Ozone Layer Depletion
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The document discusses ozone layer depletion caused by CFCs and other chemicals. It provides background on the ozone layer's importance for life on Earth and describes how scientists in the 1970s discovered that CFCs were depleting the ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol of 1987 was successful in phasing out CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances to repair the ozone layer by 2050.
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The Hole in the Ozone Layer
The document summarizes the discovery of the hole in the ozone layer. Scientists from the British Antarctic Survey began monitoring ozone in the 1950s and discovered that ozone levels over research stations in Antarctica had been dropping each spring since the mid-1970s. The discoverers of the ozone hole were Joseph Farman, Brian Gardiner, and Jonathan Shanklin. The hole is located primarily over Antarctica because chemical reactions on polar stratospheric clouds deplete ozone in the cold Antarctic stratosphere. The hole poses biological and environmental problems by allowing more damaging UV wavelengths to reach the Earth's surface, which can kill crops and plankton and damage fish and other wildlife.
Ozone
CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals released into the atmosphere break down in the stratosphere and catalyze the loss of ozone. This causes seasonal thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica each spring and summer. The thinned ozone allows increased ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, harming human health, food and forests, wildlife, and accelerating global warming. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have helped phase out the production and use of ozone-depleting substances to reduce damage to the ozone layer.
Ozone layer day
There is really a video which could help u guys if it dosnt work
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QGD-KiqKdE
Ozone depletion
Ozone depletion is primarily caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which were historically used in air conditioners, refrigerators, aerosol sprays, and plastic foams. CFCs undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere that destroy ozone molecules in the stratosphere. This has led to a large ozone hole forming over Antarctica that is enlarging and could take over 50 years to restore. The thinning ozone layer allows more ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing risks of skin cancer, cataracts, and damage to plants and marine life.
Ozone depletion
The document discusses ozone depletion and its causes and effects. It is caused mainly by CFCs released into the atmosphere. Ozone depletion is a serious problem, with a larger and deeper hole observed over Antarctica compared to the Arctic. This leads to increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface, which can harm human health, marine life, and crop production. The Montreal Protocol was implemented in 1987 to reduce CFC substances and has been signed by 189 countries to effectively address the issue at an international level.
Summary of topic 5.7
Tropospheric ozone is formed when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds released from burning fossil fuels react with oxygen in the presence of sunlight. This causes eye and skin irritation and breathing problems in humans. In large cities, ozone levels are lower due to reactions with NO from vehicles forming photochemical smog.
Photochemical smog forms in cities with low wind and stable atmospheric conditions. It is a mixture of ozone, NOx and VOCs produced when these pollutants react in sunlight. Summer smog is worse in sunny areas and winter smog occurs in inversion layers trapping pollution. Smog levels may be higher surrounding city centers where polluted air drifts.
Ozone- A wonder umbrella
This slide deals about ozone layer ,it's importance to mother nature, causes of depletion and its consequences.
Summary of topic 5.6
The document discusses depletion of stratospheric ozone. It notes that an important layer of ozone is located in the stratosphere between 10-15 km above the Earth. This ozone layer absorbs much of the sun's harmful UV rays. However, certain man-made pollutants, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were depleting the ozone layer by catalyzing the breakdown of ozone molecules. The first ozone hole was detected over Antarctica in 1985. Increased UV radiation is linked to health issues in humans, environmental damage, and reduced crop yields. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have led to bans on ozone-depleting substances, but their effects will persist for decades.
Recommended
The Hole in the Ozone Layer
The document summarizes the discovery of the hole in the ozone layer. Scientists from the British Antarctic Survey began monitoring ozone in the 1950s and discovered that ozone levels over research stations in Antarctica had been dropping each spring since the mid-1970s. The discoverers of the ozone hole were Joseph Farman, Brian Gardiner, and Jonathan Shanklin. The hole is located primarily over Antarctica because chemical reactions on polar stratospheric clouds deplete ozone in the cold Antarctic stratosphere. The hole poses biological and environmental problems by allowing more damaging UV wavelengths to reach the Earth's surface, which can kill crops and plankton and damage fish and other wildlife.
