Paging
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The document discusses paging channels and procedures in 3GPP networks. It describes: 1) The Paging Channel (PCH) is a downlink transport channel that broadcasts paging messages to UEs over the entire cell. System Information Block 5 defines which Secondary Common Control Physical Channels (SCCPCHs) carry PCHs. 2) UEs select a SCCPCH to monitor based on the IMSI number. Paging Indicator Channels (PICH) are associated with SCCPCHs and indicate which UEs have a paging message. Paging messages are transmitted on the PCH in SCCPCH frames starting 7680 chips after the associated PICH frame.
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LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized radio access technology designed to support roaming Internet access via cell phones and handheld devices in 3G and 4G networks. This paper mainly focuses on to improve the processing speed and decrease the maximum delay of the downlink channels using the pipelined buffer controlled technique. This paper proposes Pipelined buffer controlled Architecture for both transmitter and receiver for Physical Downlink channels of 3GPP-LTE. The transmitter architecture comprises Bit Scrambling, Modulation mapping, Layer mapping, Precoding and Resource element mapping modules. The receiver architecture comprises Demapping from resource elements, Decoding, Comparing and Detection, Delayer mapping and Descrambling modules as described in LTE specifications. In addition to these, buffers are included in both transmitter and receiver architectures. Modelsim is used for simulation, synthesis and implementation are achieved using PlanAhead13.2 tool on Virtex-5, xc5vlx50tff1136-1 device board is used. Implemented results are discussed in terms of RTL design, FPGA editor, Power estimation and Resource estimation.
56990278 umts-interview-questions-and-answer
The document discusses Radio Resource Control (RRC) in UMTS, including RRC states, functions, and procedures. It describes the four RRC states - CELL_DCH, CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH, and URA_PCH. CELL_DCH has a dedicated channel allocated, while the others do not. CELL_FACH continuously monitors a common channel. CELL_PCH and URA_PCH use discontinuous reception on a paging channel. URA_PCH location is known on the UTRAN registration area level. The document also answers questions about RRC, including differentiating RRC states, conditions for CELL_FACH
WR_BT03_E1_1 Channel Structure and Function-44.ppt
The document discusses the structure and classification of channels in UMTS networks, including physical, transport and logical channels, and their mapping relationships. It also outlines the key steps in the cell search procedure used for network acquisition and synchronization, as well as an overview of the random access channel procedure.
Wcdma channels
WCDMA uses an OSI model with 7 layers. The lower 3 layers - physical, data link, and network layers - are most important for WCDMA. The physical layer uses different physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. Logical channels define how data is transferred, transport channels define how data is transmitted, and physical channels carry payload data and define signal characteristics. There are three types of channels - logical, transport, and physical - that work together to transmit various types of control and traffic data between the UE and base station.
3G architecture.pptx
UMTS uses logical, transport, and physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) broadcasts general system information to mobile devices in idle state. The Paging Control Channel (PCCH) informs users of incoming calls or messages. The Common Control Channel (CCCH) is used to establish new connections between mobile devices and the network. Transport channels like the Broadcast Channel (BCH) and Dedicated Channel (DCH) carry data from the logical channels. Physical channels such as the Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) and Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) provide the transmission medium and perform channel coding.
S0 p1 faisal_ghazaleh
Carrier aggregation was introduced in 3GPP Release 10 to allow LTE networks to achieve higher bandwidths. It permits combining multiple component carriers to create bandwidths of up to 100MHz. There are three types of carrier aggregation: intra-band contiguous, intra-band non-contiguous, and inter-band non-contiguous. Carrier aggregation improves spectrum efficiency and supports higher data rates, but requires enhancements to LTE specifications for signaling, scheduling, and uplink control channels to coordinate the multiple component carriers. Network testing solutions like TEMS Discovery from Ascom support decoding and analysis of traffic from UEs using three component carriers to help operators optimize carrier aggregation deployments.
Wc & lte 4 g module 4- 2019 by prof.sv1
This document summarizes LTE uplink transport channel processing and physical layer procedures. It discusses:
1. Uplink transport channel processing including channel coding and modulation for uplink shared channels and uplink control information.
2. Physical layer procedures including uplink reference signals, random access channels, HARQ, channel quality indicator feedback, and scheduling.
