Other Noncoding DNA Species-Pseudogenes.pptx
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Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. There are two classes of pseudogenes: Class I pseudogenes arise from gene duplication and are often located near the functional gene, while Class II pseudogenes originate from mRNA that was reverse transcribed into DNA and inserted elsewhere in the genome by retrotransposition. Analysis of the human genome has identified approximately 2,900 pseudogene regions and found that sequences giving rise to pseudogenes tend to have short transcripts and be involved in nuclear regulation and translation.
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Transposons
Transposons are pieces of DNA that can move within genomes. They were first discovered by Barbara McClintock in the 1950s moving within corn genomes. Transposons encode transposase enzymes that facilitate their movement by cutting and pasting the transposon into new locations. They have been found in bacteria, archaea, plants and animals. Transposons can carry additional genes that provide benefits to their host like antibiotic resistance and thus facilitate horizontal gene transfer. Their movement contributes to genome evolution and diversity.
Transposons2.pptx
transposon, class of genetic elements that can “jump” to different locations within a genome. Although these elements are frequently called “jumping genes,” they are always maintained in an integrated site in the genome. In addition, most transposons eventually become inactive and no longer move.1
type of genes - jumping genes
Transposable elements, also called jumping genes, are DNA sequences that can move within a genome. They are found in all organisms and make up a large percentage of some genomes, such as 45% of the human genome. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in maize in 1948. There are two main types - retrotransposons that move via an RNA intermediate and DNA transposons that move directly as DNA. Transposition can occur through replicative or non-replicative mechanisms. Transposons can have mutagenic effects but also have applications in genetic engineering and gene discovery.
Transposons(jumping genes)
Transposons are segments of DNA that can move, or "jump", from one location in the genome to another. They were first discovered by Barbara McClintock in her studies of maize. Transposons make up over 50% of the human genome. There are two classes - Class I retrotransposons move via an RNA intermediate, while Class II transposons move directly from DNA to DNA. Transposition occurs through a "cut and paste" mechanism where the transposon is excised from one location and inserted into a new random site in the genome. While transposons can disrupt gene function, recent evidence suggests they may also help organisms adapt to environmental stress.
EPIGENETIC.pptx
Gene silencing is a technique that reduces or eliminates the production of a protein from its corresponding gene through mechanisms other than genetic modification. There are two main types of gene silencing - transcriptional and post-transcriptional. Post-transcriptional gene silencing includes RNA interference (RNAi), which involves introducing double-stranded RNA that binds to mRNA and prevents replication, effectively silencing gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. RNAi is a powerful tool for gene function analysis and applications in biotechnology and agriculture.
trnspsns-170820132104.pdf
Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s while studying maize. Transposons are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. There are two classes - Class 1 retrotransposons copy themselves via an RNA intermediate while Class 2 DNA transposons cut and paste themselves directly. Transposons make up a large percentage of many genomes and can cause mutations but also contribute to genome evolution and diversity.
Transposons in bacteria
Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s while studying maize. Transposons are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. There are two classes - Class 1 retrotransposons copy and paste RNA into DNA, while Class 2 DNA transposons cut and paste DNA segments. Transposons make up a large portion of many genomes and can cause mutations, but may also create genetic diversity that benefits hosts over time. McClintock received the Nobel Prize for discovering transposons and proposing they play a regulatory role in gene expression.
Bacterial Transposons
Bacterial transposons are mobile segments of DNA that can move within bacterial genomes. There are two main types: insertion sequences, which consist only of the DNA required for transposition; and composite transposons, which contain additional genes like antibiotic resistance genes flanked by insertion sequences. Transposons can move within genomes through replicative or conservative transposition and have played an important role in bacterial evolution and antibiotic resistance.
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Transposons
Transposons are pieces of DNA that can move within genomes. They were first discovered by Barbara McClintock in the 1950s moving within corn genomes. Transposons encode transposase enzymes that facilitate their movement by cutting and pasting the transposon into new locations. They have been found in bacteria, archaea, plants and animals. Transposons can carry additional genes that provide benefits to their host like antibiotic resistance and thus facilitate horizontal gene transfer. Their movement contributes to genome evolution and diversity.
