1. Chapter 1

2. Environment (Natural)
The environment is the aggregate of all those things and
set of conditions which directly or indirectly influence not
only the development or growth and quality of life of
individual organisms but also the communities at a
particular place.
Environment includes 4 (four) factors:
1. Climatic factors
2. Edaphic factors
3. Physiographic factors
4. Biotic factors

3. 1. Climatic factor
Climate is traditionally defined as the variability of relevant
atmospheric variables such as temperature, precipitation
and wind. Climate can thus be viewed as an aggregate of
weather.
There are the following factors present in any climate
significantly:
ii. Light
ii. Temperature
iii. Precipitation
iv. Humidity
v. Air and atmosphere

4. i. Light
Sun provides us with solar energy which could
never come to an end. Solar energy can be used to
generate electricity, for heating, for running
machines by generating power and for other
domestic purposes.
As sunlight will never run out of stock one should
use it as an alternative for non-renewable
resources like coal and petroleum

5. i. Light
Light is an electromagnetic radiation that can be
detected by the human eye.
A beam of light is pictured as a shower of
particles called “Photons”.
Each photon carries a certain amount of energy
called “Quantum.”

6. The solar radiations which
penetrate earth’s
atmosphere consist of a
band of visible light and a
small proportion of UV
and Infrared radiations.
 White light is the combination of 7
colored light.

7. ii. Temperature
The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or
environment.
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in
a sample of matter, expressed in terms of units or degrees
designated on a standard scale.
The degree of heat in the body of a living organism,
usually about 37.0°C (98.6°F) in humans

8. Effect of Temperature on the
Environment:
There are two effects of temperature are found in the
environment:
1. Temperature has effect on growth and development
of the species.
2. Temperature has effect on the distribution pattern of
species in different places.

9. Effect of Temperature on the
Environment
For example, Himalayan rabbits carry the C gene, which is
required for the development of pigments in the fur, skin,
and eyes, and whose expression is regulated by
temperature (Sturtevant, 1913). Specifically, the C gene is
inactive above 35°C, and it is maximally active from 15°C to
25°C.

10. Effect of Temperature on the
Environment
It determines which species (eg. plants and animals) can
survive in a particular region.
Examples:
The different species of plants and animals show a wide
variation as regards their tolerance to temperature range
and fluctuation:

11. Effect of Temperature on the
Environment
A desert is a landscape that receives very little
precipitation and high temperature. This special
temperature help to grow some special species in this
region: Cactus, Palm tree, Camel etc.

12. Effect of Temperature on the
Environment
A polar ice cap or polar ice sheet, is a high- altitude
region that covered in ice. It is resulting by the lower
surface temperatures.
Polar bears are superbly insulated by up to 10 cm
(3.9 in) of blubber to tolerate this low temperature.

13. iii) Precipitation
Precipitation is any product of the condensation
of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity on the
earth. The main forms of precipitation include : rain, sleet,
snow, and hail.

14. iii) Precipitation: formation
The quantity of water retained in the atmosphere is called
the vapor and is needed for precipitation. Formation of
vapor is depend on temperature and wind.
Vapor increases in the atmosphere if the temperature rises
and pressure decrease. Vapor production continued up to
saturation point of the atmosphere. (At certain
temperature and pressure, the maximum water-laden air
is called saturated atmosphere).
At saturation point if the temperature is lowered the water
holding capacity of atmosphere is reduced which causes
the condensation of water vapor in the form of rain drop,
dew, frost, sleet, snow, etc. This is the formation process
of precipitation.

16. Importance of precipitation
Rain is one of the source of water to the
water bodies.
Rainfall is important for soil moisture and
soil moisture is important for agriculture,
soil organisms, soil reaction etc. Finally it is
essential for all living beings including
plants and microorganism of this planet.
Another name of water is life.
The total rainfall, especially the distribution
of rainfall throughout the year is one of the
leading features of climate.

17. iv. Humidity
Water vapor present in air is called humidity.
According to Penck (an ecologist ) world climate
has classified based on the evaporation and
precipitation ratio of a place:
1. Arid: it is characterized by the condition in which
evaporation is greater than precipitation. Most
"arid" climates surround the equator; these places
include most of Africa and parts of South
America, Central America and Australia.

18. iv. Humidity
2. Arid-humid: When evaporation is more or less equal to
precipitation. West Africa, India, parts of Maxico, small
parts of Pakistan, south Africa , Asia, North America etc.
3. Humid: When evaporation is lesser than precipitation.
Humid climates normally lies on the southeast side of
all continents, generally between latitudes 25° and 40°
north and tend to be located at coastal or near coastal
locations.

