Exchange and Economics in Culture Ch7
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This document provides an overview of economic systems and concepts discussed in Chapter 7 of an economics textbook. It defines key terms like economic behavior, productive resources, households, firms, and different systems of exchange including reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange. It also summarizes the work of anthropologist Marcel Mauss on the social obligations created by gift-giving and discusses gift economies in small-scale societies.
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The Economy
An economy is a system of production, distribution and consumption of resources. It
includes subsistence practices, labor practices, notions of property, and systems of exchange.
Economics is the study of such systems. Modern economists tend to focus on modern
nations and capitalist systems, while anthropologists has broadened understanding of economic
systems by gathering data on nonindustrial systems. Economic anthropology studies economic
systems in a comparative perspective and it questions many of the notions that academic
economists take for granted, such as the universality of the profit motive and the universality of
private property.
Societies within each of the adaptive strategies that we discussed last time tend to have
similar modes of production, so some anthropologists talk about a foraging mode of production,
a horticultural mode of production, etc. The modes of subsistence that we discussed in the last
lecture are the ways in which people adapt to their environments in a very direct way. Feeding
yourself and your family is a big concern. Subsistence production, however, is only part of the
overall system by which people obtain the things they need.
Economizing and Maximization
Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main principles:
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2. What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume?
Here the focus is not on systems of behavior but on the motives of the individuals who
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In the capitalist mode of production money buys labor and there is a social gap between
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Land
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3. Scarcity means resources are insufficient to meet all wants, so choices must be made. This involves trade-offs and considering opportunity costs of alternatives.
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Economics studies how individuals and societies make choices about scarce resources. It can be divided into microeconomics, which examines individual agents and markets, and macroeconomics, which looks at an economy as a whole. Traditionally, economics was divided into consumption, production, exchange, and distribution. Consumption refers to using goods to satisfy wants, production creates utilities by transforming inputs, exchange transfers goods between parties, and distribution shares wealth among producers. The subject matter of economics involves wants, efforts to satisfy wants through production, and the resulting satisfaction from consumption given scarce resources.
Consumer behaviour and culture
Culture is the ‘prism’ through which people view products and try to make sense of their own and other people’s consumer behaviour.
Chapter 13 I the LORD Love Justice
The document discusses different types of justice according to Catholic social teaching, including commutative justice concerning relationships between individuals, legal justice concerning individuals' obedience to laws, and distributive justice concerning society's distribution of wealth. It also discusses concepts like solidarity, preferential option for the poor, and proportional equality in how people are rewarded for their work.
1 economics intro
The document discusses various topics in economics including:
1) Definitions of economics from different economists such as Robbins, Marshall, and Keynes who see it as the study of scarce resources and human decision making.
2) Microeconomics focuses on individual units like households while macroeconomics studies aggregates like total output and employment.
3) Opportunity cost is the cost of the next best alternative forgone in making a choice. Production possibility curves illustrate opportunity costs and tradeoffs between goods.
4) The Indian economy has a per capita income around $620 compared to $41,400 in the US, with poverty rates and external debt ratios varying significantly across countries.
Economics intro
The document discusses various topics in economics including:
1) Definitions of economics from different economists such as Robbins, Marshall, and Keynes who see it as the study of scarce resources and human decision making.
2) Microeconomics focuses on individual units like households while macroeconomics studies aggregates like total output and employment.
3) Other concepts discussed include opportunity cost, production possibility curve, comparative advantage, and short/long run frameworks.
manisha.pptx
Economics deals with balancing unlimited wants with limited resources. It involves production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The basic concepts of economics, including the definition and scope, will be examined. Economics means managing limited family resources to meet unlimited family wants. It involves studying how societies allocate scarce resources between competing needs. Economics can be viewed as both a science and an art that helps solve practical problems. It considers both what happens economically and what should happen. The subject matter of economics includes consumption, production, exchange, and distribution.
Agricultural Economics.pptx
This document defines economics from the perspectives of several economists and discusses key economic concepts. Alfred Marshal defined economics as the study of mankind in ordinary life. Adam Smith saw it as about creating wealth. John Stuart Mill viewed it as how people produce and distribute goods. Lionel Robbins defined it as studying human behavior relating ends and scarce means. Agricultural economics deals with how societies use scarce resources to produce food. It examines areas like natural resource management, agricultural policy, and food prices. Agricultural economists conduct research and analyze data to inform business decisions around agriculture.