Ozone
CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals released into the atmosphere break down in the stratosphere and catalyze the loss of ozone. This causes seasonal thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica each spring and summer. The thinned ozone allows increased ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, harming human health, food and forests, wildlife, and accelerating global warming. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have helped phase out the production and use of ozone-depleting substances to reduce damage to the ozone layer.
Ozone layer day
There is really a video which could help u guys if it dosnt work
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QGD-KiqKdE
Ozone depletion
Ozone depletion is primarily caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which were historically used in air conditioners, refrigerators, aerosol sprays, and plastic foams. CFCs undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere that destroy ozone molecules in the stratosphere. This has led to a large ozone hole forming over Antarctica that is enlarging and could take over 50 years to restore. The thinning ozone layer allows more ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing risks of skin cancer, cataracts, and damage to plants and marine life.
Ozone depletion
The document discusses ozone depletion and its causes and effects. It is caused mainly by CFCs released into the atmosphere. Ozone depletion is a serious problem, with a larger and deeper hole observed over Antarctica compared to the Arctic. This leads to increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface, which can harm human health, marine life, and crop production. The Montreal Protocol was implemented in 1987 to reduce CFC substances and has been signed by 189 countries to effectively address the issue at an international level.
Summary of topic 5.7
Tropospheric ozone is formed when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds released from burning fossil fuels react with oxygen in the presence of sunlight. This causes eye and skin irritation and breathing problems in humans. In large cities, ozone levels are lower due to reactions with NO from vehicles forming photochemical smog.
Photochemical smog forms in cities with low wind and stable atmospheric conditions. It is a mixture of ozone, NOx and VOCs produced when these pollutants react in sunlight. Summer smog is worse in sunny areas and winter smog occurs in inversion layers trapping pollution. Smog levels may be higher surrounding city centers where polluted air drifts.
Ozone- A wonder umbrella
This slide deals about ozone layer ,it's importance to mother nature, causes of depletion and its consequences.
Summary of topic 5.6
The document discusses depletion of stratospheric ozone. It notes that an important layer of ozone is located in the stratosphere between 10-15 km above the Earth. This ozone layer absorbs much of the sun's harmful UV rays. However, certain man-made pollutants, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were depleting the ozone layer by catalyzing the breakdown of ozone molecules. The first ozone hole was detected over Antarctica in 1985. Increased UV radiation is linked to health issues in humans, environmental damage, and reduced crop yields. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have led to bans on ozone-depleting substances, but their effects will persist for decades.
Ozone depletion
The document discusses ozone layer depletion and the formation of holes in the ozone layer over Antarctica. It describes how ultraviolet radiation breaks apart DNA and ozone absorbs UV light. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were found to catalyze the destruction of ozone through a series of reactions. Strong winds isolate air over Antarctica in winter, allowing ice clouds and CFC reactions to deplete ozone and form holes that grow larger each year. International agreements have led to a ban on CFCs to help the ozone layer recover.
OZONE DEPLECTION
This document discusses ozone depletion and its causes and effects. It begins by explaining that ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from UV radiation, while near the surface ozone can be harmful. It then discusses how CFC emissions deplete stratospheric ozone, leading to the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1985. Effects of ozone depletion include increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface, which can harm humans through higher skin cancer risk and suppressed immunity, as well as damage aquatic ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles through reduced primary productivity. International agreements have phased out CFCs, but full ozone layer recovery is not expected until around 2050 due to CFCs' long lifetime in the
Summary of topic 5.8
Acid deposition occurs when sulfur and nitrogen oxides emitted from fossil fuel combustion react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals in the atmosphere to form acids. These acids can be washed out of the atmosphere as acid rain or deposited as dry particles. Acid deposition harms aquatic ecosystems by making lakes and streams acidic, damaging fish populations. It also damages forests by interfering with photosynthesis in trees and causing them to drop leaves prematurely. The areas most affected are those downwind of heavy industrial regions and have geology that cannot neutralize acids like granite. Management strategies to reduce acid deposition include using cleaner fuels, adding pollution controls to power plants, and international agreements to limit cross-border air pollution.