3. Specific topics covered include SC-FDMA modulation for the uplink, uplink reference signal structure, PUCCH formats for control information, and coding schemes for different control information types.
Wc & lte 4 g module 4- 2019 by prof.sv1
This document summarizes key aspects of LTE uplink transport channel processing and physical layer procedures covered in Module 4. It discusses uplink shared channels, uplink control information, reference signals, and random access channels. For uplink shared channels, it describes the channel encoding and modulation process, use of frequency hopping, and limited multi-antenna transmission schemes supported. Uplink control information can be mapped to either the physical uplink shared channel or physical uplink control channel. Hybrid automatic repeat request procedures and other physical layer procedures like scheduling and power control in the uplink are also covered.
New rough
BTS functions include modulation, channel coding, interleaving, encryption, frequency hopping, frame formatting, and signal strength measurements. The CGI uniquely identifies a cell using LAI and CI. The FCCH carries frequency synchronization information. The SCH carries timing synchronization and BSIC information. The BCCH broadcasts cell information like LAI and CI. The PCH pages mobiles for calls/SMS. The RACH is used by mobiles to request resources. The AGCH sends resource grants in response to RACH requests. The SDCCH is used for location updates, call setup, and SMS. The SACCH carries signal strength measurements and timing/power control information. The FACCH can replace bursts on the SDC
Lte channel
1. The PBCH is a downlink physical channel that broadcasts essential initial access parameters like system bandwidth. It occupies 72 subcarriers in the first 4 OFDM symbols of the second slot of every 10ms radio frame. The PBCH carries a 14-bit MIB that is coded at a low rate and mapped to center subcarriers.
2. The PCFICH indicates the number of OFDM symbols used for the PDCCH. It occupies 16 resource elements in the first symbol of each 1ms subframe. The PCFICH carries the CFI value which is coded to use the full 32 bits.
3. The PDCCH carries downlink control information like resource allocations using QPSK.
REALIZATION OF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER ARCHITECTURE FOR DOWNLINK CHANNELS IN...
Long Term Evolution (LTE), the next generation of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile networks. The future communication systems require much higher peak rate for the air interface but very short processing delay. This paper mainly focuses on to improve the processing speed and capability and decrease the processing delay of the downlink channels using the parallel processing technique. This paper proposes Parallel Processing Architecture for both transmitter and receiver for Downlink channels in 3GPP-LTE. The Processing steps include Scrambling, Modulation, Layer mapping, Precoding and Mapping to the REs in transmitter side. Similarly demapping from the REs, Decoding and Detection, Delayer mapping and Descrambling in Receiver side. Simulation is performed by using modelsim and Implementation is achieved using Plan Ahead tool and virtex 5 FPGA.Implemented results are discussed in terms of RTL design, FPGA editor, power estimation and resource estimation.
(SIB)System Information Blocks in LTE.docx
SIB1 provides cell access related information such as PLMN identity, tracking area code, cell identity and access parameters. It is transmitted every 80ms in subframe 5. SIB2 contains radio resource configuration information including access class barring, RACH configuration, timers and power control. It provides parameters for random access, paging, physical channels and uplink power control. SIB1 and SIB2 carry essential system information from the network to user equipment about cell access and configuration.
Umts interview questions
The document discusses various topics related to UMTS interview questions. It describes the different Radio Resource Control (RRC) states a UE can be in, including Cell_DCH, Cell_FACH, Cell_PCH, and URA_PCH. It explains the characteristics and examples of each state. The document also covers cell search procedure, radio bearer configuration mappings, types of handovers, types of measurements, and the purpose of paging in mobile networks.
Module 4 PPT VTU university 17EC81 OFDM module
This document discusses physical layer procedures in LTE, including Hybrid-ARQ (H-ARQ) feedback, Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) feedback, and periodic and aperiodic CQI reporting modes. H-ARQ uses automatic repeat request with forward error correction to improve transmission reliability over the wireless channel. CQI feedback provides information on channel quality to allow the base station to select optimal transmission parameters. Periodic CQI is configured by higher layers and reported regularly, while aperiodic CQI can be triggered to provide more detailed feedback. Wideband and subband CQI reporting are supported, with subband allowing for frequency selective scheduling.