Transposons2.pptx
transposon, class of genetic elements that can “jump” to different locations within a genome. Although these elements are frequently called “jumping genes,” they are always maintained in an integrated site in the genome. In addition, most transposons eventually become inactive and no longer move.1
type of genes - jumping genes
Transposable elements, also called jumping genes, are DNA sequences that can move within a genome. They are found in all organisms and make up a large percentage of some genomes, such as 45% of the human genome. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in maize in 1948. There are two main types - retrotransposons that move via an RNA intermediate and DNA transposons that move directly as DNA. Transposition can occur through replicative or non-replicative mechanisms. Transposons can have mutagenic effects but also have applications in genetic engineering and gene discovery.
Transposons(jumping genes)
Transposons are segments of DNA that can move, or "jump", from one location in the genome to another. They were first discovered by Barbara McClintock in her studies of maize. Transposons make up over 50% of the human genome. There are two classes - Class I retrotransposons move via an RNA intermediate, while Class II transposons move directly from DNA to DNA. Transposition occurs through a "cut and paste" mechanism where the transposon is excised from one location and inserted into a new random site in the genome. While transposons can disrupt gene function, recent evidence suggests they may also help organisms adapt to environmental stress.
EPIGENETIC.pptx
Gene silencing is a technique that reduces or eliminates the production of a protein from its corresponding gene through mechanisms other than genetic modification. There are two main types of gene silencing - transcriptional and post-transcriptional. Post-transcriptional gene silencing includes RNA interference (RNAi), which involves introducing double-stranded RNA that binds to mRNA and prevents replication, effectively silencing gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. RNAi is a powerful tool for gene function analysis and applications in biotechnology and agriculture.
trnspsns-170820132104.pdf
Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s while studying maize. Transposons are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. There are two classes - Class 1 retrotransposons copy themselves via an RNA intermediate while Class 2 DNA transposons cut and paste themselves directly. Transposons make up a large percentage of many genomes and can cause mutations but also contribute to genome evolution and diversity.
Transposons in bacteria
Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s while studying maize. Transposons are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. There are two classes - Class 1 retrotransposons copy and paste RNA into DNA, while Class 2 DNA transposons cut and paste DNA segments. Transposons make up a large portion of many genomes and can cause mutations, but may also create genetic diversity that benefits hosts over time. McClintock received the Nobel Prize for discovering transposons and proposing they play a regulatory role in gene expression.
Bacterial Transposons
Bacterial transposons are mobile segments of DNA that can move within bacterial genomes. There are two main types: insertion sequences, which consist only of the DNA required for transposition; and composite transposons, which contain additional genes like antibiotic resistance genes flanked by insertion sequences. Transposons can move within genomes through replicative or conservative transposition and have played an important role in bacterial evolution and antibiotic resistance.
Transposones
This document discusses transposons, which are DNA segments that can move within a genome. Transposons carry genes and can generate DNA rearrangements that impact cell survival and evolution. They encode transposase proteins that catalyze the transposition process. There are different types of transposons based on their mechanism of movement, including cut-and-paste transposons, replicative transposons, and retrotransposons. Examples like Tn3 and bacteriophage Mu are provided. Transposons can cause mutations and have played a significant role in genome alteration and evolution over time.
STRUCTURE OF TRANSPOSONS.docx
DNA transposons, also called jumping genes, can move to different locations within a genome. They move through a DNA intermediate rather than an RNA intermediate like retrotransposons. There are two main classes of DNA transposons - autonomous, which can move on their own, and non-autonomous, which require a transposase enzyme from another element to move. DNA transposons move around the genome via three main mechanisms: cut-and-paste transposition, rolling circle transposition (Helitrons), or self-synthesis (Polintons).