Unit3.2 atmospheric pollution
Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog that was originally caused by coal burning but now results from other pollutants as well. It is a problem in many cities and harms human health, especially for vulnerable groups like children and the elderly. Smog can cause respiratory inflammation and symptoms like coughing and difficulty breathing. Hospital admissions increase when ozone levels are high. A new type of smog called photochemical smog forms from sunlight reacting with pollutants. Temperature inversions can trap smog near the ground. The Montreal Protocol was successful in reducing ozone-depleting substances to protect the ozone layer through international cooperation.
Unti3.2: Ozone
Ozone is a molecule that protects the Earth from UV rays. Certain chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons released into the atmosphere can destroy ozone molecules. These chemicals were heavily used in aerosols until their ban in 1996. One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules. The ozone layer over Antarctica has been particularly impacted, with losses of up to 65% due to chemical reactions. It will take 50 more years for chlorine levels in the atmosphere to return to natural levels.
Air Pollution
This document provides information on various air pollutants including PAN (peroxyacyl nitrate), CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), and MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether). It defines each pollutant, describes their sources and how they are formed, and outlines their effects on both the environment and human health. PAN is an irritant formed through chemical reactions in photochemical smog. CFCs deplete the ozone layer and were formerly used in aerosols and refrigerants. MTBE contaminates groundwater but was added to gasoline as an oxygenate to reduce emissions.
Ozone layer
The ozone layer is a layer in the Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of ozone. It was discovered in 1913 and protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Depletion of the ozone layer is caused by chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons that were used in aerosol sprays and refrigerants until their ban in the late 1970s. Ozone depletion increases UV radiation at the surface of the Earth and can potentially damage skin, eyes, and suppress immune systems.
Ozone
The document discusses the ozone layer, UV rays, and depletion of the ozone layer. It provides the following key points:
- The ozone layer is a thin layer of ozone particles located 10-50 km above the Earth's surface in the stratosphere. It absorbs harmful UV-B rays from the sun.
- UV-B rays can pass through gaps in the ozone layer and cause skin cancer and other health issues if not absorbed.
- The largest contributor to ozone layer depletion is chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted through industrial processes and aerosol sprays, which account for 80% of depletion.
- A large hole has formed
Greenhouse gases and global warming by MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IEEM 14
The document discusses ozone depletion and its causes and health effects. It explains that ozone, comprised of 3 oxygen molecules (O3), is found in the stratosphere and absorbs harmful UV radiation. Pollution containing CFCs and other compounds deplete the ozone layer by releasing chlorine and bromine when broken down by UV light, which then break down over 100,000 ozone molecules. As the ozone layer thins, more UV radiation reaches the Earth's surface, increasing health risks like skin cancer.
Air pollution and smog
This document discusses air pollution and smog. It defines smog as a type of air pollution that is a mixture of air pollutants like nitrogen oxides that combine with sunlight to form ground-level ozone. Smog forms due to emissions from vehicles, industry, and fossil fuel burning. It can cause health issues and is worsened by temperature inversions that trap pollutants. Groups most at risk include children, outdoor workers, and those with respiratory diseases. Detection methods include visible haze and air quality index measurements.
8. ozone and environment
This document discusses ozone and its importance for the environment. It notes that ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from UV radiation, but ozone-depleting substances have damaged the ozone layer. The document outlines various ozone-depleting substances and their effects like skin cancer and eye damage. It specifically discusses the Antarctic ozone hole, actions taken to address ozone depletion, and individual actions people can take to help protect the ozone layer and reduce smog formation, such as proper disposal of refrigerants, sun protection, driving less, and conserving energy.
Photochemical formation of smog
PHOTOCHEMICAL FORMATION OF SMOG
Photochemical Reactions in Atmosphere
What is Smog ?