LTE RACH Procedure
LTE RACH Procedure defined as per 3GPP TS 36.300 (10.1.5) & 36.211 (5.7). Describes RACH its use, its types and calculations related to RACH power.
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Implementation of Pipelined Architecture for Physical Downlink Channels of 3G...
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WR_BT03_E1_1 Channel Structure and Function-44.ppt
WR_BT03_E1_1 Channel Structure and Function-44.ppt
REALIZATION OF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER ARCHITECTURE FOR DOWNLINK CHANNELS IN...
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Eke.docx
The 3 sentence summary is:
Total cost for calibration of a fuel injector pump and injector nozzle tips for site DL0117 was NGN 58,050.00 including VAT of NGN 4,050.00 on a subtotal of NGN 54,000.00; the breakdown included calibration of one fuel injector pump at NGN 22,000.00 and four injector nozzle tips at NGN 8,000.00 each for a total of NGN 32,000.00. The quotation was addressed to Anthony Udeh, the Regional Manager of ATC Nigeria located in Lagos, Nigeria.
Plan PCI.docx
1) The document outlines a 5-step process for planning Physical Cell Identity (PCI) assignments in Atoll software.
2) The steps include: creating an LTE project with site details, defining a core planning area, creating a neighbor list, running the PCI planning, and checking outputs for collisions.
3) PCI planning ensures each cell is correctly identified by assigning one of 504 unique PCI numbers while avoiding collisions in neighboring cells or when values are divided by 6.
topqualityvoice.pptx
Huawei provides a Voice Radar tool to evaluate voice quality from four aspects: quality, completion, accessibility, and abnormal calls. It uses key performance indicators to generate a total score on a scale of 0 to 10. The document discusses optimization solutions such as improving wireless parameters, utilizing HD voice features, and addressing network issues to improve voice quality scores.
Wcdma
This document provides an overview of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), including its access schemes, coding, codes, spreading process, power control, handover, multipath and rake receivers. It describes how CDMA uses unique spreading codes to spread data before transmission. Receivers use correlators to despread the signal and filters to isolate the desired signal from interference. Power control is important to limit interference in this interference-limited system. Soft handovers allow connections between multiple cells. Multipath signals are combined using rake receivers to strengthen the signal.
Excel text function
The Excel TEXT function converts numeric values to text strings in a specified format. It has two required arguments: the value to convert and the format text. The format text uses code like "0" or "dd-mm-yyyy" to determine how numbers or dates should be displayed as text. Some examples show using TEXT to format numbers with commas and currency symbols, concatenate text with formatted dates, and conditionally format values based on location. The TEXT function allows numbers to be displayed in readable formats and combined with text for reports.
Synchronisation
Different types of synchronization are required in a 3G network including network synchronization, node synchronization, transport channel synchronization, and radio interface synchronization. Network synchronization relates to distributing an accurate frequency reference between network elements. Node synchronization estimates and compensates for timing differences between UTRAN nodes. Transport channel synchronization defines frame synchronization between the RNC and Node B. Radio interface synchronization controls the timing of radio frame transmission to minimize UE buffers in FDD and ensure bi-directional synchronization in TDD.
Call setup
A mobile device initiates a call by sending a setup message to the network, which routes the message through various nodes to the destination device. The destination device sends a response message back through the network to the originating device to indicate if the call was accepted or rejected. If accepted, the network sets up the necessary connections to allow audio/video transmission between the devices for the duration of the call.
3 g frequencies
This document discusses 3G frequencies allocated for IMT-2000 and UMTS. It states that the 1885-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz bands are intended for worldwide IMT-2000 use. For UMTS, the 1920-1980 MHz and 2110-2170 MHz bands are used for paired FDD, while 1900-1920 MHz and 2010-2025 MHz are used for unpaired TDD. Satellite bands are 1980-2010 MHz and 2170-2200 MHz. Carrier frequencies are designated by UARFCN, which is calculated by multiplying the frequency in MHz by 5. International conferences identified additional bands for IMT-2000 use between 1710-2690 MHz.
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This document provides an analysis of WCDMA radio network handover algorithms and guidance on configuring handover parameters. It describes various handover measurements, algorithms, and parameters. The document has sections on handover measurement types, algorithms for soft, hard, and inter-system handovers, and parameters for intra-frequency, inter-frequency, inter-system, compressed mode, and direct retry algorithms. It provides recommendations for settings depending on user movement speed.
