P5e Satellite Communication
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Satellite communications use microwaves to transmit and receive information. A different frequency is used to send information back to Earth because the ionosphere interacts differently with different microwave frequencies, allowing some frequencies to pass through more easily. The ionosphere can reflect or refract radio waves depending on their frequency. Diffraction allows radio waves to reach areas they could not travel to in a straight line from their source. The size of any gaps or obstructions affects the amount of diffraction, with larger gaps producing less diffraction and smaller gaps producing more diffraction.
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INTRODUCTION TO RADIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1.docx
Communication requires a sender, a message, a transmission medium, a receiver, and understanding. Radio communication works by encoding a message as an electromagnetic wave that travels through the air and is received and decoded. Repeaters extend the range of handheld radios by receiving a signal and retransmitting it, allowing communication over obstacles. Range depends on both power and frequency - higher power mobile radios have greater range than lower power handhelds, while higher frequencies penetrate buildings better than lower VHF bands.
Adhoc module 1 Introduction
Module 1: Introduction Lectures 8 hrs.
Fundamentals of wireless communication technology – the electromagnetic spectrum – radio
propagation mechanisms – characteristics of the wireless channel – Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
(MANETS) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs): concepts and architectures. Applications
of Ad-hoc and sensor networks. Design challenges in Ad-hoc and sensor networks.
LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
Signals travels from the transmitter (object) to the receiver (your eye) along this straight line. This type of travel is called line of sight propagation.
Radio waves with frequencies greater than about 2MHz have line of sight propagation characteristic.
If the earth were flat, everything would be fine with this type of propagation.
This file consists of the following things related to line of sight propagation
INTRODUCTION
LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
NON LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
DISTANCE B/W TWO ANTENNA
RELATIONSHIP B/W HEIGHT OF ANTENNA AND RADIUS OF EARTH
LOS WIRELESS TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
APPLICATION OF LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
LIMITATION OF LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
REFERENCES
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Ed and Matt
Photography derives from the Greek words for "light" and "to write" and the word was coined by Sir John Herschel in 1839. Early philosophers and mathematicians described the principles of the pinhole camera as early as the 5th century BC, though the first photographs were not made until combining several technical discoveries. Cameras are now widely used around the world to capture wonderful sights and are symbols of both paparazzi and human freedom and ingenuity.
Space
The document discusses several topics related to astronomy and space, including:
- The formation of elements like hydrogen in the Big Bang and later fusion in stars that led to heavier elements like carbon.
- How satellites orbit Earth due to centripetal force balancing gravitational attraction, with examples of low polar orbits and geostationary orbits.
- How planets orbit the Sun due to centripetal force balancing gravitational attraction.
- How the Sun will evolve over time from its current stable phase into a red giant and later a white dwarf or neutron star/black hole.
Radiation
In alpha decay, the nucleus loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons, decreasing the atomic number by 2 and mass number by 4. In beta decay, a neutron changes to a proton and an electron is ejected, increasing the atomic number by 1 while keeping the mass number the same. In gamma decay, only energy is emitted with no change to the atomic or mass number.
Motion
Forces add up as vectors, so a 10N force to the left and an 8N force to the right result in a 2N force to the left. If the net force is zero, the object will stay at rest or move at a constant velocity. If there is a net force, the object will accelerate according to F=ma. Projectiles follow parabolic paths and take the same time to fall as dropped objects. Kinetic energy equals half the mass times the velocity squared.
Light
The document summarizes key aspects of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. It also discusses properties that apply across the spectrum such as all waves traveling at the speed of light, interference and diffraction effects. Additionally, it covers topics in waves and optics including reflection, refraction, lenses, sound waves, and seismic waves.
Energy
Heat is transferred through particles vibrating (conduction), air rising when hot (convection), and radiation being absorbed and reflected. Insulation in walls traps air which is an insulator, while different methods like passive solar heating and fossil fuels generate heat energy through various processes. When a solid melts it changes state at a constant temperature.
Electomagnets
1) When a current passes through a copper wire in a magnetic field, it induces a voltage in the wire due to electromagnetic induction.
2) An alternating current generator uses a rotating coil in a magnetic field to generate a current, where the direction of the current reverses as the coil rotates.
3) Transformers use the principle of electromagnetic induction to change the voltage of an alternating current - a step-up transformer increases voltage through more turns on the secondary coil, while a step-down transformer decreases voltage.
Electronics
1) Electrostatic charges involve the attraction and repulsion of objects based on whether they have equal or opposite charges. Charges are used in photocopiers, dust precipitators, and defibrillators.
2) Electricity involves the flow of electrons through conductors. The resistance of materials can change based on factors like temperature. Common circuit components include resistors, diodes, and capacitors.
3) Digital and analog signals are used to transmit information. Digital signals use 1s and 0s while analog signals have continuously varying values. Multiplexing and sampling allow more data to be transmitted.
Jose and me ri rocks!!!
The document defines key terms related to food chains and food webs, including biomass, producer, consumer, herbivore, carnivore, predator, prey, decomposer. It provides an example food chain starting with plants as producers, then herbivores, primary and secondary consumers, and ending with a carnivore or tertiary consumer at the top. A diagram shows how energy transfers through a pyramid-shaped food web from producers to different consumer levels.