What is society
Society is defined as a group of people involved in persistent social interaction, sharing the same territory and political authority. The document discusses the evolution of different types of societies from hunting and gathering to agricultural to industrial to postindustrial. It also examines kinship systems and how they define relationships through descent and marriage. Key kinship patterns discussed include Iroquois, Crow, Omaha, Eskimo, Hawaiian and Sudanese. The document also addresses social stratification, norms, roles, status and descent groups within societies.
Chapter 2 PowerPoint
The document summarizes key aspects of different economic systems and goals. It discusses three main types of economic systems - traditional economies, command economies, and market economies - providing examples of each. It then outlines seven major economic goals shared by most Americans: economic freedom, economic efficiency, economic equity, economic security, full employment, price stability, and economic growth. The document analyzes each of these goals in one to two paragraphs.
Economics
The document discusses the definitions and concepts of economics. It begins by exploring the Greek origins of the word "economics" and its meaning of "household management." It then examines three classic definitions: [1] Adam Smith's wealth definition which views economics as the science of wealth, [2] Alfred Marshall's welfare definition which focuses on material well-being, and [3] Lionel Robbins' scarcity definition which emphasizes human behavior under scarcity. The document also briefly outlines microeconomics, macroeconomics, demand and determinants of demand, and exceptions to the law of demand.
Economics
The document provides definitions and explanations of key economic concepts:
1. It defines economics according to several economists including Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Lionel Robbins, and Paul Samuelson. Their definitions center around the study of wealth, individuals, scarcity, and resource allocation.
2. The main economic problems are identified as the allocation of scarce resources, economic efficiency, full employment, and economic growth. Resources must be allocated between uses, inefficiencies addressed, and growth sustained.
3. The main economic systems - traditional, command, market, and mixed - are explained in terms of their characteristics and advantages/disadvantages. Command economies have strong government control while market economies operate freely. Mixed systems combine
Anthem Essay Examples.pdf
Anthem Essay Outline (300 Words) - PHDessay.com. Anthem Essay Option 2 | PDF | Ayn Rand | Egalitarianism. Top Anthem Essay Contest ~ Thatsnotus. Example of completed Anthem web quest essay. Exploring Individualism in Ayn Rand's "Anthem" Free Essay Example. Anthem Paragraph/Essay. 1-Anthem Analysis Essay Options & Outline. Fantastic Anthem Essay ~ Thatsnotus. ⇉Essay About National Anthem Essay Example | GraduateWay. The Cop and the Anthem Analysis Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. ⇉National Anthem Analysis Essay Example | GraduateWay. Symbolism In the book Anthem by Ayn Rand Essay Example | Topics and .... The Story of Philippine National Anthem Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Analysis of Anthem For Doomed Youth - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Anthem For Doomed Youth Essay - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. anthem essay outline | United States Government | Planned Parenthood. Anthem Essay Help. Anthem by Ayn Rand: an essay assignment by Anna K | TpT. Anthem Essay rough draft 2 - Juan S Lpez English Feb 20 2012 Anthem .... Example Essay Answer Anthem For Doomed Youth | Teaching Resources. Anthem Annotations | Thought | Languages. Anthem's Music: An Essay Analysis - YouTube. Anthem analysis essays - writerkesey.x.fc2.com. ️ Anthem winning essay. Bi Lospiritfest Scholarship. 2019-01-08. Anthem Guide to Essay Writing. Anthem essay contest winners - unemploymentbenefits.web.fc2.com. Anthem Essay - Site Title. 10 most common mistakes made in the Anthem essay.
Chapter 2
The document discusses different types of economic systems including traditional, command, and market economies. Traditional economies are exemplified by indigenous groups like the Inuit who share resources based on custom. Command economies centralized major economic decisions in the government as seen in North Korea and Cuba, while market economies like the US allow private individuals and businesses to make decisions.
A tale of two curves
This document outlines a talk about natural limits to economic growth. It introduces key concepts like exponential growth curves and logistic growth curves. It then provides a whistle-stop tour of economic history from hunter-gatherers to modern consumerism. It notes that past civilizations collapsed due to environmental degradation. The current situation involves ecological crisis, energy issues, agricultural problems, and climate change. Our civilization is complex and not immune to collapse. The document considers what can be done, like adopting a powerdown approach globally and transitioning to more sustainable local economies.
Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics
This document provides an overview of the fundamentals of agricultural economics, including definitions and divisions of economics. It discusses economics as both a science and an art, and provides definitions from Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Lionel Robbins, and John Maynard Keynes. The traditional approach to economics is divided into four parts: consumption, production, exchange, and distribution. Positive economics describes what is, while normative economics evaluates with moral judgments. The document serves as an introductory lecture on key concepts in agricultural economics.
