6. Advantages of DMP:
a) milder reaction conditions
b) avoids use of toxic Chromium reagents
c) does not require excess of co-oxidants
d) high chemo selectivity & yield
e) reaction proceeds at R.T.
DMP
7. IBX
IUPAC: 2-iodoxybenzoic acid
Oxidation: Primary alcohol to
aldehyde and secondary alcohol
to ketone
Characteristics: mild oxidant,
non-toxic, poor solubility in
organic solvents except DMSO
G.R.
11. DMSO – dimethyl sulfoxide
• Non-metal based oxidizing
reagent
• Also used as a solvent
• Mech. of activated DMSO
with an electrophile
• Base deprotonates the
alcohol
• Oxidation reactions
involving DMSO:
a) Swern
b) Corey-Kim
c) Pfitzner-Moffatt
E+ : SOCl2, Cl2, NCS, (COCl)2, Ac2O
Nu- : ROH, PhOH, PhNh2, R2C=N-OH
12. Swern oxidation
Reagents: Oxalyl chloride + DMSO + Triethylamine (base) +
dichloromethane (solvent)
Oxidation: Primary alcohol to aldehyde and secondary alcohol to ketone
Convenient method for the production of DMS-chlorine intermediate
without using dimethyl sulphide and chlorine
G.R. (occurs at -78oC)
14. Examples:
For cyclic compounds
Oxidation occurs in the presence of disulphide, sulphur does not get oxidized
Alipatic long chain can be oxidized
16. Corey – Kim Oxidation
Reagents: Dimethyl sulphide + NCS + Triethylamine (base)
Here DMS is activated with N-chlorosuccinimide
Conversion: Primary alcohol to aldehyde and secondary alcohol
to ketone
Advantage over Swern oxidation: can be carried out at - 25oC
(Swern occurs at -78oC)
Limitations: has issues with selectivity in substrates susceptible
to chlorination by NCS
G.R.
17. Oxidation
mechanism:
• Exception: In this mechanism, reactive oxidative species is not generated (which
occurs by rxn of DMSO with E+ )
• Without base: Chlorides are easily formed.
20. Oxidation
mechanism:
• It is critical that the conjugate base of the acid is basic enough to effect the last step of the reaction
Dicyclohexyl carbodiimide
DMSO intermediate
dicyclohexyl urea
aldehyde
23. Oppenauer Oxidation
Reagents: Aluminium isopropoxide + Acetone
Oxidation: Secondary alcohol to ketone in the presence of
acetone as they are oxidized much faster than primary
alcohols
• Acetone acts as a hydrogen acceptor
• Excess of acetone drives the reaction in forward direction
• Reaction generally done in benzene/acetone mixtures
G.R.