Formation of Photochemical smog
Probable Mechanism for Smog formation
Smog
Smog is a form of air pollution that occurs when emissions from burning fossil fuels like coal and oil react with sunlight and moisture. There are two main types of smog: industrial smog, caused by burning coal leading to dark brown air and sulfuric acid; and photochemical smog, caused by sunlight reacting with vehicle emissions in cities to form eye-irritating pollutants. Smog reduces visibility and causes breathing problems for people.
Ozone depletion
The document discusses the history of ozone depletion, including the discovery of the ozone layer's protective function and the role of CFCs in damaging it. It describes how scientists in the 1970s hypothesized that CFCs could deplete stratospheric ozone, leading some countries to ban non-essential CFC uses in the late 1970s. The 1987 Montreal Protocol established an international agreement to phase out CFCs, though challenges remain regarding other ozone-depleting substances like methyl bromide. Coordinated global action and the development of alternatives have slowed ozone depletion, but full recovery is not expected until around 2050.
Greenhouse effect global worming
Ozone layer depletion occurs when ozone-depleting substances like CFCs break down ozone molecules in the stratosphere. This allows more ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing health and environmental risks. The ozone hole was first detected in 1975 and grew substantially in size through the 1980s and 1990s before stabilizing due to the Montreal Protocol banning CFCs. Global warming occurs when greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the lower atmosphere, increasing average surface and lower atmospheric temperatures globally over long periods of time. Both phenomena pose risks but international agreements have led to reductions in their drivers.
Ozone depletion
The document discusses ozone depletion in the stratosphere. It notes that a thin layer of ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation. The concentration of ozone is highest at mid-latitudes in the stratosphere. The document then explains that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the atmosphere can travel to the stratosphere and destroy ozone molecules. It highlights that annual ozone depletion over Antarctica reaches up to 70% due to chemical reactions on polar stratospheric clouds that release chlorine. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo increased mid-latitude ozone depletion by injecting sulfur into the stratosphere. International agreements aim to phase out CFC production but developing nations
Ozone depletion
The document discusses ozone layer depletion caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the international response. It explains that CFCs released into the atmosphere rise into the stratosphere and destroy ozone molecules, thinning the ozone layer. This allows more harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing health and environmental risks. In response, the 1987 Montreal Protocol phased out CFC production and led to the ozone layer's gradual recovery, with full restoration expected by 2060-2075. The Montreal Protocol is considered very successful global environmental cooperation.
International ozone day
International Ozone Day is presented to discuss the ozone layer and the threats to it. The ozone layer protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the atmosphere were depleting the ozone layer. This led to the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1985. In response, the Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to phase out the production of ozone-depleting substances and allow the ozone layer to recover by 2050 to 2075.
Social Issues and the Environment Ozone layer depletion, Nuclear accidents an...
The document discusses social issues related to the environment like ozone layer depletion and nuclear accidents. It provides details on ozone layer depletion, including its causes from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone depleting substances, and effects like increased UV radiation. Nuclear accidents are also summarized, with examples provided on the catastrophic Chernobyl disaster and Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings, which caused many deaths and long-term health impacts due to radiation exposure. Solutions to protect the ozone layer and prevent nuclear accidents through reduced emissions and public safety precautions are briefly highlighted.
Ozone & Depletion
The document discusses ozone depletion and the formation of the ozone layer. It provides details on the following:
1) The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere between 10-50km above the ground. It protects the earth from harmful UV radiation.
2) Ozone is formed through a reaction where oxygen molecules are split by UV light into atomic oxygen, which then combines with other oxygen molecules to form ozone.
3) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were widely used but are now known to destroy ozone. CFCs release chlorine atoms that catalyze the breakdown of ozone into oxygen. Depletion is now severe over Antarctica.
4)
Ozone
The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere and protects the Earth from harmful UV rays. Certain chemicals like CFCs released from aerosol sprays and refrigerants were depleting the ozone. This caused a large seasonal "hole" over Antarctica. The Montreal Protocol banned CFCs which has helped the ozone layer start recovering, though full recovery may take until 2050. While the ozone layer decreases UV exposure, its depletion may also impact climate change.
