The document discusses the management and design considerations for an operation theatre (OT) suite in a hospital. It covers key aspects like location, number of operating rooms, zoning, equipment, lighting, ventilation, safety hazards, emergency equipment and patient protection protocols. The OT suite needs to be carefully planned and designed to minimize infection risks through segregated traffic flow and maintaining different cleanliness zones, from protective to sterile areas.
Planning & day today management of OT services is very complex and needs to be understood by all Hospital administrators for successfully running a hospital.
An operating theater is a facility within a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in an aseptic environment. Historically, the term "operating theatre" referred to a non-sterile, tiered theater or amphitheater in which students and other spectators could watch surgeons perform surgery.
Planning & day today management of OT services is very complex and needs to be understood by all Hospital administrators for successfully running a hospital.
An operating theater is a facility within a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in an aseptic environment. Historically, the term "operating theatre" referred to a non-sterile, tiered theater or amphitheater in which students and other spectators could watch surgeons perform surgery.
ORPs Educational Programme
Admin & Fascinator (Moule #01-Asepsis & Infection Control for the month of February-2013) • Karachi, Pakistan
1.Education for all ORPs
2.Produce Educated ORPs.
3.Teach & Training about all Surgical Technique & Skill
4.Conduct 2 seminars in each month at different Venue
5.Join All ORPs to Apply registration through
* sms * E-Mail *Facebook * Skype * other relationship
• ORPs Education
Apr 13, 2013 to present
COURSE OUTLINE :
*Module #1 (Operating Room)
*Medical Terminologies
*Feature of Surgical Equipment
ORPs Educational Programme
Admin & Fascinator (Moule #01-Asepsis & Infection Control for the month of February-2013) • Karachi, Pakistan
1.Education for all ORPs
2.Produce Educated ORPs.
3.Teach & Training about all Surgical Technique & Skill
4.Conduct 2 seminars in each month at different Venue
5.Join All ORPs to Apply registration through
* sms * E-Mail *Facebook * Skype * other relationship
• ORPs Education
Apr 13, 2013 to present
COURSE OUTLINE :
*Module #1 (Operating Room)
*Medical Terminologies
*Feature of Surgical Equipment
Theatre design, one of the most critical steps in hospital construction. When wrongly designed and situated, poses a significant health hazard to both the patient and the environment.
Introduction to operating room (Part one).pdfTalal Albudayri
Introduction to operating
room techniques
Up on completion of this session , you will be a will :
Define common terminologies
Understand physical organization of operating room
Identify deign of operating room
Distinguish traffic flow and activity patterns
Identify operating suite equipment's.
Identify the relationship between operating team
Identify and prevent hazards in operating room
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
3. Operation Theatre
• The operation theatre suit of a hospital is a complex workshop and the
most important facility of the surgical department.
• Operating theatres are expensive to build and equip.
• In smaller hospitals (50-100 beds), a single operating room may have
been sufficient to meet the need. For a larger hospital, departments of
eye, ENT, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and the super speciality
disciplines will also need the services of operation theatres.
• The standard of air hygiene established for operating rooms demands
a complicated and expensive ventilation system, which would be
difficult to provide at a number of different points around the hospital.
5. LOCATION
• Location of the suite must ensure that
patients can be moved to and from
surgery with a minimum of travel
through other hospital areas.
• The location of OT suite should not
only be considered in relation to
surgical ward but also to the outpatient
department.
6. LOCATION
The main points to be considered in the location of the
OT suite on a hospital are:-
Accessibility to
Surgical wards
CSSD
Emergency
Blood bank
ii. Access to bed lift
iii. Internal hospital traffic flow
iv. External traffic and disturbances.
7. NUMBER OF OPERATING
ROOMS
• The number of operating rooms
depends upon the predicted number of
operations per day, which in turn is
related to the number of surgical beds,
other surgical specialities like
neurology, urology, thoracic surgery,
etc. and the average length of stay
(ALS) of surgical cases.
8. NUMBER OF OPERATING
ROOMS
• In a large general hospital, approximately 25
to 30 per cent of admitted patients are
surgical, and approximately 50 per cent of all
admitted cases undergo some sort of
operation. If there are 100 surgical beds (all
types including eye, ENT, gynaecology,
orthopaedics, etc.) and the ALS is 10 days,
there are likely to be 10 operations per day
on an average.
9. Time Utilisation Study
• No. of surgical beds × Occupancy rate
×No. of working days in a year (usually
260)
ALS
ALS = average length of stay
10. Number of OT
Total no.
of beds
Major OT Minor OT OPD Major OT Minor OT
50 1 0 0 1
75 1 1 0 1
100 1 1 0 1
300 3 1 0 1
500 5 2 1 1
750 8 2 1 1
11. OPERATING ROOM
ACCOMMODATION
OT suite Area in sq. ft.
