and choosing the best proposal based on selection criteria. The contractor selection and tender evaluation process aims to obtain the most acceptable tender to properly complete the project on time and within budget.
This document discusses different types of construction contracts:
- Lump sum contracts specify a single price for completing a project. They provide incentives for efficiency but carry high risks for contractors.
- Unit price contracts base payment on quantities of work completed. They allow for changes but the final cost is unknown.
- Cost plus contracts reimburse contractors for all costs plus a fee. They provide flexibility but lack incentives for cost control.
This document discusses various aspects of contract management for construction projects including methods of work execution, types of contracts, and the tendering process. It describes executing work through amanat (directly by the owner) or through contracts. It outlines various types of contracts like lump sum, unit price, cost reimbursable, design-build, and BOOT/BOT. Finally, it explains the tendering process which involves preparation, tender notice, tender document, conditions of contract, prequalification, evaluation, and selection/award.
1) The document outlines guidelines for international competitive bidding from the Asian Development Bank, including requirements for notifying prospective bidders, advertising bidding opportunities, prequalifying bidders, and issuing bidding documents.
2) Two-stage bidding and two-envelope procedures are described as options that allow technical proposals to be clarified or amended before financial bids, for large, complex or specialized contracts.
3) Borrowers are required to publish a general procurement notice with details of the loan and planned bidding opportunities, and must submit specific invitations to bid to ADB for approval and publication. Prequalification may be required for large, complex or specialized contracts.
This document discusses construction pricing and contracting. It covers pricing arrangements like competitive bidding, negotiated contracts, and speculative residential construction. It also discusses contract provisions for allocating risks between owners and contractors, providing examples of contract language that assign different levels of risk. Finally, it addresses risks and incentives related to construction quality and how owners and contractors share these risks.
This document discusses improving the procurement process through architecture-led methods. It acknowledges that many organizations have outsourced IT functions except for architecture and project management, creating architectural risks. The presentation outlines requirements for architectural concepts, techniques, knowledge and skills to exert architectural control over third parties. It proposes using architecture frameworks like TOGAF to drive supplier selection and ensure procurement aligns with enterprise architectures. This can lead to faster, simpler and cheaper procurement.
The document provides an overview of contract types and selection criteria. It defines key terms like statement of work and discusses different categories of contracts including fixed-price, cost reimbursement, and structured types. For each major contract type there are sub-types described in detail, outlining their characteristics, common applications, benefits, and constraints. The document aims to guide selection of the optimal contract type based on the specific needs, risks, and circumstances involved.
This document provides guidelines for international competitive bidding (ICB) under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits. It discusses the objective of ICB to provide eligible bidders with timely notification and equal opportunity to bid. It describes the types of contracts that may be used such as lump sum, unit prices, and cost plus fees. The size and scope of contracts will depend on the magnitude, nature and location of the project. Two-stage bidding may be used for complex projects. Notification and advertising of bid opportunities is required in national newspapers, UNDB online and other sites. Prequalification of bidders is usually needed for large projects and ensures invitations are sent only to capable bidders.
This document discusses the procurement and tendering process for construction projects. It covers the key stages of procurement including preparation, documentation, invitation, processing and awarding the contract. Tendering involves selecting suitable contractors through pre-qualification, evaluating technical and financial proposals, and choosing the best proposal based on selection criteria. The contractor selection and tender evaluation process aims to obtain the most acceptable tender to properly complete the project on time and within budget.
This document discusses different types of construction contracts:
- Lump sum contracts specify a single price for completing a project. They provide incentives for efficiency but carry high risks for contractors.
- Unit price contracts base payment on quantities of work completed. They allow for changes but the final cost is unknown.
- Cost plus contracts reimburse contractors for all costs plus a fee. They provide flexibility but lack incentives for cost control.
This document discusses various aspects of contract management for construction projects including methods of work execution, types of contracts, and the tendering process. It describes executing work through amanat (directly by the owner) or through contracts. It outlines various types of contracts like lump sum, unit price, cost reimbursable, design-build, and BOOT/BOT. Finally, it explains the tendering process which involves preparation, tender notice, tender document, conditions of contract, prequalification, evaluation, and selection/award.
Lecture 1 introduction to construction procurement process.Aszahari Aie
This document provides an overview of construction procurement processes at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. It discusses the key stages in the procurement process including:
1) Pre-construction stages such as project initiation, feasibility studies, design, and tendering.
2) Construction stages including the construction and commissioning/handover phases.
3) Important elements of a project brief which outlines the client's requirements and a feasibility study which develops preliminary designs and cost estimates to determine if a project is viable.
The procurement process aims to satisfy client needs through acquiring construction projects using various procurement methods and contract types while considering factors like costs, schedules, and quality.
Selective tendering is recommended for constructing a new multi-story car park at Taylor's University. This method involves inviting a small number of reputable contractors to bid on the project. It provides higher quality than open tendering due to the contractors' reputations, without significantly increased costs. The process is also simpler than negotiated tendering. Selective tendering balances quality and cost better than the other options for this type of construction project.
Contracts and Tenders
When two or more persons have common intention communicated to each other to create same obligation between them there is said to be an agreement. An agreement which is enforceable by law is a Contract.
A Tenders is called upon for executing certain specified work, or supplying specified materials; subjected to certain terms and conditions like rates, time limit, etc. It is an offer in written form: Legally speaking, it is an offer to receive an offer for the work, within the specified financial limits.
Check for more presentations at - www.archistudent.net
(1) The document provides an overview of contract management and closing procedures for NTPC Ltd. It discusses key activities in the pre-award, award, and post-award stages of contract management. (2) Thirteen certificates must be issued by various departments to close contracts, verifying items like drawings received, scope completion, payments reconciled, and warranty period completion. (3) Contracts are closed by either corporate, regional offices, or project sites depending on contract type and location of work.
Estimating and Tendering methods for Construction WorkDaniel Ross
The document discusses different project procurement methods:
1. The traditional method involves the client hiring separate consultants like designers, quantity surveyors, and structural engineers to design the project before appointing a contractor.
2. Design-build arrangements allow the contractor to take responsibility for both design and construction. This provides single-point responsibility and prices that better reflect final costs.
3. Management contracting appoints a contractor to contribute construction expertise during design and later manage subcontractors on site to finish on time and budget. This allows construction to start before full design and improves coordination.
design bid build or Traditional contract shortcomings and alternative method,...Tehmas Saeed
discussion of time, quality and cost, Factors which shape and influence project success.procurement selection criteria, matrix, risk allocation of different contractual arrangements, procurement strategy,
The document discusses different types of construction contracts and tendering processes. It provides definitions for key terms like tender, quotation, earnest money deposit, liquidated damages, unliquidated damages, firm price and period. It also summarizes the important components of a contract document and classifications of contracts such as lump-sum, cost plus percentage, cost plus fixed fee, target, percentage rate and item rate contracts.
The document discusses various types of construction contracts. It describes lump sum contracts, item rate contracts, labour contracts, and cost reimbursement contracts. It provides details on how each contract type works, including payment structures, risk allocation, and suitable applications for different contract types. Key factors like flexibility, incentives, and risk allocation are considered when choosing the appropriate construction contract.
This document discusses types of contracts used in highway projects and standard bidding documents.
It outlines various types of civil works and services contracts such as EPC, item rate, lump sum, and BOT contracts. It also discusses FIDIC conditions of contract which are widely used standard bidding documents around the world.
Standard bidding documents promote uniform understanding of responsibilities and risks for all parties. They also help with training. FIDIC conditions are prevalent in India for major infrastructure projects funded by international financing institutions.
This document provides an overview of construction contracting methods and contract types. It discusses the traditional Design-Bid-Build approach, as well as Design-Build, Turnkey, and Construction Management delivery methods. The major contract types covered are Lump Sum, Unit Price, Cost Plus, and variations like Cost Plus Fixed Fee and Cost Plus with a Guaranteed Maximum Price. For each, the document outlines the key characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. The course appears to cover construction documents, contracting, bidding processes, and contract conditions over multiple lectures.
The document discusses various aspects of contract and tender management including:
1) Different types of contracts like firm-fixed-price, cost-plus-fixed-fee, and incentive contracts that allocate risk differently between contractors and customers.
2) Key elements of the contract administration cycle including change management, quality control, and dispute resolution.
3) Reasons for contract termination like technological changes or contractor default.
4) Best practices for negotiations including defining objectives, evaluating opponents, and establishing strategies.
5) Components of a tender dossier such as technical specifications, eligibility criteria, and evaluation methods.