19. v. Atmosphere and Air
A thick gaseous envelope surrounding the earth is
called atmosphere. Atmosphere is divided into five
different layers or zones:
Troposphere: 10-20km
Stratosphere: 20-50km (this includes
Ozonosphere)
Mesosphere: 50-100km
Ionosphere: 100-200km (this includes
Thermosphere)
Exosphere: 200- above

20. v. Atmosphere and Air
Air is a mixture of different gases. It is an
inexhaustible natural resource, essential for the
survival of all the living organisms on earth.
Air present in atmosphere contain:
Nitrogen
79%
Oxygen
20.94%
Carbon dioxide 0.032%
Other gases
0.028%

21. Importance of Atmosphere and Air
Atmosphere filters sunlight reaching the earth, it affects
climate and serves as a reservoir of elements essential for
life (eg. oxygen, nitrogen, CO2 etc.)
Air is also important elements of the environment.
Scientific studies have indicated that a normal human
being requires about 250-265 kg air/day.
Air is also necessary to grow crops, support animal life and
is a medium for the sound waves to travel.
Wind is a source of renewable energy.

22. B. Edaphic Factors
The soil is one of the most important ecological factors
called edaphic factors. Soil is the portion of the earth
surface consisting of disintegrated rock and decaying
organic material. It provides the support for many plants
and animals.
This factors affect the vegetation are as follows:
Soil moisture
Soil reactions
Soil nutrients
Soil temperature
Soil atmosphere and
Biotic components of the soil.

23. B. Edaphic Factors:Soil formation and its
composition
Soil is formed from the weathering of
rock: overlong periods of time,
thousand and millions of year, the
rock at or near the surface of the
earth are broken down by various
physical, chemical and some
biological process. The end product
of this breaking down is the fine
particle of soil.

24. B. Edaphic Factors:Soil formation and its
composition
Inorganic material derived from
parent (material)rocks.
Organic material derived from dead
and decayed materials.
Biological system; such as bacteria,
fungi, algae, protozoa and other soil
animals such as nematodes,
earthworms, etc.
The air and water occupying in the
pores

25. C. Physiographic Factors
Physiographic factors are those
which are introduced by the
structure, conformity and
behavior of the earth’s surface, by
topographic features such as
elevation and slopes, silting and
erosion, low land or high land.
The outer structure of the earth
surface is called physiographic
factors.

26. D. Biotic Factors
All living being of the world is called biotic factors. The
biotic factors include both plants and animals and the
vegetation. Any activity of the living organism which may
cause marked effects upon vegetation in any way is
referred to as biotic effect.

27. ISO14001

28. Environment Management (EM)
EM is an attempt to control human impact on and
interaction with the environment in order to preserve
natural resources.
Environmental management focuses on the
improvement of human welfare for present and future
generations.
Administrative functions that develop, implement
and monitor the environmental policy of an
organization.

29. Environment Management
System (EMS)
An administrative framework for the systematic,
structured and documented approach to the
management of environmental affairs.
This can be standerised by the ISO 14001.

30. ISO 14001
ISO stands for the International Standardization
Organization, located in Geneva, Switzerland.
ISO promotes the development and
implementation of voluntary international
standards, both for particular products and for
environmental management issues.

31. ISO 14001: Objectives
ISO has developed standards that help organizations
to take a proactive approach to managing
environmental issues.
2. ISO is helping to meet the challenge of climate
change.
3. ISO develops normative documents to facilitate the
fusion of business and environmental goals.
4. ISO offers a wide-ranging portfolio of standards for
sampling and test methods to deal with specific
environmental challenges.
1.

32. Principle methodology of ISO 14001
implementation
The ISO 14000 family is designed to be implemented
according to the same Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA)
cycle underlying all ISO management systems
standards.

33. Principle methodology of ISO 14001
implementation: Plan
Planning for ISO-14001 should cover four areas:
1. Environmental Aspects-Capture
the
significant impacts.
2. Legal and Other Requirements-Ensure basic
compliance to all national and local laws.
3. Objectives and Targets- Should be consistent with
the Environmental Policy.
4. Management Program- Structured
plan for achieving set Objectives.

34. Principle methodology of ISO 14001
implementation: Do (implement)
Everyone understands the role they have to play.
Careful Document Control.
Defined Operational Control: What procedures and
work instructions are needed to make sure that
environmental aspects are managed?
How can we prevent environmental impacts?

35. Principle methodology of ISO 14001
implementation: Check
Checking and Corrective action.

36. Principle methodology of ISO 14001
implementation: Check
Top Management review for improvement.

38. Practical example

39. Environmental sustainability