Theatre superintendent office 120
General and linen store 120
6-bed recovery room 480 (6 × 80)
2-bed recovery bay 160 (2 × 80
Mobile X-ray unit and darkroom 120
Trolley bay 80
Safaiman’s alcove 80
Relations waiting, with toilet Day surgery 160
Reception/Scheduling 100
Men’s change/locker 120
Women’s change/locker 120
Patient preparation 120
Gowned — waiting booth2 80
12. Major Equipment and Appliances
Channel monitor
Heart lung machine
Anaesthesia machines
Defibrillator
Flash steriliser
Deep freezer (for frozen
section)
Instrument trolleys
C–arm fluoroscopy machine
Operating tables
Suction apparatus
Shadow less ceiling lamp
Shadow less pedestal
lamps
Close-circuit TV camera
Electrical communication
system
Operating microscope
Surgical diathermy machine
Pulse oxy meter
Ventilator
13. ZONING
The aim of zoning is that when staff
members, patients or supplies enter the
OT suite, the risk factors of carrying the
chances of infection with them get lesser
and lesser, as they pass from the
protective through clean to aseptic zone.
14. General Principles
• 1. Clean from dirty traffic-flow within the OT suite should be
segregated as best as possible. Spaces in the suite should be
arranged in such a way that while moving from one space to
another, there is continuous progression of cleanliness from
entrance of OT suite to the operating room.
• 2. Staff working in the OT department should be able to move
from one clean area to the other without having to pass
through unprotected areas.
• 3. Soiled materials and waste should be removed from the
operating rooms without passing through clean areas.
• 4. OT ventilation should be independent of the air movement of
the rest of the hospital. Therefore, the direction of airflow
within the OT suite should be from cleaner to less clean areas.
15. Sterile Zone
• The OT suite organisation revolves
around the central aseptic work area,
i.e. the actual operating rooms.
Activities take place in this zone that
require full aseptic conditions, such as
exposure of living tissues and handling
sterile instruments
• Here, the highest level of cleanliness
and aseptic conditions are maintained.
16. Clean Zone
• The clean zone is designed around the aseptic zone. This zone
is only accessible to staff having changed their outer clothing
in the protective zone and prepared patients transferred from
the ward trolley to OT stretcher, and clean supplies. ‘Patient
holding and preparation area’ is marked in the clean zone.
• This zone contains storage space for clean surgical supplies,
medical stores including parental solutions, and instruments.
Anaesthesia induction rooms, anaesthesia stores and
anaesthetists room are located in this zone. A frozen section
laboratory, if provided, and any darkroom facility should be
located in the clean zone.
17. Protective Zone
• Outside the clean zone is the protective zone forming a barrier
between the clean area of the suite and the less clean rest of
the hospital area. This zone contains the administrative
elements including theatre nurse supervisors office, where
stores are received, personnel enter the department, where
locker and change rooms are located, patients are received and
held. Patients wait here on trolleys if the operating room for
which he or she scheduled is not ready.
• We all know of surgical corridors of large hospitals lined with
occupied trolleys for want of adequate holding, preparation or
induction area. Access to this area is entirely separate, as
people enter and leave in their street clothes and should not
penetrate into inner zones until after changing into OT shoes
and clothing. Recovery room is located in this zone.
18. Disposal Zone
• Disposal zone is the corridor from where
used instruments and used linen and
operating room debris is taken out. This zone
must have an independent access to the
outside corridor. Disposal zone has only one-
way traffic, viz. from inside the operating
room to the outside and never vice versa.
This is achieved by a door or a hatch from
operating room opening into the disposal
corridor.
21. LIGHTING, ELECTRICAL AND
AIR-CONDITIONING
Lighting
The surgeon’s requirement for light is that it should
be powerful, cool, shadow less, and capable of
penetrating to the bottom of deep cavities. An
emergency lighting system which comes into
operation automatically is also necessary in
operation theatres to enable work to continue
without a break if the mains supply fails.
