This document discusses key components of the environment including biotic factors like plants and animals, abiotic factors like air, water, and soil. It explains the relationships between these components through food chains and cycles. It also covers environmental issues like pollution, climate change, and the greenhouse effect. Maintaining a balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide is important for the planet. The document emphasizes protecting the environment to ensure sustainability of life.

2. •Introduction Sociocultural
•Biotic components environment
•Abiotic components Pollution
•Food chain Green house effect
•Relationship between
components of environment
•Balance between O2 and CO2

3. We already know that the earth is the only planet
where life is found.Plants and animals exist on the
earth because it has all the favorable conditions
required for the survival of life on it.There are two
types of objects in our surroundings. Plants and
animals including human beings form the living
components. These are also called biotic components.
Air, water, soil, light etc. are non-living and are also
called abiotic components.
Both biotic and abiotic components together constitute
the natural environment.

4. Living organisms i.e.. All plants and animals including man
form the biotic environment.To understand them better,we
will classify them in different categories:-

5. You know that plants like other organisms need food.
All green plants have the coloring matter called
chlorophyll.The chlorophyll ,which is present in the
leaves ,absorbs the sunlight for energy.This energy is
used to prepare food. The process of preparing food
by the plants is called photosynthesis. The following
equation can explain the process.
Co2 + Water chlorophyll food + oxygen
sunlight

6. Animals cannot prepare their own food .They have to
depend on plants for their food.As such they are called
consumers or heterotrophs.All the animals feed on
green plants either directly or indirectly.Animals like
cattle or goat directly eat plants.They are called
primary consumers or herbivores.Animals like tiger
or lion feed on these herbivores.Such consumers
which feed on plants indirectly are called secondary
consumers or carnivores.

7. Organisms which derive food from dead and decaying
plants and animals are called decomposers.They break
down the dead and decaying plants and animals into
minerals that get mixed with the soil.These minerals
are again taken up by the plants from the soil.This
process is called recycling of minerals. Fungi and
bacteria are the organisms which help in
decomposition.They are called micro-organisms.

9. Light Air
Temperature Soil
Water

11. It is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object or a
place.It is measured by a device called the
thermometer.This hotness varies from place to
place.It affects various activities of living organisms.It
is the most important factor that determines the
distribution of plants and animals on the earth.Each
organism has its own tolerance range for the
temperature.Like cows can tolerate the hot weather
better than buffaloes.This because buffaloes are black
in colour and don't have efficient sweat glands.So they
feel hotter and try to cool themselves by remaining in

12. On the other hand,camels can tolerate the extreme heat
of the deserts.They have an arrangement of increasing
their body temperature and hence can keep themselves
cool which helps them to reduce the loss of water
from their bodies.Polar bears and penguins are found
in cold regions only, whereas tigers and elephants are
found in warm regions.In summers, animals like frogs,
snakes, lizards become more active at night to avoid
heat of the day as they can’t tolerate extreme
temperature. During winters, they become inactive for
the period of extreme cold temperatures.This is called
winter sleep or hibernation.

13. Water is essential for the survival and growth of all
living organisms.It is one of the factors that influence
the distribution of organisms on the earth.Water is
necessary for irrigation of crops.Some plants and
animals can survive only in water.These plants have a
waxy coating on their leaves which helps them to
prevent decay.Similarly aquatic animals like fish
whales etc. can survive only in water.Water is also
called ‘universal solvent’ as it can dissolve most of the
soluble substances.

15. Air currents are called winds. These strong air currents
, i.e.., high speed winds have advantages as well as
disadvantages like they help in pollination that is
necessary for reproduction of plants whereas strong
winds uproot trees , break branches and spread fires.
In the absence of wind, smoke containing the
pollutants, is not dispersed in the atmosphere and
forms a thick layer in the atmosphere at a low level,
especially in winters. This cause eye irritation,
headache etc.