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More from James Mullooly PhD
Ethnographic opportunity analysis sp16 part1(mullooly)
The document discusses the concept of inductive reasoning and its application to innovation and business. It defines inductive reasoning as drawing conclusions or hypotheses based on observations, rather than deducing or testing hypotheses. The document argues that inductive reasoning is important for entrepreneurs and innovators to discover new opportunities by observing user behaviors and needs, rather than making assumptions. Examples are provided of companies like Procter & Gamble and Gillette gaining insights through observation that led to innovative new products and business models catering to unmet user needs.
Ethnographic opportunity analysis fl15 part 1(mullooly)
Apply inductive analysis to commercial gain! Or to just doing solid research for the betterment of your product/process.
Getting stuffdone(mullooly)5 1-15
productivity, GTD, slides I made for a talk I gave on how I have used many of the top productivity gurus' advice in my life.
Ethnographic opportunity analysis sp15
The document discusses ethnographic observation and opportunity analysis. It provides guidance on conducting fieldwork to identify opportunities for innovation. Students are assigned to observe an existing service or product, document their observations, and suggest improvements based on their analysis. Examples of prior student projects are provided, and conducting observation without preconceptions is emphasized as key to finding unmet needs or opportunities.
Ethographic opportuntiy analysis sp13final
This document discusses ethnographic opportunity analysis for innovation. It provides context on innovation from thinkers like Einstein and Schumpeter. Schumpeter defined 5 types of business innovation: new goods/services, new production methods, new markets, new resources, and new organization types. The document advocates an inductive, observational approach called "analytic induction" to identify opportunities by closely observing how people actually use existing products and services, rather than relying on hypotheses. Students are assigned to conduct field observations and provide a one page report suggesting an innovation identified from closely describing a routine task. The goal is to understand user experiences in depth to find ways to improve or add value.
Ethographic opportuntiyanalysis2012(mullooly & delcore)
This document discusses ethnographic opportunity analysis and user-driven innovation. It provides an overview of Joseph Schumpeter's five types of innovation in business and examples. It emphasizes that ethnographic research is an inductive process that involves observing existing behaviors and uses to find opportunities for improvement, rather than starting with hypotheses. The document outlines an assignment for students to conduct observations of routine tasks/products/services, analyze their notes to identify innovation opportunities, and submit a one page pitch suggesting a potential improvement.
Ethnographic opportunity analysis 2012 (mullooly & delcore))
This document discusses ethnographic opportunity analysis and user-driven innovation. It provides an overview of innovation types according to Schumpeter and examples. It advocates an inductive, ethnographic approach to understanding user needs and identifying opportunities to improve products and services. The document concludes by outlining an assignment for students to conduct field observations and analysis to identify opportunities for innovation.
The development of science
Science is a relatively new field that is around 400 years old, with its application to human thought being around 150 years old. The empirical tradition in science began in the 4th century BC with philosophers like Aristotle. In the 15th century, the needs of European adventurers and technologies like the compass motivated the development of systematic observations. The printing press was also invented in this century, increasing literacy. Galileo in the 16th century developed the practice of experimentation and empirical procedures, while Descartes used rationalism. Isaac Newton combined empirical observation and deduction to develop the scientific method and hypothetico-deductive model in the 17th century, establishing modern science. John Locke suggested applying Newton's approach to studying human behavior, but
Ethographic opportunity analysis 2011(delcore&mullooly)
In brief, here are the Steps:
–1. Find a routine, taken-for-granted task/service/product,
–2. “Hang out” and “thickly describe” it in a notebook,
–3. In a one page pitch, suggest some sort of innovation that will add value.
Culture theory review of theories
Kluckhohn argued that culture allows humans to organize and understand the world in different ways. Each culture has its own "design for living" that seems normal within that culture but may seem strange or "queer" to outsiders. He gave the example of a white teacher who misunderstood why her Navajo students were upset about a dance, because she did not understand their cultural precepts and norms. Kluckhohn's concept of "queer customs" illustrates the principle of cultural relativism, which states that cultural practices cannot be fully understood outside of their cultural context.
Taking notes
The document discusses several key aspects of collecting and analyzing qualitative data through fieldnotes in ethnographic research. It addresses what fieldnotes are, how they are written in the field on a daily basis from an emic or actor-oriented perspective to develop an in-depth understanding of social phenomena. It also examines the paradox of participant observation, strategies for writing fieldnotes, their descriptive and analytic nature, and the power of inscribing observations.