Pavithra RDNA Technology
Gene silencing is a technique that aims to reduce or eliminate the production of a protein from its corresponding gene. There are two main types of gene silencing: transcriptional gene silencing which occurs at the transcriptional level through histone modifications or DNA methylation, and post-transcriptional gene silencing which occurs after transcription through RNA interference (RNAi) or microRNA (miRNA) pathways. Gene silencing has many applications including cancer treatment, biotechnology, and studying gene function.
Gene silensing
Gene silencing is a process where the expression of a gene is reduced or turned off. It occurs through transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms. At the transcriptional level, gene expression is modified directly. At the post-transcriptional level, double stranded RNA suppresses gene expression by binding to mRNA and preventing protein production. There are three main gene silencing mechanisms - antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, and RNA interference. RNAi has become the most widely used mechanism due to its effectiveness and specificity. Gene silencing has many applications including developing treatments for diseases like cancer, HIV, and respiratory illnesses. It is also used to modify crop traits and study unknown gene functions.
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What are the genetic differences between a processed pseudogene and .pdf
What are the genetic differences between a processed pseudogene and a mutated pseudogene and
how do their typical locations relative to their functional paralogous genes differ?
Solution
Pseudogenes are the genes that have lost some part or entire of its original ability, of their real
gene relative and thus they have a altered or no gene expression activity. Most commonly,
pseudogenes are formed as a result of accumulation of multiple mutations in a single gene,
whose gene product is not essential for survival. Pseudogenes may not be fully functional and
may perform regulatory functions. Thus a pseudogene has its association with a functional gene,
and both of them share a common ancestor.
Processed pseudogenes are the result of retrotransposition, i.e, a part of the mRNA or hnRNA
transcript from a gene spontaneously reverses back (transcribed again) into DNA and gets
inserted into chromosomal DNA.Thus they are processed once and then reverses back to result in
a pseudogene. As a result, random copies of genes are produced in vitro. When such
pseudogenes are inserted into the genome, they usually contain a poly-A tail,they are without
introns (introns are spliced out) and also lack the upstream promoters. Thus after transposition
event, they become non-functional pseudogenes. Such pseudogenes are randomly inserted into
the genome.
On the other hand, mutated pseudogenes arise after multiple mutation events which prevent a
gene from normal transcription and make them less functional or non-functional; like gene
duplication event caused by homologous recombination (repititive sequences on misaligned
chromosomes become non-functional) or one allele of gene having deleterious mutation resulting
in loss of function, non-sense mutations, unequal cross overs and sister chromatid exchanges etc.
In such pseudogenes, the location of genes remain same as their functional paralogous genes..
Gene silencing
Gene silencing is a technique that reduces or eliminates protein production from a gene. It occurs through RNA interference, where small interfering RNAs are processed by an enzyme called Dicer and loaded into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that targets complementary mRNAs for degradation. There are two main types of gene silencing - transcriptional which alters DNA accessibility, and post-transcriptional via RNAi technologies. RNAi has therapeutic applications for cancer, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders by knocking down target genes. The first approved RNAi drug, Patisiran, treats hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis.
Non – coding dna presentation
1. Non-coding DNA makes up the majority of DNA in eukaryotic organisms but does not encode for proteins. It was once referred to as "junk DNA" but is now known to have important functions.
2. There are several types of non-coding DNA, including regulatory elements, introns, pseudogenes, repeats, transposons, telomeres, and various non-coding RNAs.
3. While the amount of non-coding DNA varies between species, it plays roles in chromosome structure, gene expression regulation, and protecting the genome from degradation.
Central dogma
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. It first defines DNA, genes, and the central dogma. It then explains the key processes involved - DNA replication, transcription, translation, DNA methylation, pseudogenes, and post-transcriptional modification of RNA through 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and alternative splicing. The central dogma provides the framework for how genetic information in DNA is used to direct protein synthesis and expression of genes.
Transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a single gene. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Microbial genetics lectures 7, 8, and 9
This document discusses the relationship between genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of how gene expression in E. coli and Serratia marcescens is dependent on environmental conditions. It also summarizes the key steps in transcription, including initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, and termination. Transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with eukaryotic mRNA undergoing additional processing before translation.
Gene expression & regulation
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ in several key ways. Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and uses a single RNA polymerase to produce polycistronic mRNA, while eukaryotic transcription takes place in the nucleus using three RNA polymerases and produces monocistronic mRNA. Additionally, prokaryotic transcription and translation are coupled, while in eukaryotes they are not coupled and post-transcriptional processing occurs. Overall, both follow similar steps of initiation, elongation, and termination, but differ in their location, involved enzymes, and mRNA processing.
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Knockout mice are laboratory mice that have had a gene inactivated through gene targeting or gene trapping techniques. This is done by manipulating embryonic stem cells to incorporate artificial DNA that disrupts the target gene. Mice generated from these stem cells lack the gene and its protein product. Studying knockout mice helps reveal the normal function of the disrupted gene and can provide insights into human health conditions. Several techniques are used to generate knockout mice, including homologous recombination, microinjection, and retroviral vectors. Knockout mice are a valuable model for studying diseases and evaluating potential therapies.
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Transposable elements - MAYUR SONAGARA
Transposable elements (TEs), also known as "jumping genes" or transposons, are sequences of DNA OR Mobile DNA elements that move (or jump) from one location in the genome to another. They are also known as jumping gene.
Gen lec!
Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Deletions remove chromosomal fragments, duplications double fragments, inversions reverse fragment orientation, and translocations move fragments between non-homologous chromosomes. These structural changes are heritable and can alter hereditary information irreversibly.
Transposable elements
Transposable elements are DNA sequences that can change position within a genome. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in maize and earned a Nobel Prize. There are three main types of transposons: cut-and-paste transposons excise and reinsert DNA; copy-and-paste transposons replicate before insertion; and retrotransposons move via an RNA intermediate. Transposons are found across organisms and can impact genome size and mutation rates.
NON CODING DNA.pptx
NON CODING DNA (INTRONS)
ALSO CALLED JUNK DNA.
Non-coding DNA corresponds to the portions of an organism's genome that do not code for amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Some non-coding DNA sequences are known to serve functional roles, such as in the regulation of gene expression, while other areas of non-coding DNA have no known function.Non-coding DNA is a type of DNA that does not code for proteins, but it could have functions related to the regulation of gene expression. The percentage of non-coding DNA content varies between species, but it's approximately 98% in humans.
A significant portion of DNA was though to have no important biological function, and thus it was given the nickname "junk" DNA. A research study named "ENCODE," however, has revealed that around 80% of human junk DNA does seem to have relevant biochemical functions, due to its access to proteins such as transcription factors.
Non-coding DNA can also code for RNA molecules such as microRNA (which is used to blocked translation), ribosomal RNA (which are used to build ribosomes), and transfer RNA (which is used in the process of translation. DNA that has previously been shown to have no biological function are still deemed important due to their high degree of homology and their conservation during evolution. Furthermore, some of the functions of non-coding DNA are yet to be fully understood.
Non-Coding Regions of DNA
Non-coding regions of DNA are defined as regions that do not directly contribute to protein synthesis. Non-coding regions can fall into the form of introns within genes, satellite DNA, telomeres, and regulatory sequences such as promoters.
Non-coding DNA is a type of DNA that does not code for proteins, but it could have functions related to the regulation of gene expression. The percentage of non-coding DNA content varies between species, but it's approximately 98% in humans.
A significant portion of DNA was though to have no important biological function, and thus it was given the nickname "junk" DNA. A research study named "ENCODE," however, has revealed that around 80% of human junk DNA does seem to have relevant biochemical functions, due to its access to proteins such as transcription factors.
