The document discusses the evolution of inequality in human societies from early foraging bands to more complex civilizations. It describes how foraging bands like the !Kung San used "reverse dominance hierarchies" to suppress any individual who tried to dominate the group and promote egalitarianism. As populations and food surpluses increased, it became difficult for bands to maintain egalitarian control, leading to the rise of social stratification, elites, and hierarchical chiefdoms and states that concentrated power over key resources.
Veganism in Intersectionality and the Science of Social Change by Svetlana Co...NickPendergrast
Audio of talk here: https://archive.org/details/SvetlanaC
For more information about this talk, see the link above.
Talk given at the Animal Activists Forum 2017 in Melbourne: http://www.activistsforum.com/
Veganism in Intersectionality and the Science of Social Change by Svetlana Co...NickPendergrast
Audio of talk here: https://archive.org/details/SvetlanaC
For more information about this talk, see the link above.
Talk given at the Animal Activists Forum 2017 in Melbourne: http://www.activistsforum.com/
The rule of reciprocity compels us to help those who have helped us.This is generally exploited by marketers and can be put to use in our daily life for societal benefit,
How Culture Constructs Gender DifferenceBiological models PazSilviapm
How Culture Constructs Gender Difference
Biological models assume that biological sex determines gender,
That biological differences lead to behavior differences, which lead to social arrangements.
By this account, social inequalities are encoded into our physiological composition.
That biological anomalies alone account for variation.
Biological researchers always assumed that gender difference implied gender inequality because western notions of difference do usually lead to and justify inequality.
However, some anthropologists argue that biological models projected their western values onto other cultures.
That these models ignore the role of colonialism and the roles of women in establishing gender differences in traditional cultures.
Anthropological evidence offers a world of amazing diversity of the cultural constructions of gender.
Yet some themes remain constant:
Virtually all societies manifest some amount of difference between men and women.
Virtually all cultures exhibit some form of male domination, despite variations in gender definitions.
Variations in Gender Definitions
Anthropologists have found far more variability in the definitions of masculinity and femininity than any biologist would have predicted.
Men possessed of similar levels of testosterone, with similar brain structure and lateralization, seem to exhibit dramatically different levels of aggression, violence, and, especially, violence toward women.
Women with similar brains, hormones, and evolutionary imperatives have widely different experiences of passivity, PMS, and spatial coordination.
Margaret Meade’s Work
Meade examined three very different cultures in New Guinea.
In the Arapesh culture, all members were passive, gentle, and emotionally warm.
Males and females were equally happy, trustful, and confident.
Men and women shared child rearing, both were “maternal” and both discouraged aggression in boys and girls.
Both men and women were thought to be relatively equally sexual.
In the Mundugamor culture (a tribe of head hunters and cannibals), citizens viewed men and women as similar but expected persons of both sexes to be violent and aggressive.
Women showed little “maternal instinct,” detested pregnancy and nursing and could hardly wait to return to the serious business of work.
There was violent rivalry between fathers and sons.
All people feared that they were being wronged by others.
In the Tchambuli culture (as in the US) men and women were seen as very different.
It was a patrilineal culture and polygyny was accepted.
One sex was comprised primarily of nurturing and gossipy consumers who spent their days dressing up and going shopping.
These were the men
The women were dominant, energetic, economic providers.
They fished (activity on which the entire culture depended).
They had real positions of power in the society.
Completely unadorned, they were business- like, controlled all commerce and diplomacy of the culture, and were the initiators of ...
This presentation postulates that violence and conflict are no more natural to human beings and their society than compassion and cooperation, and that their apparent ‘naturalness’ is because they are part of a cultural construct that is prevalent in today’s world. It proposes that this view of humanity came to be put forward as part of the myth developed to justify the European conquest and colonization of the rest of the world. It analyzes its modern–day reproduction as a hegemonic imaginary, who stands to gain and lose from it, how it is propagated, and whether or not one could speak of a conspiracy.
A New Ecological Civilization based on The Economics of KindnessGuy Dauncey
300 years ago, the Enlightenment generated an inspiring vision of scientific, technological and economic progress. What was once global ‘progress’, however, has become a climate, ecological, economic and pandemic emergency.
We need new inspiration. When we emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic we can’t afford to go back to business-as-usual. We need to build ourselves a new ecological civilization in which we live, work and play in harmony with Nature, with respect for all beings, in an economy based on the economics of kindness.
GenderAs Edmund Leach observed, one of the things that mar.docxbudbarber38650
Gender
As Edmund Leach observed, one of the things that marriage does is “Give either or both
spouses rights to the labor of the other.” This is necessary because the gendered division of labor
is one of the basic aspects of all societies. That is, a society in which males and females do
exactly the same things is unknown. Marriage creates a household that encompasses both male
and female tasks, theoretically creating a unit in which everything that needs to be done can be
done, regardless of who does it (which varies by culture).
Male and female, and other genders are subject to the same kinds of hierarchical
distinctions, advantages, and disabilities as classes, castes, ethnic groups, and social races.
Anthropologists approach gender as being culturally constructed, as well as biologically
determined. A person’s sex is determined by chromosomes, hormones and physical
characteristics. Gender, in contrast, is culturally defined and constructed, so that the rights,
duties and responsibilities associated with biological sex vary from group to group. Each culture
has its ‘gender scripts’ which define what it means to be male and female and how men and
women should interact in a variety of social settings. These scripts are learned through
enculturation and are legitimized and sanctioned through gender-related ideologies contained in
creation myths, and by rituals that validate gender role authority and dominance.
Gender Ideologies
In many cultures, males believe that they are spiritually superior to women and that
females are dangerous, weak, and untrustworthy. The male knowledge embraces secret male
initiation rites, male residence in a separate men’s house, from which women are excluded. Any
woman who admits to knowing the secrets of the cult is threatened with rape or death.
In contrast, in west African cultures, women are often portrayed as creative agents; their
mythological charters describe women as progenitors of the people and agents for the fertility of
the soil. Moreover, female deities are often found in societies where women are valued as food
producers – where women are actively engaged in producing crops and are farmers in their own
right. However, there is no ethnographically known case of matriarchy, a society in which
women are dominant.
The myth of matriarchy invariably highlights women’s failure as rulers — because
women did not know how to handle power — and reaffirms the inferiority of their present
position. In the case of the Mundurucu of Brazil, the myth describes the reversal of the social
order, when women controlled the sacred instruments. The women, however, did not know how
to protect the trumpets, and because of their incompetence, men took control of the instruments
and became the dominant sex.
The relativity of gender Hierarchies
How much of the male claim to spiritual superiority do women believe in societies where
it is professed? One must be skeptical that an.
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