This document provides an overview and analysis of various procurement methods for construction projects, including traditional, design-build, management contracting, and public-private partnerships. It defines procurement as acquiring something through effort and discusses the client's main concerns of finishing on time, within budget, and achieving quality. The traditional method involves separate design and construction phases. Design-build combines design and construction responsibilities. Management contracting and construction management involve subcontractors managed by a consultant or manager. Public-private partnerships allow collaboration between public and private sectors. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of professional advice to help clients choose the most appropriate option based on their specific project needs and concerns.
World bank consultants wb srfp _oct_2011_-v1Safe Rise
This document is a Standard Request for Proposals (SRFP) issued by the World Bank for the selection of consultants.
It provides templates and guidance for the client in preparing a specific Request for Proposals (RFP) for a consulting services assignment. The SRFP follows the structure and provisions of the Master Procurement Document for Selection of Consultants prepared by participating Multilateral Development Banks, with some World Bank specific considerations.
The SRFP contains eight sections. Section 1 provides a template Letter of Invitation. Section 2 provides Instructions to Consultants and a Data Sheet for project specific information. Section 3 contains templates for Technical Proposals. Section 4 contains templates for Financial Proposals. Section 5 lists eligible countries. Section
There are several types of construction contracts. Price-based contracts include lump sum contracts, where the contractor is paid a fixed price for the entire project, and unit price contracts, where payment is made based on rates for individual work units. Cost-based contracts include cost plus contracts, where the contractor is reimbursed for costs plus a fee or percentage, and guaranteed maximum price contracts, where the owner's liability is capped but the contractor can retain savings if the project costs less than estimated. The appropriate contract type depends on factors like project scope definition and risk allocation between owner and contractor.
The document outlines various procurement strategies and contract forms for construction projects. It discusses traditional procurement, management contracting, and design-build procurement methods. For each method, it describes the process, advantages, and disadvantages. It also examines standard contract forms used in Malaysia, including the PAM 2006, JKR 203A, and FIDIC contracts. Based on the project details of developing a 20-storey condominium, the document recommends using a traditional procurement method with a PAM 2006 contract form due to its common use for private sector building projects in Malaysia.
The document discusses various procurement methods and tendering processes for construction projects. It provides details on traditional procurement, design and build procurement, advantages and disadvantages of each. It also discusses open tendering, selective tendering and negotiated tendering processes. The author recommends the traditional procurement method and selective tendering process for a university project to build a multi-story car park due to benefits like better quality control, familiarity with the process, and ensuring only qualified contractors bid for the work.
The document discusses International Accounting Standard 11 (IAS 11) which provides guidance on accounting for construction contracts. IAS 11 addresses how to recognize revenue and expenses over time for long-term construction projects. It requires using the percentage of completion method to recognize revenue and profit as a project progresses, unless the outcome cannot be reliably estimated, in which case equal amounts of revenue and expense are recognized. The standard also provides guidance on combining and segmenting contracts, measuring contract revenue and costs, and disclosures required in financial statements.
A lump sum contract is a legal agreement where a contractor agrees to complete an entire project for a fixed, pre-agreed price. The key aspects are that the focus is on completing the whole project, not individual tasks, and the client knows the total cost upfront. The main advantages are minimal risk and costs for the client, and predictable cash flows and overhead costs. The main disadvantages are it is not suitable for complicated or changing projects, and the contractor faces high risk if costs are underestimated. It differs from a cost plus contract, where the client pays all costs plus fees, and from a unit price contract, which covers multiple lump sum contracts for a multi-stage project.
This presentation aims to evaluate intermediate students' understanding of the present simple tense. It discusses the formation, uses, and negation of the present simple. Examples are provided to illustrate its use for repeated habits and facts. Questions are included to test understanding of the correct verb forms for subjects like he/she/it and you/we/they. Students are asked to write sentences using the present simple for pictures and form questions using the present simple.
Lecture 1 introduction to construction procurement process.Aszahari Aie
This document provides an overview of construction procurement processes at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. It discusses the key stages in the procurement process including:
1) Pre-construction stages such as project initiation, feasibility studies, design, and tendering.
2) Construction stages including the construction and commissioning/handover phases.
3) Important elements of a project brief which outlines the client's requirements and a feasibility study which develops preliminary designs and cost estimates to determine if a project is viable.
The procurement process aims to satisfy client needs through acquiring construction projects using various procurement methods and contract types while considering factors like costs, schedules, and quality.
Selective tendering is recommended for constructing a new multi-story car park at Taylor's University. This method involves inviting a small number of reputable contractors to bid on the project. It provides higher quality than open tendering due to the contractors' reputations, without significantly increased costs. The process is also simpler than negotiated tendering. Selective tendering balances quality and cost better than the other options for this type of construction project.
Contracts and Tenders
When two or more persons have common intention communicated to each other to create same obligation between them there is said to be an agreement. An agreement which is enforceable by law is a Contract.
A Tenders is called upon for executing certain specified work, or supplying specified materials; subjected to certain terms and conditions like rates, time limit, etc. It is an offer in written form: Legally speaking, it is an offer to receive an offer for the work, within the specified financial limits.
Check for more presentations at - www.archistudent.net
(1) The document provides an overview of contract management and closing procedures for NTPC Ltd. It discusses key activities in the pre-award, award, and post-award stages of contract management. (2) Thirteen certificates must be issued by various departments to close contracts, verifying items like drawings received, scope completion, payments reconciled, and warranty period completion. (3) Contracts are closed by either corporate, regional offices, or project sites depending on contract type and location of work.
Estimating and Tendering methods for Construction WorkDaniel Ross
The document discusses different project procurement methods:
1. The traditional method involves the client hiring separate consultants like designers, quantity surveyors, and structural engineers to design the project before appointing a contractor.
2. Design-build arrangements allow the contractor to take responsibility for both design and construction. This provides single-point responsibility and prices that better reflect final costs.
3. Management contracting appoints a contractor to contribute construction expertise during design and later manage subcontractors on site to finish on time and budget. This allows construction to start before full design and improves coordination.
design bid build or Traditional contract shortcomings and alternative method,...Tehmas Saeed
discussion of time, quality and cost, Factors which shape and influence project success.procurement selection criteria, matrix, risk allocation of different contractual arrangements, procurement strategy,
The document discusses different types of construction contracts and tendering processes. It provides definitions for key terms like tender, quotation, earnest money deposit, liquidated damages, unliquidated damages, firm price and period. It also summarizes the important components of a contract document and classifications of contracts such as lump-sum, cost plus percentage, cost plus fixed fee, target, percentage rate and item rate contracts.
The document discusses various types of construction contracts. It describes lump sum contracts, item rate contracts, labour contracts, and cost reimbursement contracts. It provides details on how each contract type works, including payment structures, risk allocation, and suitable applications for different contract types. Key factors like flexibility, incentives, and risk allocation are considered when choosing the appropriate construction contract.
This document discusses types of contracts used in highway projects and standard bidding documents.
It outlines various types of civil works and services contracts such as EPC, item rate, lump sum, and BOT contracts. It also discusses FIDIC conditions of contract which are widely used standard bidding documents around the world.
Standard bidding documents promote uniform understanding of responsibilities and risks for all parties. They also help with training. FIDIC conditions are prevalent in India for major infrastructure projects funded by international financing institutions.
This document provides an overview of construction contracting methods and contract types. It discusses the traditional Design-Bid-Build approach, as well as Design-Build, Turnkey, and Construction Management delivery methods. The major contract types covered are Lump Sum, Unit Price, Cost Plus, and variations like Cost Plus Fixed Fee and Cost Plus with a Guaranteed Maximum Price. For each, the document outlines the key characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. The course appears to cover construction documents, contracting, bidding processes, and contract conditions over multiple lectures.
The document discusses various aspects of contract and tender management including:
1) Different types of contracts like firm-fixed-price, cost-plus-fixed-fee, and incentive contracts that allocate risk differently between contractors and customers.
2) Key elements of the contract administration cycle including change management, quality control, and dispute resolution.
3) Reasons for contract termination like technological changes or contractor default.
4) Best practices for negotiations including defining objectives, evaluating opponents, and establishing strategies.
5) Components of a tender dossier such as technical specifications, eligibility criteria, and evaluation methods.
This document provides an overview and analysis of various procurement methods for construction projects, including traditional, design-build, management contracting, and public-private partnerships. It defines procurement as acquiring something through effort and discusses the client's main concerns of finishing on time, within budget, and achieving quality. The traditional method involves separate design and construction phases. Design-build combines design and construction responsibilities. Management contracting and construction management involve subcontractors managed by a consultant or manager. Public-private partnerships allow collaboration between public and private sectors. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of professional advice to help clients choose the most appropriate option based on their specific project needs and concerns.
World bank consultants wb srfp _oct_2011_-v1Safe Rise
This document is a Standard Request for Proposals (SRFP) issued by the World Bank for the selection of consultants.