16. Soil is a another important abiotic factor of our
environment.Soil provide water and other minerals to
the plants which are important for their growth.It also
provides home to organisms that live in soil.The
composition of soil may vary in its ratio, depending
upon the area, but it always contains gravel , sand ,
clay ,water ,air and humus.Gravel forms the lower
most layer, whereas humus forms the upper layer of
the soil.

17. The process of one organisms eating other and
getting eaten by another organism is called food
chain.In food chain, energy and materials are
transferred from one stage to another.In this
transfer, there is a loss of energy at every step.
Hence shorter food chain is better for getting
maximum energy, ie., being vegetarian/herbivore
means getting more energy than a non-vegetarian/
carnivores.

19. Producers primary secondary tertiary
consumers consumers consumers
consumers
Green plants herbivores carnivores top carnivores
(small) (big)
Examples Examples Examples Examples
Grass Deer Lion
Grass Grasshopper Frog Snake
Aquatic Small Large Bird
plants fish fish

20. Dead plants
And animals
Animal
Droppings
Decomposers
Animals (Microbes)
Green
plants Minerals
Soil

21. Balance maintained between O2 & CO2
co 2
Respiration photosynthesis
O2

22. Acid rain, a form of air pollution in which airborne
acid produced by electric utility plants and other
sources fall to earth is distant regions.The corrosive
nature of acid rain causes widespread damage to the
environment.The problem begins with the
production of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
from the burning of fossil fuels ,such as coal, natural
gas, and oil and from certain kinds of
manufacturing.

23. Man has the ability to change the natural environment
According to his needs.For example , man has cut
down trees to create space for agriculture houses,
factories etc. This modified natural environment or
man-made environment is called sociocultural
environment.

24. Types of pollutions :-
Air pollution
Water pollution
Land pollution
Noise pollution

25. Air pollution occurs when wastes dirty the
air.Artificially created wastes are the main source
of air pollution.Such waste result chiefly from the
burning of fuels to power motor vehicles and to
heat buildings.They also come from industrial
processes and the burning of solid waste.Natural
pollutants include dust ,pollen and solid
particles.Air pollution also harms plants ,fabrics
,building materials and the economy.

26. Water pollution is one of the most serious
environmental problem.It occurs when water is
contaminated by substances such as human and other
animal wastes ,toxic chemicals ,metal and
oils.Pollution can effect rain ,rivers ,lakes ,oceans and
the water beneath the surface of earth called ground
water which feeds springs and wells.Polluted water
may look clean or dirty ,but it all contain germs
chemicals , or other material that can cause
inconvenience ,illness or death.

29. Global warming is an increase in the average
temperature of the earth’s surface. Scientists
disagree about the cause and potential impact of
warming trend. They argue that natural processes,
such as increase in the energy given out by the sun,
could have caused global warming. But the greater
weight of evidence suggests that an unusual
climate change has occurred and that human
activities are partly responsible for it.

30. The impact of continued
global warming
Global warming affects many aspects of the
environment, including sea levels, coastlines,
agriculture, forestry and wildlife. Continued global
warming could have a beneficial impact in some areas
and a harmful impacts on others. Many experts
estimate that ,due to human activities ,the average of
surface temperature will rise between 1.5 degree and
4.5 degree Celsius.

31. Effects to prevent global
warming
Because global warming might do much harm, many
scientists recommend a reduction in a emission of
green house gases.The least controversial way to
reduce such emission would be to gain efficiency to
decrease the use of energy.For example,
manufacturers would adopt more efficient motors
,light bulbs ,and other devices.Many policy analysts
recommend that government consider a tax on
emissions of green house.

32. Green house effect is warming the lower
atmosphere and surface of a planet by a complex
process involving sunlight ,and particles in the
atmosphere.On the earth ,the green house effect
began long before human beings existed.
However ,recent human activities may have
added to effect.The amount of heat-trapping
atmospheric gases called greenhouse gases,
have greatly increased

33. Our mother earth is protected from excess heat
of the sun by protective ozone layer.

34. We have to prevent environment
to save life and our Mother
earth .