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The document discusses ozone layer depletion and the formation of holes in the ozone layer over Antarctica. It describes how ultraviolet radiation breaks apart DNA and ozone absorbs UV light. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were found to catalyze the destruction of ozone through a series of reactions. Strong winds isolate air over Antarctica in winter, allowing ice clouds and CFC reactions to deplete ozone and form holes that grow larger each year. International agreements have led to a ban on CFCs to help the ozone layer recover.
OZONE DEPLECTION
This document discusses ozone depletion and its causes and effects. It begins by explaining that ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from UV radiation, while near the surface ozone can be harmful. It then discusses how CFC emissions deplete stratospheric ozone, leading to the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1985. Effects of ozone depletion include increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface, which can harm humans through higher skin cancer risk and suppressed immunity, as well as damage aquatic ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles through reduced primary productivity. International agreements have phased out CFCs, but full ozone layer recovery is not expected until around 2050 due to CFCs' long lifetime in the
Summary of topic 5.8
Acid deposition occurs when sulfur and nitrogen oxides emitted from fossil fuel combustion react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals in the atmosphere to form acids. These acids can be washed out of the atmosphere as acid rain or deposited as dry particles. Acid deposition harms aquatic ecosystems by making lakes and streams acidic, damaging fish populations. It also damages forests by interfering with photosynthesis in trees and causing them to drop leaves prematurely. The areas most affected are those downwind of heavy industrial regions and have geology that cannot neutralize acids like granite. Management strategies to reduce acid deposition include using cleaner fuels, adding pollution controls to power plants, and international agreements to limit cross-border air pollution.
Unit3.2 atmospheric pollution
Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog that was originally caused by coal burning but now results from other pollutants as well. It is a problem in many cities and harms human health, especially for vulnerable groups like children and the elderly. Smog can cause respiratory inflammation and symptoms like coughing and difficulty breathing. Hospital admissions increase when ozone levels are high. A new type of smog called photochemical smog forms from sunlight reacting with pollutants. Temperature inversions can trap smog near the ground. The Montreal Protocol was successful in reducing ozone-depleting substances to protect the ozone layer through international cooperation.
Unti3.2: Ozone
Ozone is a molecule that protects the Earth from UV rays. Certain chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons released into the atmosphere can destroy ozone molecules. These chemicals were heavily used in aerosols until their ban in 1996. One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules. The ozone layer over Antarctica has been particularly impacted, with losses of up to 65% due to chemical reactions. It will take 50 more years for chlorine levels in the atmosphere to return to natural levels.
Air Pollution
This document provides information on various air pollutants including PAN (peroxyacyl nitrate), CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), and MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether). It defines each pollutant, describes their sources and how they are formed, and outlines their effects on both the environment and human health. PAN is an irritant formed through chemical reactions in photochemical smog. CFCs deplete the ozone layer and were formerly used in aerosols and refrigerants. MTBE contaminates groundwater but was added to gasoline as an oxygenate to reduce emissions.
Ozone layer
The ozone layer is a layer in the Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of ozone. It was discovered in 1913 and protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Depletion of the ozone layer is caused by chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons that were used in aerosol sprays and refrigerants until their ban in the late 1970s. Ozone depletion increases UV radiation at the surface of the Earth and can potentially damage skin, eyes, and suppress immune systems.
Ozone
The document discusses the ozone layer, UV rays, and depletion of the ozone layer. It provides the following key points:
- The ozone layer is a thin layer of ozone particles located 10-50 km above the Earth's surface in the stratosphere. It absorbs harmful UV-B rays from the sun.
- UV-B rays can pass through gaps in the ozone layer and cause skin cancer and other health issues if not absorbed.
- The largest contributor to ozone layer depletion is chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted through industrial processes and aerosol sprays, which account for 80% of depletion.