It provides templates and guidance for the client in preparing a specific Request for Proposals (RFP) for a consulting services assignment. The SRFP follows the structure and provisions of the Master Procurement Document for Selection of Consultants prepared by participating Multilateral Development Banks, with some World Bank specific considerations.
The SRFP contains eight sections. Section 1 provides a template Letter of Invitation. Section 2 provides Instructions to Consultants and a Data Sheet for project specific information. Section 3 contains templates for Technical Proposals. Section 4 contains templates for Financial Proposals. Section 5 lists eligible countries. Section
There are several types of construction contracts. Price-based contracts include lump sum contracts, where the contractor is paid a fixed price for the entire project, and unit price contracts, where payment is made based on rates for individual work units. Cost-based contracts include cost plus contracts, where the contractor is reimbursed for costs plus a fee or percentage, and guaranteed maximum price contracts, where the owner's liability is capped but the contractor can retain savings if the project costs less than estimated. The appropriate contract type depends on factors like project scope definition and risk allocation between owner and contractor.
The document outlines various procurement strategies and contract forms for construction projects. It discusses traditional procurement, management contracting, and design-build procurement methods. For each method, it describes the process, advantages, and disadvantages. It also examines standard contract forms used in Malaysia, including the PAM 2006, JKR 203A, and FIDIC contracts. Based on the project details of developing a 20-storey condominium, the document recommends using a traditional procurement method with a PAM 2006 contract form due to its common use for private sector building projects in Malaysia.
The document discusses various procurement methods and tendering processes for construction projects. It provides details on traditional procurement, design and build procurement, advantages and disadvantages of each. It also discusses open tendering, selective tendering and negotiated tendering processes. The author recommends the traditional procurement method and selective tendering process for a university project to build a multi-story car park due to benefits like better quality control, familiarity with the process, and ensuring only qualified contractors bid for the work.
The document discusses International Accounting Standard 11 (IAS 11) which provides guidance on accounting for construction contracts. IAS 11 addresses how to recognize revenue and expenses over time for long-term construction projects. It requires using the percentage of completion method to recognize revenue and profit as a project progresses, unless the outcome cannot be reliably estimated, in which case equal amounts of revenue and expense are recognized. The standard also provides guidance on combining and segmenting contracts, measuring contract revenue and costs, and disclosures required in financial statements.
A lump sum contract is a legal agreement where a contractor agrees to complete an entire project for a fixed, pre-agreed price. The key aspects are that the focus is on completing the whole project, not individual tasks, and the client knows the total cost upfront. The main advantages are minimal risk and costs for the client, and predictable cash flows and overhead costs. The main disadvantages are it is not suitable for complicated or changing projects, and the contractor faces high risk if costs are underestimated. It differs from a cost plus contract, where the client pays all costs plus fees, and from a unit price contract, which covers multiple lump sum contracts for a multi-stage project.
This presentation aims to evaluate intermediate students' understanding of the present simple tense. It discusses the formation, uses, and negation of the present simple. Examples are provided to illustrate its use for repeated habits and facts. Questions are included to test understanding of the correct verb forms for subjects like he/she/it and you/we/they. Students are asked to write sentences using the present simple for pictures and form questions using the present simple.
The document discusses recursion in C programming. It provides examples of internal and external recursion. Internally recursive functions call themselves, while externally recursive functions call other recursive functions. Examples are given to demonstrate recursion using static variables to avoid stack overflow issues. Methods for calculating power of a number and factorial using recursion are also presented. The document concludes with brief definitions of dangling pointers and function pointers.
VoyVoy Clothing creates quality, affordable button-down shirts for surfers and young professionals that combine sophistication and attitude. Their shirts have subtly accented, deep inverted pockets to securely hold essentials and hidden, contrast microfiber patches to clean glasses, phones, or camera lenses, blending effortless style with increased functionality. Press coverage highlights how VoyVoy has designed a stylish button-down shirt with extra, super useful features that bridge the gap between surf wear and street sophisticate.
- Cedar Fair is an amusement park operator that entertains over 23 million guests annually across its 11 amusement parks, 3 water parks, and other attractions.
- The company has seen consistent revenue and adjusted EBITDA growth in recent years through attendance gains and higher guest spending. It expects this growth to continue in 2014.
- Cedar Fair has a loyal, repeat customer base and operates in a healthy, stable industry with significant barriers to entry. It is led by an experienced management team with a history of delivering results.
El documento lista los nombres de dos estudiantes, su número de identificación y el nombre de su colegio. También incluye el nombre de un docente y menciona que para crear un programa se necesita pensar sistemáticamente en el orden de los pasos a seguir.
1) Function pointers can be declared to return different data types like void, int, pointers etc. and can accept parameters.
2) Functions can return values by returning the value directly or by returning the address of a variable. Returning the address is called return by address.
3) If a function does not return anything, its return type is specified as void. If it returns an int value, the return type is int. If it returns a pointer to an int, the return type is int*.
La Fundación No al Maltrato Animal está realizando una campaña de concientización contra el maltrato animal del 12 al 18 de enero. Andrés Morales, defensor de los animales y director de la fundación, está invitando a la gente a colaborar con la campaña a través de volantes y posters que comparten su número de contacto y la dirección de la fundación.
This presentation aims to evaluate intermediate students' understanding of the present simple tense in English. It covers the basic formation rules for the present simple (subject + verb + object, adding -s to verbs for third person singular subjects). Examples of its common uses are given: for repeated habits and facts. Multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions are provided to test understanding of affirmative and negative sentence construction as well as question formation in the present simple tense.
This document describes the key physical features, climates, vegetation, economic activities, and environmental concerns of 8 different regions in North America: the Appalachian Region, Coastal Plains, Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowland, Interior Plains, Canadian Shield, Western Cordillera, Intermountain Region, and Arctic Plains. The Appalachian Region has rolling hills and forests in valleys, a climate suitable for fishing, and industries like forestry, agriculture, and coal mining. The Coastal Plains are flat with small hills near the coast, have a warm climate suitable for agriculture, and face pollution and disposal of sewage. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowland has a humid climate and mixed forests, with
The document summarizes the performance of Cedar Fair, an amusement park operator. It discusses Cedar Fair's portfolio of 11 amusement parks and 3 water parks that entertain over 23 million guests annually. It highlights Cedar Fair's history of growth through increasing attendance and per capita spending. Cedar Fair has a goal of achieving over $450 million in adjusted EBITDA by 2016 through initiatives like enhanced guest experience and strategic partnerships. The company also maintains a balanced approach to capital allocation between distribution growth, investment, and debt repayment.
The document provides an overview of Cedar Fair, an amusement park operator. It discusses Cedar Fair's portfolio of 11 amusement parks and other facilities across North America that entertain around 24 million guests annually. The document also summarizes Cedar Fair's financial performance in recent years, with increasing revenues, adjusted EBITDA, and average guest spending. Cedar Fair has implemented its FUNforward 2.0 growth strategy to target over $500 million in adjusted EBITDA by 2018 through capital investments, technology, and enhancing the guest experience.
The document is an investor presentation from Cedar Fair (NYSE: FUN) that outlines their business strategy and growth initiatives. Some key points:
- Cedar Fair owns and operates 11 amusement and water parks across North America that have seen record attendance and revenue in recent years.
- Their growth strategy, called "FUNforward 2.0", focuses on improving the guest experience, encouraging advance ticket sales, embracing digital technology, managing capital productivity, and developing adjacent land around their parks.
- Examples provided show successes from recent investments and initiatives at several parks that have driven improved performance. The strategy is aimed at continuing their track record of growth in the coming years.
The document provides an overview of Cedar Fair and its business strategy. It notes that Cedar Fair operates 11 amusement parks across North America that entertain around 24 million guests annually. It discusses Cedar Fair's focus on enhancing the guest experience through investments, partnerships, and seasonal events. Financial data shows that Cedar Fair has achieved consistent revenue, attendance, and profitability growth in recent years and expects continued strong performance in 2015 and beyond through its strategic initiatives.
Cedar Fair provides an investor presentation overviewing its business and growth strategy. Key points include:
- Cedar Fair has seen six consecutive years of record results and attracted over 24 million visitors in 2015.
- The presentation outlines Cedar Fair's FUNforward 2.0 growth strategy, which focuses on improving the guest experience, encouraging advance sales, embracing digital technology, managing capital productivity, and developing adjacent lands.
- Cedar Fair expects to meet its $500 million adjusted EBITDA target before 2018 through executing this strategic plan.