Food chain.ppt amit and mary
A food chain shows that plants are eaten by herbivores like rabbits, which are then eaten by carnivores like lions. Producers like plants make their own food and are the first link in the food chain, while consumers eat other organisms. Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat meat, predators eat other animals, and prey are eaten by predators. Decomposers break down dead organisms. Humans, eagles and lions are at the top of food pyramids as they are rarely preyed upon by other animals.
Jose and me ri rocks!!!
The document defines key terms related to food chains and food webs, including biomass, producer, consumer, herbivore, carnivore, predator, prey, decomposer. It provides an example food chain starting with plants as producers, then herbivores, primary and secondary consumers, and ending with a carnivore or tertiary consumer at the top. A diagram shows how energy transfers through a pyramid-shaped food web from producers to different consumer levels.
Hello im sirsak and im neeth ^ ^
The document discusses key concepts related to food chains and biomass. It defines biomass as the total mass of a living thing excluding water. Biomass is composed of glucose and other substances produced through photosynthesis. A food chain diagrams how organisms feed on each other in an ecosystem, with producers like plants generating their own food, and consumers like herbivores and carnivores eating other organisms or animals. Decomposers feed on dead plants and animals. An example food chain is given of grass being eaten by a grasshopper and further up the chain.
Food chains
A food chain shows how each living thing gets its food, with arrows indicating what eats what. Carnivores are meat-eating animals like cats, lions, and snakes. Producers like plants make their own food through photosynthesis. Consumers eat other organisms, and can be herbivores that eat plants or predators that hunt other animals. Prey are the animals or plants that are hunted by predators.
Food chains project
The document defines key terms related to food chains and ecosystems:
1) Biomass refers to dead plant and animal material that can be used as fuel.
2) A food chain describes a series of living things connected by predation, with each organism eating the one below it.
3) Producers are plants that use sunlight to produce their own food.
4) Consumers are herbivores, zooplankton and carnivores that eat other organisms.
5) Herbivores eat only plants, carnivores eat meat, and predators hunt other animals for food.
Food chain.ppt amit and mary
A food chain shows that plants are eaten by herbivores like rabbits, which are then eaten by carnivores like lions. Producers like plants make their own food and are the first link in the food chain, while consumers eat other organisms. Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat meat, predators eat other animals, and prey are eaten by predators. Decomposers break down dead organisms. Humans, eagles and lions are at the top of food pyramids as they are rarely preyed upon by other animals.
Food chain with alice
The document describes various food chains that exist on Earth and a hypothetical food chain on Mars. On Earth, producers like plants undergo photosynthesis at the bottom of the food chain, while consumers like herbivores and carnivores eat other organisms or animals higher up the chain. A food chain in the ocean includes phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, and blue whales. The hypothetical Martian food chain positions Mares bacteria at the bottom, which are eaten by Mares aliens that feed on rocks. These aliens are preyed upon by the apex predator Sky beasts.
Sunni and nish foód¦¬presentaion
Biomass refers to the total mass of living organisms in an ecosystem, excluding water. Producers in a food chain are always plants, which produce their own food through photosynthesis. A food chain represents the predator-prey relationships between species in an ecosystem, with producers like plants being eaten by consumers such as snails, fish and ducks, and with carnivores preying on other animals and serving as predators for their prey.
Unit 2 8 Alcohols And Halogenoalkanes Notes
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts related to alcohols and halogenoalkanes. It discusses:
1. The IUPAC system for naming organic compounds and provides examples of naming alcohols and halogenoalkanes.
2. Details the properties and reactions of alcohols, including combustion, reactions with sodium, oxidation, substitution, and how primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols differ in reactivity.
3. Explains properties and reactions of halogenoalkanes such as hydrolysis, elimination, substitution, and how a test can identify primary, secondary, and tertiary halogenoalkanes.
4.
Unit 2 9 Mechanisms Notes
This document provides an overview of organic reaction mechanisms. It begins by explaining that chemical reactions can be studied in detail by examining how electrons move during the reaction, known as the reaction mechanism. It then discusses different types of organic reactions like addition, elimination, and substitution. The document also categorizes reagents as nucleophiles or electrophiles. It explains how single bonds can break through homolytic or heterolytic fission. Finally, it discusses free radical chemistry and how CFCs catalyze the destruction of stratospheric ozone through a free radical chain reaction.
Solar Elyse And Jeong
The document discusses solar energy, including what it is, how it is harnessed, where it comes from, its advantages and disadvantages, and some of its uses. Solar energy comes from the sun and can be used to generate electricity or heat water. It is harnessed using solar panels that convert sunlight into electrical energy or use it to heat fluids. While a renewable source of energy, solar power has initial costs and requires large land areas for panels, and production of panels can release toxic byproducts if not properly handled.
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- 6. Diffraction If it were not for diffraction, there would be many areas where radio waves would not reach. Waves can still be detected even when they cannot travel in a straight line, from where they are being produced, to where they are to be received. This is because waves can be diffracted.
- 7. Diffraction The size of the gap affects the amount that the waves are diffracted. A large gap produces small diffraction. A small gap produces large diffraction.
- 8. Diffraction The size of the gap affects the amount that the waves are diffracted. Radio waves diffract easily and so they are very suitable for broadcasting. Long wave radio waves have a very long transmission range because they diffract around hills and over the horizon. A large gap produces small diffraction. A small gap produces large diffraction.
- 9. Diffraction of waves Don’t despair if you live behind a big hill! Short wave Long wave
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