Non-coding DNA can also code for RNA molecules such as microRNA (which is used to blocked translation), ribosomal RNA (which are used to build ribosomes), and transfer RNA (which is used in the process of translation. DNA that has previously been shown to have no biological function are still deemed important due to their high degree of homology and their conservation during evolution. Furthermore, some of the functions of non-coding DNA are yet to be fully understood.
Microbial genetics notes
1. Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can arise spontaneously during DNA replication or due to damage from mutagens.
2. DNA repair enzymes work to minimize mutations by correcting errors during replication or reacting to damaged DNA.
3. If a mismatch introduced during replication is not repaired, it will become a permanent mutation when that region is replicated again.
transposons.ppt
Transposable elements are segments of DNA that can change their position within the genome. They are divided into two classes based on their mechanism of movement. Class 1 elements encode reverse transcriptase and form DNA copies from RNA transcripts. Class 2 elements encode proteins that directly move the DNA. Transposable elements in prokaryotes include insertion sequences (IS elements) and transposons, while eukaryotes also contain retrotransposons similar to retroviruses. Transposition can disrupt genes or regulatory sequences and cause mutations. McClintock's work with maize introduced the concept of mobile genetic elements controlling gene expression.
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In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
More Related Content
Similar to Other Noncoding DNA Species-Pseudogenes.pptx
Transposones
This document discusses transposons, which are DNA segments that can move within a genome. Transposons carry genes and can generate DNA rearrangements that impact cell survival and evolution. They encode transposase proteins that catalyze the transposition process. There are different types of transposons based on their mechanism of movement, including cut-and-paste transposons, replicative transposons, and retrotransposons. Examples like Tn3 and bacteriophage Mu are provided. Transposons can cause mutations and have played a significant role in genome alteration and evolution over time.
STRUCTURE OF TRANSPOSONS.docx
DNA transposons, also called jumping genes, can move to different locations within a genome. They move through a DNA intermediate rather than an RNA intermediate like retrotransposons. There are two main classes of DNA transposons - autonomous, which can move on their own, and non-autonomous, which require a transposase enzyme from another element to move. DNA transposons move around the genome via three main mechanisms: cut-and-paste transposition, rolling circle transposition (Helitrons), or self-synthesis (Polintons).
Pavithra RDNA Technology
Gene silencing is a technique that aims to reduce or eliminate the production of a protein from its corresponding gene. There are two main types of gene silencing: transcriptional gene silencing which occurs at the transcriptional level through histone modifications or DNA methylation, and post-transcriptional gene silencing which occurs after transcription through RNA interference (RNAi) or microRNA (miRNA) pathways. Gene silencing has many applications including cancer treatment, biotechnology, and studying gene function.
Gene silensing
Gene silencing is a process where the expression of a gene is reduced or turned off. It occurs through transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms. At the transcriptional level, gene expression is modified directly. At the post-transcriptional level, double stranded RNA suppresses gene expression by binding to mRNA and preventing protein production. There are three main gene silencing mechanisms - antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, and RNA interference. RNAi has become the most widely used mechanism due to its effectiveness and specificity. Gene silencing has many applications including developing treatments for diseases like cancer, HIV, and respiratory illnesses. It is also used to modify crop traits and study unknown gene functions.
Gene silencing
Overview of Gene silencing, how it's works. its pros and cons to the future aspects of genetic engineering.
What are the genetic differences between a processed pseudogene and .pdf
What are the genetic differences between a processed pseudogene and a mutated pseudogene and
how do their typical locations relative to their functional paralogous genes differ?
Solution
Pseudogenes are the genes that have lost some part or entire of its original ability, of their real
gene relative and thus they have a altered or no gene expression activity. Most commonly,
pseudogenes are formed as a result of accumulation of multiple mutations in a single gene,
whose gene product is not essential for survival. Pseudogenes may not be fully functional and
may perform regulatory functions. Thus a pseudogene has its association with a functional gene,
and both of them share a common ancestor.