11. A concrete dam can be assumed to be trapezoidal in section having a top width of 2 m and bottom width of 10 m. Its height is 12 m and the upstream face has a batter of 1: 10. Give an analysis of the stability of the dam for the base section for overturning and sliding in the full reservoir condition assuming no free-board allowance but allowing for uplift pressures. Assume uplift intensity factor ast 100%. Also determine the compressive stresses at the toe and the heel, and major principal and shear stress developed at the toe. Assume weight of concrete to be 24 kN/m³, unit shear strength of concrete
to be 1400 KN/m³, and the coefficient of friction between concrete and foundation soil to be 0.7.
12. The following data refer to the non-overflow section of a gravity dam:
R.L. of top of the dam
315 m.
R.L. of bottom of the dam
260 m
Full reservoir level
= 312 m
Top width of the dam
= 12 m.
Unstream face is vertical. Downstream face is vertical upto R.L. 304 m; and thereafter, the
The document discusses the objectives, prerequisites, and modes of tendering in procurement. It outlines the key objectives of a tender system as economy, efficiency, fairness, reliability, transparency, accountability, and equal opportunity. It describes different tender modes like public tender, limited tender, single tender, and nomination. Public tender is the default approach and ensures transparency. Limited tender can be used for specialized or urgent works. Single tender and nomination require approvals and are for proprietary items or emergency works. Two-part tender separates technical and commercial evaluations.
The document summarizes a report on contract administration and site management for a health centre extension project. It recommends using a JCT Intermediate Contract with Quantities due to its flexibility and simplicity compared to other standard forms. The contract administrator's role is described as both desk-based and requiring site presence to monitor progress and ensure compliance with health and safety regulations. Statutory approvals from planning and building control authorities are necessary and the approval process involves submitting plans and allowing inspections. Risks associated with the site such as ground conditions and potential delays must be managed under the contract.
3.0 Common Types of Construction Contracts & Standard Conditions of Contract ...Praveen Premkumar
The document discusses common types of construction contracts and standard conditions of contract used in New Zealand. It outlines the most common types of construction contracts as lump sum, cost plus, re-measured, management, negotiated, selective tendering, and design and build. The standard conditions of contract commonly used in medium-sized projects in New Zealand are NZS 3910, NZS 3915, FIDIC, JCT, NZIA, and RMBF. The Construction Contracts Act of 2002 established requirements for timely payments between parties in the contractual chain. Standard conditions of contract provide clarity around responsibilities and obligations to help manage construction, completion, and disputes.
This document discusses project execution and contracting. It explains that large projects are normally contracted out, while small projects may be done in-house. Medium projects can be a mix of contracting and in-house work. Statutory approvals are required before project execution. Contracts must satisfy elements like offer/acceptance and consideration to be valid. Turnkey contracts assign all responsibility to the contractor, while non-turnkey contracts divide the work into packages contracted separately. Tenders are used to solicit bids from contractors in a transparent manner.
There are several types of construction contracts:
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1. Project Administration Instructions
PAI 3.03
13 August 2014
INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVE BIDDING
A. Introduction
1. International competitive bidding (ICB) is the most appropriate method of procurement under ADB
financing in most cases. This provides an executing agency
1
with a wide choice in selecting the best bid
from competing suppliers and contractors. It gives prospective bidders from eligible source countries
equal opportunity to bid on goods and works
2
that are being procured under ADB financing. The flow
charts in Appendix 1 of this project administration instruction (PAI) show the main steps for procurement
under ICB, including review and approval procedures.
2. The financing agreement usually provides that procurement under the project must follow ADB
Procurement Guidelines. The borrower
3
and its executing agency must follow the recommended
procedures in preparing prequalification, bidding, and contract documents; advertising bid invitations; and
accepting, opening, and evaluating bids. These procedures, their requirements, and relevant issues
arising are discussed in this PAI and in PAI 3.09.
B. Price Thresholds for International Competitive Bidding
3. ICB procedures are normally employed for contracts with estimated values that exceed
thresholds set at the time of procurement plan preparation. The current range of ICB thresholds for ADB
borrowers is a minimum of $3 million and a maximum of $40
4
million for works contracts or a minimum of
$1.0 million and a maximum of $10 million for supplying goods depending on the assessed performance
of contractors/suppliers in the market. These ICB thresholds also represent contract amount ceilings for
national competitive bidding (NCB) and are normally stated in the procurement plan except when some
contracts have yet to be specified as in sector projects. For the current thresholds by country, ADB staff
administering projects shall refer to Appendix 2 or consult with the Operations Services and Financial
Management Department (OSFMD) for the latest values.
C. Packaging International Competitive Bidding Contracts
4. Whenever possible, procurement should be such that each bid package or contract is large
enough to be suitable for ICB. The size and scope of individual contracts will depend on the magnitude,
nature, and location of the project. The objective in determining contract packages is to divide the
requirements of the project into a manageable number of appropriate contract packages that will produce
the maximum competitive response from bidders. To do this for goods procurement, the nature and value
of the goods grouped into each contract package and the conditions of the potential market of supply
must be understood. For works, homogeneous contract sections or buildings or other physical facilities
need to be determined and assessed against the capabilities of local contractors and the perceived level
of interest of foreign contractors. The capacity of an executing agency to administer the contracts may
also affect the choice of contract type. Contract packaging is concluded during project processing by
agreement between the executing agency and ADB. The contract packages and methods of procurement
1
Includes implementing agency for the rest of this PAI
2
“Goods and works” include related services such as transportation, insurance, installation, and commissioning,
training and initial maintenance.
3
Includes grant recipient for the rest of this PAI.
4
The “$” values may refer to equivalents in other currencies.
2. are documented in the procurement plan and the project administration manual (PAM) and summarized
in the Report and Recommendation of the President (RRP).
5. Each contract normally includes only goods of the same or related specialty or works of a similar
kind. For projects requiring both civil works and the supply and installation of equipment, separate
contracts are normally awarded. Note that a certain works contract may include the supply of some or
limited pieces of equipment, and a supply contract may include installation works that are civil in nature.
The type of contract is normally determined by which items in the scope—goods or works—dominate;
however, a single contract may be offered for a group of structures for manufacturing a certain product or
for equipment and other fixtures and the building containing them for a manufacturing or industrial
operation for a certain type of output. Normally such contracts are large and complex and are referred to
as a contract for “plant,” e.g., power plants, water treatment plants, telecommunications systems, and
similar projects.
6. Normally, employers (and/or purchasers) provide the design and specifications, the winning
suppliers or contractors deliver the goods or construct the physical facility, and the employer’s
representatives or engineers supervise the performance of the contract. Bidding starts when the
engineering designs are ready so that suppliers and contractors will be able to quote prices for the goods
and/or works desired and in accordance with employer-provided designs and specifications. When a
large, complex contract is to be undertaken, the employer may consider that completing all the
engineering designs and specifications before selecting the contractor may not be efficient in which case
the design work is included in the scope of the contract to be bid out. Thus, a single-responsibility design,
supply, and install contract should be considered. Note that a single-responsibility contract has
advantages, but the employer will have less control over the design and may have difficulty imposing
varied requirements during contract implementation.
7. In the context of ADB-financed projects, particularly for a contract for plant, another dimension in
classifying the type of contract is whether it is a turnkey contract in which the engineering, the design, the
supply of equipment, and the construction and commencement of operations of a complete plant are
provided through a single contract including commissioning and training. The employer requires the
delivery of a fully-equipped facility from the contractor, ready for operation (at the “turn of the key”).
Usually, the contractor carries out all the engineering, procurement, and construction works in which case
a turnkey contract is also termed an EPC contract. EPC contracts, which have the advantage of less risk
and administrative burden on the employer, normally involve little or no underground works. Note that the
more the responsibility given to the contractor, the less the employer’s role in administering the contract
More responsibility also means more risk taken by the contractor with the expectation of higher contract
prices to accommodate it.
8. Contract size must also be considered. If there is unlikely to be international interest, particularly
for smaller value contracts, NCB may be considered and the criteria are set out in PAI 3.05.
9. For similar but separate construction works or items of equipment, bids should be invited under
alternative contract options, i.e., bidders may submit bids for any or all contracts in a multi-contract
package so that both small and large contractors or suppliers can bid for individual sections of the
contract or for a group of similar goods. Bids and combinations of bids are evaluated simultaneously to
determine the least cost combination. The method of evaluating and awarding the contract must be
clearly stated in the bidding documents.
10. Multiple contracts bid and evaluated at the same time involve bid comparisons to arrive at the
least cost combination for the executing agency. Bidders may offer various combinations of discounts for
awards of two or more contracts, and in another dimension of evaluation, bidders may be eligible for
contract awards based on different qualification criteria, i.e. annual turnover, financial resources, and
relevant experience. Thus, a matrix of combinations needs to be evaluated which becomes complicated
when more than 5 contracts are taken up at the same time. ADB staff need to discuss the number of
3. contracts packaged together carefully with the executing agency as experience indicates that debriefing
losing bidders may present difficulties when more than five contracts are bid together.