- A large hole has formed
Greenhouse gases and global warming by MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IEEM 14
The document discusses ozone depletion and its causes and health effects. It explains that ozone, comprised of 3 oxygen molecules (O3), is found in the stratosphere and absorbs harmful UV radiation. Pollution containing CFCs and other compounds deplete the ozone layer by releasing chlorine and bromine when broken down by UV light, which then break down over 100,000 ozone molecules. As the ozone layer thins, more UV radiation reaches the Earth's surface, increasing health risks like skin cancer.
Air pollution and smog
This document discusses air pollution and smog. It defines smog as a type of air pollution that is a mixture of air pollutants like nitrogen oxides that combine with sunlight to form ground-level ozone. Smog forms due to emissions from vehicles, industry, and fossil fuel burning. It can cause health issues and is worsened by temperature inversions that trap pollutants. Groups most at risk include children, outdoor workers, and those with respiratory diseases. Detection methods include visible haze and air quality index measurements.
8. ozone and environment
This document discusses ozone and its importance for the environment. It notes that ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from UV radiation, but ozone-depleting substances have damaged the ozone layer. The document outlines various ozone-depleting substances and their effects like skin cancer and eye damage. It specifically discusses the Antarctic ozone hole, actions taken to address ozone depletion, and individual actions people can take to help protect the ozone layer and reduce smog formation, such as proper disposal of refrigerants, sun protection, driving less, and conserving energy.
Photochemical formation of smog
PHOTOCHEMICAL FORMATION OF SMOG
Photochemical Reactions in Atmosphere
What is Smog ?
Formation of Photochemical smog
Probable Mechanism for Smog formation
Smog
Smog is a form of air pollution that occurs when emissions from burning fossil fuels like coal and oil react with sunlight and moisture. There are two main types of smog: industrial smog, caused by burning coal leading to dark brown air and sulfuric acid; and photochemical smog, caused by sunlight reacting with vehicle emissions in cities to form eye-irritating pollutants. Smog reduces visibility and causes breathing problems for people.
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The document discusses the history of ozone depletion, including the discovery of the ozone layer's protective function and the role of CFCs in damaging it. It describes how scientists in the 1970s hypothesized that CFCs could deplete stratospheric ozone, leading some countries to ban non-essential CFC uses in the late 1970s. The 1987 Montreal Protocol established an international agreement to phase out CFCs, though challenges remain regarding other ozone-depleting substances like methyl bromide. Coordinated global action and the development of alternatives have slowed ozone depletion, but full recovery is not expected until around 2050.
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Ozone layer depletion occurs when ozone-depleting substances like CFCs break down ozone molecules in the stratosphere. This allows more ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing health and environmental risks. The ozone hole was first detected in 1975 and grew substantially in size through the 1980s and 1990s before stabilizing due to the Montreal Protocol banning CFCs. Global warming occurs when greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the lower atmosphere, increasing average surface and lower atmospheric temperatures globally over long periods of time. Both phenomena pose risks but international agreements have led to reductions in their drivers.
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The document discusses ozone depletion in the stratosphere. It notes that a thin layer of ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation. The concentration of ozone is highest at mid-latitudes in the stratosphere. The document then explains that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the atmosphere can travel to the stratosphere and destroy ozone molecules. It highlights that annual ozone depletion over Antarctica reaches up to 70% due to chemical reactions on polar stratospheric clouds that release chlorine. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo increased mid-latitude ozone depletion by injecting sulfur into the stratosphere. International agreements aim to phase out CFC production but developing nations
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International ozone day
International Ozone Day is presented to discuss the ozone layer and the threats to it. The ozone layer protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the atmosphere were depleting the ozone layer. This led to the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1985. In response, the Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to phase out the production of ozone-depleting substances and allow the ozone layer to recover by 2050 to 2075.
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The document discusses social issues related to the environment like ozone layer depletion and nuclear accidents. It provides details on ozone layer depletion, including its causes from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone depleting substances, and effects like increased UV radiation. Nuclear accidents are also summarized, with examples provided on the catastrophic Chernobyl disaster and Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings, which caused many deaths and long-term health impacts due to radiation exposure. Solutions to protect the ozone layer and prevent nuclear accidents through reduced emissions and public safety precautions are briefly highlighted.