Processed pseudogenes are the result of retrotransposition, i.e, a part of the mRNA or hnRNA
transcript from a gene spontaneously reverses back (transcribed again) into DNA and gets
inserted into chromosomal DNA.Thus they are processed once and then reverses back to result in
a pseudogene. As a result, random copies of genes are produced in vitro. When such
pseudogenes are inserted into the genome, they usually contain a poly-A tail,they are without
introns (introns are spliced out) and also lack the upstream promoters. Thus after transposition
event, they become non-functional pseudogenes. Such pseudogenes are randomly inserted into
the genome.
On the other hand, mutated pseudogenes arise after multiple mutation events which prevent a
gene from normal transcription and make them less functional or non-functional; like gene
duplication event caused by homologous recombination (repititive sequences on misaligned
chromosomes become non-functional) or one allele of gene having deleterious mutation resulting
in loss of function, non-sense mutations, unequal cross overs and sister chromatid exchanges etc.
In such pseudogenes, the location of genes remain same as their functional paralogous genes..
Gene silencing
Gene silencing is a technique that reduces or eliminates protein production from a gene. It occurs through RNA interference, where small interfering RNAs are processed by an enzyme called Dicer and loaded into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that targets complementary mRNAs for degradation. There are two main types of gene silencing - transcriptional which alters DNA accessibility, and post-transcriptional via RNAi technologies. RNAi has therapeutic applications for cancer, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders by knocking down target genes. The first approved RNAi drug, Patisiran, treats hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis.
Non – coding dna presentation
1. Non-coding DNA makes up the majority of DNA in eukaryotic organisms but does not encode for proteins. It was once referred to as "junk DNA" but is now known to have important functions.
2. There are several types of non-coding DNA, including regulatory elements, introns, pseudogenes, repeats, transposons, telomeres, and various non-coding RNAs.
3. While the amount of non-coding DNA varies between species, it plays roles in chromosome structure, gene expression regulation, and protecting the genome from degradation.
Central dogma
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. It first defines DNA, genes, and the central dogma. It then explains the key processes involved - DNA replication, transcription, translation, DNA methylation, pseudogenes, and post-transcriptional modification of RNA through 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and alternative splicing. The central dogma provides the framework for how genetic information in DNA is used to direct protein synthesis and expression of genes.
Transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a single gene. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Microbial genetics lectures 7, 8, and 9
This document discusses the relationship between genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of how gene expression in E. coli and Serratia marcescens is dependent on environmental conditions. It also summarizes the key steps in transcription, including initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, and termination. Transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with eukaryotic mRNA undergoing additional processing before translation.
Gene expression & regulation
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ in several key ways. Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and uses a single RNA polymerase to produce polycistronic mRNA, while eukaryotic transcription takes place in the nucleus using three RNA polymerases and produces monocistronic mRNA. Additionally, prokaryotic transcription and translation are coupled, while in eukaryotes they are not coupled and post-transcriptional processing occurs. Overall, both follow similar steps of initiation, elongation, and termination, but differ in their location, involved enzymes, and mRNA processing.
Knock out mice
Knockout mice are laboratory mice that have had a gene inactivated through gene targeting or gene trapping techniques. This is done by manipulating embryonic stem cells to incorporate artificial DNA that disrupts the target gene. Mice generated from these stem cells lack the gene and its protein product. Studying knockout mice helps reveal the normal function of the disrupted gene and can provide insights into human health conditions. Several techniques are used to generate knockout mice, including homologous recombination, microinjection, and retroviral vectors. Knockout mice are a valuable model for studying diseases and evaluating potential therapies.
FUNCTIONS OF INTRONS.pptx
Poulomi Banerjee's topic discusses the functions of introns. Introns are stretches of DNA within genes that are spliced out of pre-mRNA and do not code for proteins. While originally thought to be "junk DNA", introns serve several important functions. They can contain other functional non-coding RNA genes and harbor regulatory elements. Introns also play roles in gene expression regulation and cellular processes like response to starvation. Further research continues to uncover new functions of introns in genetic processes and human health.