11. Depending on the capacity and experience of executing agencies, project teams may consider
contract forms other than those provided in ADB’s standard bidding documents such as internationally
recognized forms for design-build, design-build-operate, operation and maintenance, turnkey or EPC
contracts. In all cases, ADB’s bidding procedures will be used.
D. Bidding Procedures
12. The ADB Procurement Guidelines prescribe two main bidding procedures and their variants that
an executing agency may choose from to suit procurement: single-stage one-envelope and two-stage are
the default procedures and the two-envelope procedures adapted for single-stage and two-stage are the
variants. Choosing the appropriate bidding procedure will depend on the complexity of the contract and
the circumstances surrounding procurement. These bidding procedures may be utilized in NCB or other
methods of procurement.
1. Bidding Procedures and Contract Type
13. The four bidding procedures are described in the ADB website
5
.The single-stage one-envelope
procedure, or simply the “single envelope procedure”, is the generally recommended ADB procedure. Not
all procedures are appropriate for all contract types. Goods procurement may utilize the four bidding
procedures, but the procurement of works normally use only the single envelope procedure and its
variant, single-stage, two-envelope, The latter procedure is popular in South Asia and Southeast Asia and
may, in fact be prescribed in their national procurement laws, rules and regulations. For the procurement
of plant, either the single-envelope or the two-stage procedures are recommended. For highly complex
procurement e.g. complex power plants or processing plants, a bidding procedure for design-build
contracts, which may be different from a two-stage procedure, could be used with prior consultations with
OGC and OSFMD.
2. Prequalification
14. While prequalification is not a separate bidding procedure, it is a procedure that is part of
competitive procurement in which the executing/implementing agency assesses the suitability of firms to
undertake a specific contract prior to being invited to submit a bid. In accordance with the guidelines
(para. 2.9), prequalification is suitable for large or complex works as well as for large and complex plant
contracts and for contracts to be bid as turnkey or design and build contracts. Another situation in which
prequalification is suitable for some ADB executing agencies is when significantly large numbers of
bidders are expected to participate and screening their qualifications early will reduce the number of
technical and financial proposals to be evaluated in tedious detail during the actual bidding.
15. ADB has issued a standard procurement document for prequalification with a comprehensive
user’s guide that provides guidance on preparing the document and managing the process and a
discussion on the benefits and disadvantages of undertaking prequalification. Note, however, that the
document that can be downloaded from www.adb.org was prepared for large and complex works
contracts and adapted for contracts for plant.
16. ADB staff should take note of the following when supervising projects undergoing prequalification.
(i) The executing agency should use only the criteria, requirements, and methods specified in the
prequalification document and should use them consistently.
5
http://www.adb.org/site/business-opportunities/operational-procurement/goods-services/bidding-procedures
4. (ii) The executing agency should notify all prequalification applicants of the results once they are
concurred by ADB.
(iii) The executing agency should be strongly encouraged to publish the prequalified list on the ADB
Business Opportunities webpage. Project officers should send the prequalified list of potential
bidders to OSFMD for publication.
17. Prequalification is followed by closed competitive bidding to which only those firms meeting
specified prequalification criteria are invited. The results of prequalification shall be used for bidding within
6 months after approval or within 1year from the deadline for submission of applications. Use of the
prequalification results after this requires prior approval of ADB. If they are not used after one year, the
executing agency may instead seek prior ADB approval to proceed with bidding under post-qualification.
E. Planning for International Competitive Bidding
18. The requirements for goods and/or works are determined from the outputs of project preparatory
activities, and the cost estimates are updated to current costs. These requirements are translated into
contracts (lots) or packages (groups) of contracts based on project locations, homogeneous works
sections, executing or implementing agencies, and their procurement and supervisory capacities. To
provide the optimal impacts to project beneficiaries, the schedule of implementation and completion of
these requirements also must be extracted from the feasibility or other reports and considered in
identifying and scheduling ICB procurement activities as indicated in the procurement plan.
19. While the ADB default procurement method is ICB, staff should expect that borrowers will tend to
promote their own sets of procurement rules and regulations, so processing staff should be prepared to
discuss the merits of ICB from the foregoing discussions as well as from PAI 3.01.Local rules and
regulations still need to be assessed against the guidelines to determine whether they can be the basis
for adopting NCB for contract packages. Conditions for applying these local rules and regulations are
spelled out in the NCB annex of the procurement plan or in the financing agreement (PAIs 3.02 and 3.05).
20. Staff should consider that executing and implementing agencies will need to prepare detailed
specifications or detailed engineering, and their capacity to do so will determine whether consultants are
to be hired(normally under advance action).The completion of these tasks allows procurement to start
with the engineering consultants normally also providing assistance. When contracts for plant are
identified, these consultants may deliver only performance specifications or conceptual designs when
design, supply, and install contracts are to be procured.
21. Among ICB contracts and packages, single-stage one-envelope bidding is usually adopted for
straightforward goods and simple works procurement. Some ADB regions have a preference for single-
stage two-envelope bidding mainly for undertaking technical evaluations without being influenced by the
price. For planning purposes staff may advise EAs that different bidding procedures require different time
requirements. Appendix 3 provides guidance on the minimum milestone targets under most ideal
conditions for these two bidding procedures. These timelines may be adapted taking into account country
processes and other factors.
6
22. For large and complex works contracts and if procuring plant and turnkey contracts is required,
two-stage bidding is most appropriate. When prequalification is also contemplated for such large and
complex projects, evaluating qualifications does not need to be a separate process but may also be
undertaken in the first stage. Experience has shown that two-stage two-envelope bidding does not offer
advantages in terms of time, particularly when complications in determining rectifiable deviations in the
technical evaluation stage may arise.
6
For example, the following factors will extend the timelines: additional advertising requirements; limited availability
of technical expertise in executing agency; layers of technical review required; and multiple levels of approving
authorities after the technical review.
5. F. Distinctive Features of International Competitive Bidding
1. Proper Advertisement
23. Proper advertisement is a key element of ICB providing timely, adequate, and correct information
to potential bidders in ADB member countries. Advertisements serve to inform potential bidders and the
public that the ADB procurement system and procedures shall apply. Moreover, a publication on the ADB
website leads an interested party to the ADB guidelines as well as the SBDs to be used. It is likewise
advised that the ADB anticorruption policy applies including sanctions currently imposed on firms and
individuals. Information on ICB procurement is available in the general procurement notice, the
procurement plan, the invitation for prequalification, or the invitation for bids for specific contracts
published also on www.adb.org as well as in a local newspaper with national circulation.
24. For ICB procurement, advertisements or invitations for prequalification and for bids generally
require a minimum posting of 6 weeks which corresponds to the minimum period allowed for applicants to
prepare prequalification submissions and for bidders to prepare and submit bids. This period is counted
from the publication date of the relevant invitation in the Business Opportunities section of adb.org or
locally in English (locally known website or local newspaper), or the date when documents are available
for issuing, whichever is the later up to the date for submission of applications or bids. The posting period
may be longer for larger and more complex works and plant contracts. Details of advertising requirements
for ICB are found in Appendix 4 of this PAI. Inadequate or improper advertising may lead to
misprocurement.
2. Use of Standard Bidding Documents
25. The guidelines require that borrowers use the appropriate SBD issued by ADB. During the time of
preparation of the procurement plan, master bidding documents should also be prepared, as discussed in
Part G of PAI 3.02. For ICB contracts identified in the procurement plan, the ADB SBDs shall be used as
basis subject to the flexibility provided in para. 11 above but for contracts below the ICB threshold, the
likely basis for these master bidding documents are the national laws, rules or regulations, subject to
modification when indicated in the NCB annex of the procurement plan. Once issued at the time of
procurement, a contract-specific bidding document becomes the principal document defining the
relationship and interaction between bidders and the purchaser/employer (of the borrower) from the time
of receipt of the document up to awarding the contract and publishing bid results. PAI 3.09 discusses the
SBDs for the various bidding procedures including their most appropriate use and common issues arising
from them. The SBDs have been harmonized with similar documents issued by other multilateral
development banks and international financial institutions and are available with their user’s guides for
downloading from the ADB website. Issues arising under bidding procedures prescribed by these
documents are discussed in PAI 3.09.
3. Domestic Preference
26. A margin of preference may be granted for domestically manufactured goods and domestic
contractors when provided in the financing agreement at the request of the borrower. The margin is
applied during bid evaluations and referred to as the domestic preference scheme. The scheme grants a
margin of preference for domestically manufactured goods to be procured and domestic contractors to be
engaged under ADB-financed projects. Applying the scheme is subject to certain eligibility requirements
for the goods to be procured in supply contracts and for domestic contractors in works contracts. For
works contracts, even before borrowers request to apply the scheme, it has to be determined whether the
country is eligible based on per capita GNP as defined by ADB annually
7
.Note that even when provided in
7
ADB Procurement Guidelines, para. 2.55.