22. Cont………
Electrical Outlets
•All electrical outlets should be “spark less” fittings
and be placed 5 feet from the floor, to be above the
level of a possible concentration of inflammable
anaesthetic gases. This is necessary even though a
good ventilation system can reduce the concentration
of explosive gases and adequate humidity reduces
static. Sufficient number of plug points, at least two of
which should be for power equipment of 15 Amp rating
23. Cont…….
Air-Conditioning in OT Suite
Full air-conditioning with filtered air supply is a necessity in
operation theatres which tends to generate a need for greater
floor to ceiling height than in other hospital departments. While
perceptible air movement may be desirable in operating rooms for
the surgical team, draughts, particularly at the level of the
operating table, must be avoided. The air speed at which air
movement becomes perceptible rises with temperature, and air-
conditioning systems enable the rate of input of air to be related
to its temperature in order to provide comfortable conditions.
24. Cont………
Air Intake
Studies on positioning of the air intake
show that samples of air taken at street
level, at roof level and in the wards show
that much advantage is to be derived
from placing the intake at or above roof
level.
25. Cont………
Airflow
Positive air pressure has to be provided at the aseptic core which
is ideally met with 16-18 air changes per hour, and gradually
tapering off to 12 changes per hour at the non sterile areas. In the
modern operating room, laminar airflow system with side vents
and exhaust system is the ideal. In the laminar airflow system, air
velocity varies at 50 feet per minute at the foot level to 75 feet per
minute at table height to 150 feet per minute at the ceiling level.
High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters used in the system
provide the highest level of air sterility by filtering out participate
matter of up to 0.3 micron which excludes almost all known sizes
of micro-organism.
26. Safety Hazards
1. Methods of checking wiring and electrical equipment by
engineers
2. Methods of checking correct climatic conditions, especially
humidity
3. Checking air filters in AC system
4. Checking for anaesthetic and oxygen gas leakages
5. Control of fire hazards
• Provision of fire extinguishers and their location
• Directions for correct operation of each type of extinguisher
• Familiarisation of all personnel with handling and use of fire
extinguishers
27. Emergency Equipment
1. Cardiac trolley readily available
2. Do all personnel know its location
3. Specific duties of each person in case of
need
28. Protection of Patients
1. Methods of patient identification
2. Restraining of patients during movement on trolleys/
stretchers
3. Protection of patient on operating table. Method of
checks for positioning regarding respiratory
obstruction, pressure on nerves, and impairment of
circulation
4. Procedure for sponge count and instrument count
5. Selection and use of sponges.
29. Bacteriological Practices
1. Proper wearing of masks
2. Masks changing between operations
3. Removal of mask on leaving operating room
4. Changing caps daily
5. Restrictions on visitors to OT suite
6. Handling and disposal of disposable syringes and needles, other disposables.
7. Daily cleaning procedure of operating rooms
8. Weekly disinfection procedure of operating rooms (modern aerosol formalin
disinfectors achieve satisfactory disinfection in a short time and the operating
room is available for use after six hours)
9. Weekly cleaning of ceiling of operating rooms
10. Procedure for use of mops
11. Frequency of changing of mops.
Editor's Notes
In some of the hospitals where a few
operating rooms are allotted to Neurology, Urology, ENT,
etc. and other rooms to General Surgery.
Approximately 37 per cent of hospital-based surgery has
been carried out as outpatient surgery in many American
hospitals
The location of OT suite should ensure quietness, free
from external disturbances and close to the surgical wards.
Corridors leading to this unit should not be used as thorough
passages.
Out of the available time, 54 per cent of the time was
spent on actual surgery, 31 per cent for supportive activities
for the operation, and 15 per cent waiting while the operating
room was being made ready for operation.
1.Fixed electronic equipment and monitoring system.2. Service lines such as oxygen, suction, nitrous oxide and compressed air. 3. Provision of close circuit television cameras.
The operation room size in the hospitals in UK was optimised at 325 to 360 sq ft (30-33.50 sq m) as per their Ministry of Health recommendations in the past. It recommends an operating room of the size of 18′ ×18′(324 sq ft/30 sq m) or 20′ ×18′ (360 sq ft/33.5 sq m).Operations in which extensive equipment is used will require up to 25′ ×25′ (625 sq ft/58 sq m). At least one such room for a large hospital (over 200 beds) and two such rooms in
a teaching hospital have been recommended.
The darkroom is furnished for spot development of films from operating rooms including fracture room. It should be equipped with a developing tank unit, film storage box, light proofing and sink.
HEPA filter: It is a dry type filter with a rigid casing enclosing the full depth of accordion type filter pleats. This is throwaway, non reusable filter which is to be discarded after its recommended lifespan. HEPA filters remove 99.9 per cent of airborne particles which include dust, pollen, mold and bacteria of up to 0.3 micro meters (μm). Performance testing of HEPA filters is carried out by measuring the airflow resistance under test conditions only in a filter-testing facility using approved particle generating materials.