Transposable elements - MAYUR SONAGARA
Transposable elements (TEs), also known as "jumping genes" or transposons, are sequences of DNA OR Mobile DNA elements that move (or jump) from one location in the genome to another. They are also known as jumping gene.
Gen lec!
Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Deletions remove chromosomal fragments, duplications double fragments, inversions reverse fragment orientation, and translocations move fragments between non-homologous chromosomes. These structural changes are heritable and can alter hereditary information irreversibly.
Transposable elements
Transposable elements are DNA sequences that can change position within a genome. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in maize and earned a Nobel Prize. There are three main types of transposons: cut-and-paste transposons excise and reinsert DNA; copy-and-paste transposons replicate before insertion; and retrotransposons move via an RNA intermediate. Transposons are found across organisms and can impact genome size and mutation rates.
NON CODING DNA.pptx
NON CODING DNA (INTRONS)
ALSO CALLED JUNK DNA.
Non-coding DNA corresponds to the portions of an organism's genome that do not code for amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Some non-coding DNA sequences are known to serve functional roles, such as in the regulation of gene expression, while other areas of non-coding DNA have no known function.Non-coding DNA is a type of DNA that does not code for proteins, but it could have functions related to the regulation of gene expression. The percentage of non-coding DNA content varies between species, but it's approximately 98% in humans.
A significant portion of DNA was though to have no important biological function, and thus it was given the nickname "junk" DNA. A research study named "ENCODE," however, has revealed that around 80% of human junk DNA does seem to have relevant biochemical functions, due to its access to proteins such as transcription factors.
Non-coding DNA can also code for RNA molecules such as microRNA (which is used to blocked translation), ribosomal RNA (which are used to build ribosomes), and transfer RNA (which is used in the process of translation. DNA that has previously been shown to have no biological function are still deemed important due to their high degree of homology and their conservation during evolution. Furthermore, some of the functions of non-coding DNA are yet to be fully understood.
Non-Coding Regions of DNA
Non-coding regions of DNA are defined as regions that do not directly contribute to protein synthesis. Non-coding regions can fall into the form of introns within genes, satellite DNA, telomeres, and regulatory sequences such as promoters.
Non-coding DNA is a type of DNA that does not code for proteins, but it could have functions related to the regulation of gene expression. The percentage of non-coding DNA content varies between species, but it's approximately 98% in humans.
A significant portion of DNA was though to have no important biological function, and thus it was given the nickname "junk" DNA. A research study named "ENCODE," however, has revealed that around 80% of human junk DNA does seem to have relevant biochemical functions, due to its access to proteins such as transcription factors.
Non-coding DNA can also code for RNA molecules such as microRNA (which is used to blocked translation), ribosomal RNA (which are used to build ribosomes), and transfer RNA (which is used in the process of translation. DNA that has previously been shown to have no biological function are still deemed important due to their high degree of homology and their conservation during evolution. Furthermore, some of the functions of non-coding DNA are yet to be fully understood.
Microbial genetics notes
1. Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can arise spontaneously during DNA replication or due to damage from mutagens.
2. DNA repair enzymes work to minimize mutations by correcting errors during replication or reacting to damaged DNA.
3. If a mismatch introduced during replication is not repaired, it will become a permanent mutation when that region is replicated again.
transposons.ppt
Transposable elements are segments of DNA that can change their position within the genome. They are divided into two classes based on their mechanism of movement. Class 1 elements encode reverse transcriptase and form DNA copies from RNA transcripts. Class 2 elements encode proteins that directly move the DNA. Transposable elements in prokaryotes include insertion sequences (IS elements) and transposons, while eukaryotes also contain retrotransposons similar to retroviruses. Transposition can disrupt genes or regulatory sequences and cause mutations. McClintock's work with maize introduced the concept of mobile genetic elements controlling gene expression.
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What are the genetic differences between a processed pseudogene and .pdf
What are the genetic differences between a processed pseudogene and .pdf
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Types of Herbal Cosmetics its standardization.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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