6. the financing agreement, borrowers may opt not to apply domestic preference in any particular
procurement exercise. When applicable, however, the advertisement or invitation, whether for
prequalification or for bids, has to clearly state that that the domestic preference scheme shall apply, and
the bidding documents to be issued shall indicate the manner of application. Methods for applying
domestic preference in accordance with the guidelines
8
are clearly indicated in Section 3 of each of ADB
SBD. Appendix 5 of this PAI elaborates further on the domestic preference scheme.
4. ADB Review
27. ICB procurement by ADB executing and implementing agencies is subject to review and approval
by ADB at various levels depending on the contract size in combination with the level of supervision (prior
or post review) indicated in the procurement plan. PAI 3.02 discusses the review levels and the review
procedures. If upon review ADB determines that the goods or works were not procured in accordance
with the agreed procedures in financing agreement, it may declare misprocurement.
G. Procurement in Projects with Cofinancing
28. The guidelines apply to all contracts for goods and works financed in whole or in part by ADB. In
cases where ADB is financing a large procurement package with other cofinanciers, the cofinanciers must
decide whose procurement guidelines will prevail. The answer will affect the procurement arrangements
for the procurement package concerned, including the following:
(i) which SBDs must be used and which eligibility criteria will apply (e.g. which member country
procurement restrictions will apply and which debarment lists will be used);
(ii) which environmental and social safeguard requirements will apply and which policies will
apply with respect to anticorruption, anti-money laundering, and combating the financing of
terrorism;
(iii) which financier(s) will review the bidding documents and supervise procurement, for
example, in relation to (a) any request for no-objection to draft bidding documents and any
subsequent amendments thereof, bid evaluation reports and recommendations for contract
awards, and draft contract and contract modifications; (b) responses to bidder
communications and complaints; and (c) using remedies including declarations of
misprocurement;
(iv) which financier will serve as the focal point for the executing agency in matters relating to
procurement and to what extent this financier will exchange information with the others with
respect to procurement;
(v) how the financiers will coordinate the review of withdrawal applications and approval of
disbursements under the contract package; and
(vi) how the financier(s) will deal with allegations of fraud or corruption in procurement and the
investigation thereof.
Negotiating and documenting these procurement arrangements requires timely consultations and close
collaboration with Office of Cofinancing Operations (OCO), OSFMD, and OGC.
H. Supervision of Procurement under ICB
29. Unless otherwise provided in the financing agreement, all ICB procurement undergoes review—
prior or post—by ADB staff as shown in Appendix 1 of this PAI. ADB review is normally conducted at two
stages in the procurement process, first at the bid document preparation and second at the bid evaluation
and contract award stage. The current process for reviewing executing agency actions and decisions is in
8
ADB Procurement Guidelines, Appendix 2
7. PAI 3.02 Parts B and L, where a table of supervision responsibility and decision authority based on
contract size is presented. Guidance is provided to project divisions and to executing and implementing
agencies in bid document preparation and review through user’s guides in the various SBDs, and in bid
evaluation and award through the Guide on Bid Evaluation.
30. Under prior review, the draft contract-specific prequalification and/or bidding documents,
submitted by the EA to ADB are circulated for comments to the project counsel, procurement specialist,
and in appropriate cases, the financial control specialist concerned. Since these documents are based on
agreed master bidding documents, comments should be provided to the originating project division within
5 working days of receipt of the documents for consolidation and transmittal back to the EA either to
proceed with issuance or for amendments before issuance. Procedure for Review of Prequalification and
Bidding Documents is presented in Table 1 below.
31. For ICB contracts following the first of each type, ADB intervention even under prior review may
be moved till after EA issuance of documents so that amendments to the document may still be issued
before the submission deadline.
32. Under normal post review for ICB contracts, ADB review is undertaken after the evaluation stage
and upon submission by the EA of all documents including bidding document issued and the
prequalification and/or bid evaluation reports. As the project divisions have primary responsibility for the
approval of the documents, referral to OSFMD and OGC, for legal issues, and Controller’s for currency
and payment concerns, is at their option. Decision Authority for Evaluation or Award for Prequalification,
Technical, and/or Financial Bids is presented in Table 2 below.
33. Tables 1 and 2 below provide more specific procedures based on contract sizes that correspond
to the table of supervision responsibility and authority in Part L of PAI 3.02. Procedures are indicated for
the review of bidding documents and the review of bid or prequalification evaluation. Misprocurement may
be declared by whoever has supervision authority for a specific contract.
34. When submitting a procurement transaction for review and approval, the Procurement Approval
Form attached as Appendix 1 to PAI 3.10 shall be used.
35. In the case of an MFF, each tranche is treated as a separate loan, and the following threshold
rules apply:
adopt the same thresholds for the same executing agency; and
for new executing agencies, adopt the thresholds established by new project risk assessments.
36. The project division should always obtain copies of documents for all contracts and keep them on
file in case a special review is necessary.
I. Publication of Award of Contract
37. For prior review contracts, a list of pre-qualified bidders and recommendations of contract award,
shall be published within two weeks from the date of receipt of ADB's " No-objection" or date of contract
award whichever is later. The executing agency shall publish the information in an English language
newspaper or well-known and freely accessible website. The information shall comprised of a) name of
each bidder who submitted a bid; (b) bid prices are read out at bid opening: (c) name and evaluated price
of each bid that was evaluated; (d) name of the bidders whose bids were rejected and reasons of their
ejection; and (e) name of the winning bidder, and the price it offered, as well as the duration and
summary scope of the contract awarded. For post review contracts, the EA shall publish the result not
later than the date of contract award.
8. Table 1: Review of Prequalification and Bidding Documents (Based on Master Bidding
Documents)
Action/Decision Prior Review Process Post Review
(1) $40 million and above Full review based on ADB standard
bidding documents prior to issuance of
actual bidding document by EA:
o SD/RM
1
and OSFMD to review all
sections in parallel;
o OGC comments on contract
conditions in parallel
o Comments of OGC/OSFMD
provided to SD/RM within 5 working
days for consolidation and
transmittal to EA within 2 working
days from receipt of comments,
o SD/RM to convey consolidated
comments to EA within 1 working
day for a total of 8 working days
from receipt of bidding documents
Option for subsequent bidding
documents of similar contract type:
(i) Same reviewers but review after
issuance by EA
(ii) EA submits immediately to ADB
issued BD
(iii)ADB consolidated comments within
8 working days to EA with
recommendation to amend BD, if
any, as well as possible deadline
extension
NA
(2) Below $40 million
(except for post review
(sampling))
SD/RM reviews based on ADB standard
bidding documents and issues no-
objection to issue bidding document to
EA, subject to:
o OSFMD/OGC endorsement when
BDs have exceptions to MBD, or
o SD/RM with OSFMD/OGC advice
when requested for other specific
issues, or
o SCD
2
gives no-objection, with
endorsement from PASS accredited
staff
o SD/RM sends comments to EA within
8 working days
For subsequent bidding documents of
similar contract type:
(i) Same reviewers but review after
issuance by EA
(ii) EA submits immediately to ADB the
issued BDs
(iii) SD/RM sends comments within 8
working days to EA with
Review is undertaken
together with bid
evaluation and award
documents.
9. recommendation to amend BD, if
any, as well as possible deadline
extension
SD/RM may adopt streamlining
measure for similar contracts
1
SD/RM = sector division or resident mission
2
SCD = sector or country director
Table 2: Decision Authority for Evaluation or Award for Prequalification, Technical, and/or
Financial Bids
Action/Decision Prior Review Process (Prior to award) Post Review (After
award)
(1) $40 million and above EA submits bid/PQ evaluation report to
ADB (SD/RM)
SD/RM, OGC and OSFMD review in
parallel with review completion target of
10 working days
Procurement Approval Form submitted
to Procurement Committee for no-
objection
(see PAI 3.10 for detailed procedures)
NA
(2) $20million to $40
million
EA submits bid/PQ evaluation report to
ADB (SD/RM)
SD/RM sends copy of evaluation report
to OSP1/OSP2 for review
OS1/OSP2 provides comments within 5
working days
SD/RM prepares Procurement Approval
Form within 1 working day and sends
completed Form to OSP1/OSP2
SCD gives no-objection to EA action,
with countersignature/endorsement from
OSP1/OSP2 Director. OSP1/OSP2
director may delegate authority to senior
OSFMD outposted staff.