Ozone & Depletion
The document discusses ozone depletion and the formation of the ozone layer. It provides details on the following:
1) The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere between 10-50km above the ground. It protects the earth from harmful UV radiation.
2) Ozone is formed through a reaction where oxygen molecules are split by UV light into atomic oxygen, which then combines with other oxygen molecules to form ozone.
3) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were widely used but are now known to destroy ozone. CFCs release chlorine atoms that catalyze the breakdown of ozone into oxygen. Depletion is now severe over Antarctica.
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The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere and protects the Earth from harmful UV rays. Certain chemicals like CFCs released from aerosol sprays and refrigerants were depleting the ozone. This caused a large seasonal "hole" over Antarctica. The Montreal Protocol banned CFCs which has helped the ozone layer start recovering, though full recovery may take until 2050. While the ozone layer decreases UV exposure, its depletion may also impact climate change.
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1) Greenhouse gases like CO2 are increasing global temperatures by trapping heat in the atmosphere. CO2 levels have risen 25% in the last 100 years and are predicted to continue rising.
2) Ozone-depleting chemicals like CFCs released gases that destroy the stratospheric ozone layer. This thinning of the ozone layer allows more ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface.
3) Various human activities are major contributors to increased greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, including burning fossil fuels and industrial/agricultural processes. If emissions continue rising, global warming could increase temperatures significantly by 2100.
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Presentation for project work!
Presentation credits:
Mr. Shivam Saha
Dr. Tathagata Deb
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Atmosphere as a Resource
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Major Classes of Air Pollutants
Sources of Outdoor Air Pollutants
Urban Air Pollution(Photochemical Smog)
Effects of Air Pollution
Ozone Depletion
Acid Deposition
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3) The Montreal Protocol, an international agreement to phase out ozone-depleting substances, and signs that the ozone layer is slowly recovering due to reduced CFC emissions.
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- 2. Ozone Layer Facts... Ozone Layer Depletion • Lower stratosphere (above troposphere) • Allows life to exist on Earth • Serves as UV filter: 95% of harmful rays • Without it: increased risk of cataracts, sunburn, skin cancer
- 3. A Closer Look at the causes of depletion Depletion Caused By: • CFC’s, Halons, Bromine • CFC’s: Tom Midgely, GM chemist • Uses: refrigerants, propellants, cleaners, fumigants, blowing agents for Styrofoam • Inactive, easy to make, $28 billion industry: duPont lead producer at the time
- 4. How was the damage discovered? • Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina in the 1970’s • Investigated years of atmospheric data rejected by computers • Shocked scientific community & the public • Powerful lobby against them
- 5. Some Atmospheric Formation of Ozone Chemistry... O2 + UV light ‐> 2 O O + O2 + M ‐> O3 + M (where M indicates conservation of energy and momentum) Anthropogenic Destruction of Ozone by CFC’s Cl + O3 ‐> ClO + O2 ClO + O ‐> Cl + O2
- 6. Polar Vortex and The Cause of Antarctic Hole • 1984 Satellite data: 40-50% of Antarctic ozone lost during spring and summer. • Polar vortex. Dark, frigid winter months: strong winds create swirling masses of air in stratosphere. • Winds create suspended microscopic ice crystals that serve as templates for CFC’s to catalyze breakdown of ozone. Polar Vortex • Similar, but less dramatic in Arctic.
- 7. Montreal Protocol of 1987 • Identified CFC’s for elimination first • Less harmful HCFC’s and HFC’s later • Bromine, Halons, Fumigants • Multinational Fund • Significant repair of ozone layer: 2050
- 8. The Larger Questions... • Why was the Montreal Protocol so successful? • Why has the Kyoto Protocol been less successful? • Where is the line dividing economic prosperity and the environment?
Editor's Notes
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