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留信网认证的作用:
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留信网认证的作用:
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HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
一比一原版(UC Berkeley毕业证)加利福尼亚大学|伯克利分校毕业证成绩单专业办理
UC Berkeley毕业证原版定制【微信：176555708】【加利福尼亚大学|伯克利分校毕业证成绩单-学位证】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
学历顾问：微信：176555708
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Horizon Generation
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
在线办理(ANU毕业证书)澳洲国立大学毕业证录取通知书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(ANU毕业证书)澳洲国立大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...
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Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
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Paging
- 1. Paging The Paging Channel (PCH) is a downlink transport channel. The PCH is always transmitted over the entire cell. The transmission of the PCH is associated with the transmission of physical- layer generated Paging Indicators, to support efficient sleep-mode procedures. Paging Channel selection System information block type 5 (SIB 5) defines common channels to be employed in Idle mode. In a cell, a single or several PCHs may be established. Each Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH) indicated to the UE in system information may carry up to one PCH. Thus, for each defined PCH there is one uniquely associated PICH also indicated. In case that more than a single PCH and associated PICH are defined in SIB 5, the UE shall perform a selection according to the following rule: The UE shall select a SCCPCH from the ones listed in SIB 5 based on IMSI as follows: "Index of selected SCCPCH" = IMSI mod K, where K is equal to the number of listed SCCPCHs which carry a PCH (i.e. SCCPCHs carrying FACH only shall not be counted). These SCCPCHs shall be indexed in the order of their occurrence in SIB 5 from 0 to K-1. "Index of selected SCCPCH" identifies the selected SCCPCH with the PCH and the uniquely associated PICH to be used by the UE. If the UE has no IMSI, for instance when making an emergency call without USIM, the UE shall use as default number IMSI = 0. The UE may use Discontinuous Reception (DRX) in idle mode in order to reduce power consumption. When DRX is used the UE needs only to monitor one Page Indicator, PI, in one Paging Occasion per DRX cycle. The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the paging indicators. The PICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is mapped. Picture below illustrates the frame structure of the PICH. One PICH radio frame of length 10 ms consists of 300 bits. Of these, 288 bits are used to carry paging indicators. The remaining 12 bits are not formally part of the PICH and shall not be transmitted (DTX). The part of the frame with no transmission is reserved for possible future use.
- 2. Structure of Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) Two Paging Procedures: Paging procedure is used to transmit paging information to selected UEs in idle mode, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state using the paging control channel (PCCH). Upper layers in the network may request paging, to e.g. establish a signalling connection. UTRAN may initiate paging for UEs in CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state to trigger a cell update procedure. In addition, UTRAN may initiate paging for UEs in idle mode, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH state to trigger reading of updated system information. UTRAN initiates the paging procedure by transmitting a PAGING TYPE 1 message on an appropriate paging occasion on the PCCH. UE dedicated paging procedure is used to transmit dedicated paging information to one UE in connected mode in CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state. Upper layers in the network may request initiation of paging. For a UE in CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state, UTRAN initiates the procedure by transmitting a PAGING TYPE 2 message on the DCCH using AM RLC. Two Paging Message Types: PAGING TYPE 1 message is used to send information on the paging channel. One or several UEs, in idle or connected mode, can be paged in one message, which also can contain other information PAGING TYPE 2 message is used to page an UE in connected mode (CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state), when using the DCCH for CN originated paging. PICH / S-CCPCH timing relation Picture below illustrates the timing between a PICH frame and its associated single S-CCPCH frame, i.e. the S-CCPCH frame that carries the paging information related to the paging indicators in the PICH frame. A paging indicator set in a PICH frame means that the paging message is transmitted on the PCH in the S-CCPCH frame starting tPICH chips after the transmitted PICH frame.
- 3. Timing relation between PICH frame and associated S-CCPCH frame tPICH = 7680 chips (3 slots) Paging Block Periodicity (PBP): Period of the occurrence of Paging Blocks. (For FDD, PBP = 1). Paging occasion: (FDD) The SFN of the PICH frame where the UE monitors its paging indicator (i.e. the SFN of the PCCPCH frame in which the PICH frame begins). Further reading: 3GPP TS 25.211 25.304