If SD/RM and OSP1/OSP2 disagree, ,
case elevated to the Procurement
Committee
SD/RM shall ensure ADB action within
total of 8 working days from receipt of
bid/PQ evaluation report, except if the
matter is elevated to procurement
committee
NA
(Note: For exceptional
cases where post review is
approved for contract sizes
in this range, the same
procedure as for prior
review will apply.)
(3) Up to $20million SD/RM reviews and SCD gives no-
objection to EA action, with
endorsement from PASS accredited
staff within 8 working days
SD/RM may consult OSFMD/OGC on
specific issues or request PC review
Same procedure as for
prior review.
10. PAI 3.03
Appendix 1
Procurement (Goods)under International Competitive Bidding
9
(with no prequalification, single-stage one-envelope and under prior review)
Executing Agency ADB
Suppliers/
Contractors
Loan/grant/advance
contracting
approved
Finalize list of goods/
works/plant to bid (from
procurement plan).
ADB review and
approval
a
Prepare draft invitation
for bids and bidding
documents.
ADB review and approval;
a
advertise invitation for
Advertise invitation for bids bids in www.adb
locally in English
and issue bidding
documents; inform ADB
of the advertisement Purchase bidding
(minimum bidding period
6 weeks).
documents from executing
agency and submit bid.
Public opening of bids.
Prepare record of public
opening of bids.
Evaluate bids
b
and ADB review and
recommend contract approval
a
award.
Prepare contract Sign contract agreement
agreement and send and return to executing agency.
to supplier. Provide performance
security (if required).
Send 3 copies of signed
contract to ADB.
Signed contract received. Deliver the goods and
Prepare procurement
contract summary sheet for
payment purposes.
b
related services and
works to the executing agency
Goods inspected and
received Payment received (from
supplier’s bank under
L/C procedures)
a
Prior approval not required under post review for award, but internal review and approval followed to determine eligibility for
ADB financing.
b
Include due diligence and confirm that no bidder is on the ADB sanction list.
9
Standard times for each activity are set in the PRS monitoring module.
11. PAI 3.03
Appendix 1
Procurement under International Competitive Bidding
8
(withprequalification and under prior review)
Executing Agency ADB
Suppliers/
Contractors
Finalize list of plant or
works to bid (from procurement
plan).
Loan/grant or advance contracting
approved
ADB review and approval
a
Prepare draft prequalification
documents
and draft bidding documents.
b
ADB review and approval
a
Advertise the invitation for
prequalification on www.adb.org
Advertise locally in English
and issue the prequalification
documents; submit
a report to ADB on advertising Purchase prequalification
documents from executing
agency and submit
prequalification application.
(minimum 6 week period given
for submitting prequalification
applications).
Prequalification applications
received
Evaluate prequalification
applications. ADB review and approval
a
Recommend prequalified firms.
ADB approval received
Executing agency notifies
prequalified and
disqualified firms.
Issue bidding documents to
prequalified firms(minimum
bidding period 6 weeks).
Purchase bidding documents
From executing agency and
submit bid.
Public bid opening
Prepare record of public bid
opening.
Evaluate bids and recommend
ADB review and approval
a
contract award.
Sign contract agreement and
Prepare contract agreement return to executing agency
and send to winning bidder. Provide performance security.
Send 3 copies of signed contract
to ADB
Review signed contract;
Contract implementation
Prepare procurement
contractsheet
10
for payment purposes
a
Approval prior to next step not required under post review
b
The draft bidding documents can be prepared at a later stage provided that ADB approval is obtained before issuing
bidding documents to prequalified firms.
12. PAI 3.03
Appendix 2
ICB THRESHOLDS
Table 1: Thresholds for Works (and Plant)
Threshold DMC Remarks
$ 3 million BHU, CAM, COO, FIJ, FSM, KGZ, KIR,
LAO, MLD, MYA, NAU, PAL, RMI, SAM,
SOL, TAJ, TIM, TKM, TON, TUV, VAN
To be reviewed during the
CPS preparation. At other
times thresholds may be
adjusted if justified by a
market assessment.
$ 5 million AFG, ARM, AZE, GEO, MON, NEP, PNG,
UZB
$ 10 million KAZ, VIE
$ 15 million BAN, PAK, PHI, SRI
$ 25 million INO, MAL, THA
$40 million IND, PRC
Table 2: Thresholds for Goods
Threshold DMC Remarks
$ 1 million BHU, CAM, COO, FIJ, FSM, GEO, KGZ,
KIR, LAO, MLD, MYA, NAU, PAL, RMI,
SAM, SOL, TIM, TKM, TON, TUV, VAN
Subject to assessment
during project processing
$ 2 million AFG, ARM, AZE, BAN, KAZ, MON, NEP,
PNG, SRI, TAJ, UZB
$2 to $5 million1
INO, MAL, PAK, PHI, THA, VIE
$3 to $10 million1
IND, PRC
---------------------------
1
In setting the specific ICB threshold for a project, staff shall consider the assessment of the supply market,
including the interest of foreign suppliers. For example, the procurement of IT software is likely to attract
international firms even for relatively small contract amounts. On the other hand, the procurement of basic school
furniture is usually packaged into fairly large contract amounts but will not be attractive to foreign suppliers.
13. PAI 3.03
Appendix 3
Notes: Diagram is for ICB with Prior Review under ideal conditions.
For NCB with Prior Review, 30 days bidding period and 15 days period for
preparation for signing contract (contract negotiations) are the targets, providing
a total target of 96 days.
14. PAI 3.03
Appendix 3
Notes:Diagram is for ICB with Prior Review under ideal conditions.
For NCB with Prior Review, 30 days bidding period and 15 days period for
preparation for signing contract (contract negotiations) are the targets, providing
a total target of 136 days.
15. PAI 3.03
Appendix 4
ADVERTISING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVE BIDDINGFOR PROCURING GOODS AND WORKS
A. Advertising Locally
1. Disseminating information on procurement contracts subject to international competitive bidding (ICB) is
done by advertising invitations for prequalification or bids on adb.org and locally through either (i) an
English language newspaper of general circulation in the country of the executing agency, or (ii) an
internationally known and freely accessible website in English.
2. The executing agency forwards a report to ADB on the local advertisement of the invitation as soon as it
is available. If prior review is used, a reminder is sent by ADB to the executing agency if the report is
not received within 1 month of ADB approval of the prequalification or bidding documents. Advertising
on adb.org is arranged by ADB, so the information required must be received by ADB in sufficient time
to post the advertisement and meet minimum advertising time requirements.
B. Publishing Notices on adb.org and United Nations Development Business
3. ADB advertises procurement opportunities that it finances on adb.org and, through an electronic feed
arrangement, United Nations Development Business(UNDB), now published online. Advertising on
UNDB is, however, not mandatory as ADB has no control over its publication. UNDB carries public
procurement notices on projects financed by international organizations; adb.org carries information on
only ADB-financed projects, including procurement notices and contract awards.
4. Both sites contain general procurement notices (GPNs) and specific notices.
(i) A GPN contains general information about a project that is approved or is being considered for
financing and includes the following:
• the name of the borrower;
• the loan number (when available) and the title and a description of the project;
• the agency responsible for procurement, its mailing address, facsimile and telephone numbers,
and email addresses;
• a description of the goods or works subject to ICB;
• a description of the goods or works subject to NCB; and
• sufficient additional information to enable potential bidders to determine their interest.
The GPN for a project appears on adb.org for at least 1 month and preferably 3 months before the first
prequalification (where prequalification is to be carried out) or bidding documents are made available for
issue. In the case of advance contracting, the advance contracting notice (PAI 3.02, Appendix 4)
constitutes the GPN. Publishing procurement plans will meet the requirement of publishing GPNs. Note
that once new projects are entered into the project or procurement review systems, their procurement
plans will automatically be generated and published at the appropriate time.
(ii) A specific notice refers to the advertisement for prequalification (where prequalification is to be
carried out) or bidding for an individual contract and includes the following:
• the name of the borrower;
• the loan number, the title, and a description of the project;
• the agency responsible for procurement, its mailing address, email address, facsimile and
telephone numbers;
• the executing agency, its address, email address, facsimile and telephone numbers (if different
from the procurement agency);
• a detailed description of the works or goods to be procured under the specific contract;
16. PAI 3.03
Appendix 4
• the price of the prequalification or bidding documents;
• the deadline for submitting the prequalification applications or bids;
• the place, complete address, date, and time for submission of prequalification applications or
bids;
• the place, complete address, date, and time for opening prequalification applications or bids; and
• whether the domestic preference scheme will apply.
5. Publishing a specific notice for an individual contract follows immediately after the publication of the
invitation for prequalification or bids in a local English newspaper of general circulation or on a well-known
website.
6. In addition to the GPN and specific notice, advance information on proposed projects that are in the
early stages of processing is also included on adb.org and is updated as processing proceeds. More
detailed information on these projects appears later in the GPN.