Culture theory review of theories
Kluckhohn argued that culture allows humans to organize and understand the world in different ways. Each culture has its own "design for living" that seems normal within that culture but may seem strange or "queer" to outsiders. He gave the example of a white teacher who misunderstood why her Navajo students were upset about a dance, because she did not understand their cultural precepts and norms. Kluckhohn's concept of "queer customs" illustrates the principle of cultural relativism, which states that cultural practices cannot be fully understood outside of their cultural context.
Flip flotsam
The document discusses the concept of bricolage from several perspectives. Bricolage refers to do-it-yourself construction or creation from a diverse range of available materials. A bricoleur is someone who collects various materials and information and combines them in creative, resourceful ways not originally intended. In cultural studies, bricolage describes how people acquire objects from different social groups to form new cultural identities, such as how subcultures like punk imbued everyday items with subversive new meanings.
Pick a theory
This document discusses the importance for researchers to be aware of their own theoretical biases when conducting ethnographic research on human subjects. Researchers are advised to identify whether their approach leans more towards looking at social structures or functions, or relying more on deduction or induction, so they can compensate for that bias. Ethnographic research involves real people, so researchers must be conscious of any biases in their approach to ensure ethical treatment of subjects.
Geertz
1. The document discusses Clifford Geertz's concept of "thick description" in anthropological analysis of culture. Geertz borrowed the term from philosopher Gilbert Ryle to describe developing an interpretation of a culture by examining both its symbols and patterns of behavior.
2. Thick description aims to develop an understanding of "what the natives think they are up to" in their cultural practices. It involves interpreting cultural phenomena like a wink, which has a different meaning depending on the context.
3. Geertz argues that culture cannot be studied separately from behaviors, and that anthropologists must analyze both the whole cultural context and specific parts, like laws, to develop a thick description that can interpret cultural symbols and meanings.
Method & Observation
This document provides guidance for an observation assignment. Students are asked to do a 15 minute observation using guides from Angrosino Chapter 4 or Bailey Chapter 6, exercise 2. They are reminded to take jotted notes rather than complete sentences to best remember the observation. The instructor will be out of town next week.
Flip Flotsam & Bricolodge
The document discusses the concept of bricolage, which refers to creative problem-solving using materials that are available rather than purpose-built. It is defined as do-it-yourself construction by trial and error rather than engineering. A bricoleur is someone who collects various resources and repurposes them in innovative ways. In cultural studies, bricolage describes how subcultures take objects from the dominant culture and imbue them with new, often subversive meanings to create alternative cultural identities.
Observation Activity
This document provides instructions for a qualitative observation assignment worth 20% of students' grades. Students must conduct a 15-minute observation and take detailed notes, either by hand or typed. They should expand their notes to 3-5 pages double spaced. The observation can focus on examples of spaces, actors, activities, objects, acts, events, time, goals, or feelings. Students are reminded to take objective observational notes of what they see rather than inserting summaries or interpretations. The goal is to practice the technique of observation without focusing on what the observations may mean.
Eating Xmas In The Kalahari
1) Anthropologist Richard Lee attempted to give an ox as a Christmas gift to the !Kung tribe in southwest Africa, but the tribe insulted and criticized the gift, saying the ox was too thin and old.
2) When the ox was slaughtered, Lee discovered it was actually fat, and the insults were a joke to humble and cool Lee's heart as part of their cultural traditions.
3) Lee learned the !Kung tradition was to belittle gifts to show humility and prevent pride, and that for the !Kung, no gifts are ever fully selfless or generous due to elements of calculation and personal gain.
Ethnographic Opportunity Analysis (Oct.5,2009)
The document discusses innovation in business and ethnographic opportunity analysis. It outlines Joseph Schumpeter's five types of innovation in business: introducing new goods or improving existing ones, new production methods, opening new markets, new sources of raw materials, and new types of business organization. It then discusses how to conduct ethnographic opportunity analysis through inductive observation of existing products/services to identify opportunities to improve the customer experience. Researchers are tasked with observing a routine task or service, thickly describing it, and suggesting an innovation that adds value in a one page pitch.
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Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.JavaLand 2024: Application Development Green Masterplan
My presentation slides I used at JavaLand 2024
June Patch Tuesday
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
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- 22. Fig. 7-2, p.193
- 24. Fig. 7-1, p.190 Generalized Reciprocity: Whaling
- 34. Quick Quiz
- 42. Marcel Mauss (May 10,1872-1950)
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- 54. Exchange broadly conceived Gift Theft Money Trade Kinship Exchange
- 55. Gift as gift or as Burden?
- 57. fin
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