7. Internal procedures for handling procurement notices are in Appendix 1. The Operations Services and
Financial Management Department (OSFMD) coordinates ADB activities for preparing and publishing
procurement notices on adb.org and UNDB.
C. Internal Procedures for Procurement Notices (to be published on adb.org and UNDB)
General Procurement Notices
8. During processing, the borrower is advised of the need to publish and the content of procurement
notices on adb.org. Normally after the management review meeting but before loan negotiations, a draft
GPN is prepared by the project division and forwarded to the executing agency for review and
concurrence. An example of a GPN is in Part D of this appendix. Before the scheduled issuing of the first
invitation for prequalification or bids, the project division finalizes the draft GPN with any additional
information from the executing agency and transmits it to OSFMD. In the case of advance contracting the
advance contracting notice (PAI 3.02 Appendix 4) constitutes the GPN. After reviewing the GPN, OSFMD
publishes it on adb.org.
Specific Notices
9. A specific notice is either an invitation for prequalification or an invitation for bids, the formats for which
are found in every SBD. Whether for prequalification or for bidding, this specific notice is transmitted by a
project division to OSFMD for review together with the draft prequalification or bidding documents.
10. OSFMD reviews the draft specific notice for consistency with the approved prequalification or bidding
document, and either returns the draft specific notice to the project division with comments for their
concurrence or prepares the specific notice for publication.
11. When contents of the specific notice are agreed between the project division and OSFMD, OSFMD
publishes it in adb.org and also sends it to UNDB to be published. Publication of invitations for bids is not
required for the same contract for which the prequalification invitation has already been published in
adb.org.
12. In transmitting ADB's approval of draft prequalification or bidding documents, the executing agency is
advised that a specific notice will be published on adb.org and forwarded to UNDB.
17. PAI 3.03
Appendix 4
D. Example of General Procurement Notice
1
(to be published on adb.org and UNDB online)
Date: XX XXXXX 2013
Country/Borrower: XXXX
Loan Number: XXXX-XXX: Regional Road Project
Name and Address of the Executing Agencies:
Roads and Highways Department
c/o Chief Engineer
Contact Person: Mr. XX, Project Director/ Additional Chief Engineer
Fax Number: ___________
E-mail: ________________
Land Port Authority
c/o Chairman
Contact Person: Mr. XX, Project Director/____
Fax Number: ___________
Brief Description of the Project:
The Regional Road Project will upgrade about 70 kilometers of the XYZ Corridor to four lanes. It will also
improve two land ports at AAA and BBB and strengthen the capacity of the road sector and land port
operations.
Brief Description of Goods and Related Services, Works, or Consulting Services to be Procured:
Under the project, about seven contracts for civil works—four-laning of roads, land port improvements, and
building construction—will be procured under international competitive bidding (ICB) in accordance with ADB
Procurement Guidelines (2013, as amended from time to time).
Consultants for project implementation and operational efficiency improvement will be recruited in accordance
with The Guidelines on the Use of Consultants by the Asian Development Bank and its Borrowers (2013, as
amended from time to time).
It is expected that bidding for the first works contract will commence in Q4 2013.
1
New projects, once entered into the project review system or the procurement review system (formerly manage
procurement), will have their procurement plans automatically generated and published at the appropriate time.
18. PAI 3.03
Appendix 5
DOMESTIC PREFERENCE SCHEME
A. Introduction
1. The ADB domestic preference scheme shall be applied only in evaluating bids under international
competitive bidding (ICB). Procurement through other methods such as national competitive bidding
(NCB), shopping, and limited international bidding are not eligible for the domestic preference scheme.
The scheme grants a margin of preference for domestically manufactured goods to be procured and
domestic contractors to be engaged under ADB-financed projects. The principal basis for domestic
preference as applied to procurement is in Appendix 2 of the ADB Procurement Guidelines.
B. Implementing the Preference Scheme
2. Domestic preference for goods, turnkey, and works contracts will be applied only if:
requested by the borrower; and
provision is made in the financing agreement (or through a separate exchange of letters);
and
bidding documents specify how the preference will be applied when comparing bids; and
the country has remained eligible at the time of advertising the contract.
3. Provision for implementing the scheme is included in the procurement plan. If provision is not
included in the procurement plan and the borrowing country subsequently wishes to adopt the scheme,
arrangements can be specified in an exchange of letters or subsequent updates to the procurement plan.
Even after provision for preference is included either in the procurement plan or by an exchange of
letters, its application to individual contracts is still at the option of the executing agency or borrower. The
procurement plan states the basis for comparing bids for goods, turnkey, or works contracts and the
procedure for comparing them when the scheme is applied.
4. The user's guides to ADB standard bidding documents (SBDs) include appropriate provisions for
the use of the domestic preference scheme. The following provides additional background and guidance.
B. Domestic Preference for Goods
5. All borrowers may request preference for the procurement of domestically produced goods.
Related incidental services are not eligible for the preference.
6. The scheme provides that
domestically manufactured goods are eligible for preference compared with imported goods only
if the proportion of domestic value added is equal to 30% or more of the EXW (ex works, ex
factory, ex warehouse, ex showroom, or off-the-shelf, as applicable) bid price;
the reckoning of the 30% domestic value added is applied to the total EXW bid price of goods and
not just to one item in a list; and
domestic preference cannot be applied to goods offered in a schedule if one item has more than
30% domestic value added but the total domestic value added does not result in the required
minimum 30% of the total price of the schedule.
7. Where there is any doubt about eligibility for preference for any domestic goods for which bids
have been invited, the borrower assesses the proportion of domestic value added locally to see if it meets
the required minimum.
19. PAI 3.03
Appendix 5
8. Domestic value added generally comprises domestic labor, the domestic content of materials,
domestic overheads, and profits from the stage of mining the raw material until final assembly. If
calculating domestic value added is difficult and time consuming, a rule based on the direct import
content of the goods can be used as a proxy. If the direct import content under cost, insurance, and
freight (CIF or CIP) is less than 50% of the quoted EXW price, the goods are eligible for the preference.
9. Before agreeing to include domestic preference in the financing agreement or bidding documents,
ADB must be satisfied that the borrowing country has the manufacturing capacity and experience
necessary for adding the minimum value required to goods intended to benefit from the preference. If at
the time of signing the financing agreement, there is inadequate information about the goods to be
procured (for example in a sector project), provision of the preference may be included in the financing
agreement (the financing agreement would be written as if manufacturing capacity exists for some of the
goods to be procured). In such cases, the capacity to produce the required goods domestically would be
assessed when bidding documents are prepared for the goods to be procured.
10. As part of their bids, bidders are required to certify that the necessary manufacturing capacity
exists where local value is to be added.
11. Two methods for applying the preference are described in the SBD for the procurement of goods.
Method A is for bids with all domestically manufactured goods and bids with goods manufactured outside
of the borrowing country, while method B is for use when all bids have a combination of domestically
manufactured goods and goods manufactured outside.
C. Domestic Preference for Works Contractors
12. Preference will be extended only to domestic contractors for civil works in countries with an
annual per capita GNP that is less than the limit set. ADB adopts the limits set each year in the The World
Bank Operational Manual, Operational Policies OP3.10 Annex D. The current eligibility threshold as well
as current GNIs for ADB client countries can be found at OpsPedia
10
.
13. Domestic contractors may be eligible for preference for works contracts that may include
construction, land clearing and leveling, land development, field drainage, well drilling, site clearing for
urban projects, installation of water supply mains, erection of electricity lines, aerial photography,
mapping, or crop spraying.
14. To be eligible, contractors must be determined to be genuine domestic contractors. The SBDs
include specific agreed upon criteria for eligibility that are included in the specific bidding document to be
issued. ADB will not object if the borrower wishes to grant preference to state-owned construction
corporations or firms provided that they are eligible to bid. OSFMD advises on any problems arising when
applying the scheme while the Office of the General Counsel advises on any specific legal issues arising
when applying the scheme. If necessary, the procurement committee makes the final decision.
D. Domestic Preference for Turnkey Contracts and Contracts for Goods and Related Services
involving Multiple Items
15. A margin of preference may be applied to domestically manufactured goods in single-
responsibility turnkey (including design-build) contracts and in large and complex contracts for goods and
related serviceswith discrete items of goods and supplies grouped in one contract package
andiiwhen the cost of goods and supplies for permanent works is estimated prior to bidding to be
equal to or to exceed 60% of such works.
10
Formerly COSOpedia: an online knowledge sharing facility
20. PAI 3.03
Appendix 5
References
1. Procurement Guidelines.
2. R108-91: Review of Domestic Preference Scheme, 8 August
3. R27-86: Review of Domestic Procurement Policies, 17 June