This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis (OA), including: - OA is a degenerative disease affecting synovial joints, characterized by loss of cartilage and new bone growth. - It most commonly impacts weight-bearing joints like the knee and hip. Risk factors include age, genetics, mechanical factors. - Clinically, OA presents with pain worsened by activity that improves with rest, morning stiffness under 30 minutes, and functional limitations. Investigations include x-rays showing joint space narrowing. - Management involves patient education, exercises, weight loss, medications like paracetamol, NSAIDs, opioids, corticosteroid injections, hyaluronic acid injections,

2. OSTEOARTHRITIS
PRESENTED BY:
SAPEEDEH AFZAL
ROLL # 10
GROUP: A-1

3. ROAD MAP
• PROTECTIVE MECHANISM OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• WHAT IS OA
• EPIDEMIOLOGY
• DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASE.
• AETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS
• PATHOGENESIS
• CLINICAL FEATURES
• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• INVESTIGATIONS
• MANAGEMENT

4. PROTECTIVE MECHANISM OF
SYNOVIAL JOINTS

5. WHAT IS OSTEOARTHRITIS ???
Osteoarthritis is a
degenerative disease of
synovial joints
characterized by focal loss
of articular hyaline
cartilage with proliferation
of new bone & remodeling of
joint contour.

6. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Weight bearing joints e.g. knee & hip joints.
• Age > 65 years.
– 80% have radiographic features.
– 25-30% have symptoms.
• More common in women.
• Familial tendency.

7. DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASE

8. ETIOLOGY
• PRIMARY / IDIOPATHIC:
When there is no obvious predisposing
factor. Common form of OA.
• SECONDARY:
When degenerative joint changes occur in
response to a recognizable local or systemic
factor.

9. CAUSES OF SECONDARY OSTEOARTHRITIS

10. RISK FACTORS
AGEING
CONSTITUTIONAL
SUSCEPTIBILITY
MECHANICAL FACTORS

11. PATHOGENESIS
• Progressive destruction &
loss of articular cartilage
with an accompanying
peri-articular bone
response leads to
exposure of sub-chondral
bone which becomes
sclerotic, with increased
blood vascularity & cyst
formation.

12. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Pain:
– Activity & weight-bearing
related, relieved by rest.
– Variable over time.
– Only one or few joints involved.
• Morning stiffness only brief
<30 minutes.
• Restricted functionality:
– Capsular thickening.
– Blocking by osteophytes.

13. CLINICAL FINDINGS IN NODAL
GENERALIZED OA
• Presentation typically in women. (40 & 50 years)
• Pain.
• Stiffness.
• Swelling of one or few finger interphalangeal
joints ( distal > proximal).
• Heberden’s nodes (+/- Bouchard’s nodes).
• Involvement of first carpometacarpal joint is common.
• Predisposition to OA at other joints specially knees.

14. CLINICAL FINDINGS IN KNEE OA
• Targets patello-femoral & medial tibio-femoral compartments of knee.
• Pain is localized to anterior or medial aspect of knee & upper tibia.
• Jerky gait.
• Varus deformity.
• Joint line &/or periarticular tenderness.
• Weakness & wasting of quadriceps muscle.
• Restricted extension & flexion.
• Bony swelling around joint.

15. CLINICAL FINDINGS IN HIP OA
• Targets mostly superior aspect & less commonly medial aspect of joint.
• Pain is maximally deep in groin area.
• Antalgic gait.
• Weakness & wasting of muscles (quadriceps & gluteal).
• Pain & restricted internal rotation with flexion.

16. CLINICAL FINDINGS IN EARLY-
ONSET OA
• Before the age of 45 years.
• Single or multiple joint involvement.
• Typical signs & symptoms of OA.

17. CLINICAL FEATURES IN EROSIVE OA
• Preferentially targeting proximal IPJs.
• Common development of IPJ lateral instability.
• Sub-chondral erosions on x-rays.
• Ankylosis of IPJs.

18. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
FEATURES OSTEOARTHRITIS RHUEMATOID
ARTHRITIS
GOUT
PRESENCE OF SYMPTOMS
AFFECTING THE WHOLE
BODY:
Systemic symptoms are
not present.
Frequent fatigue and a
general feeling of being ill
are present
Chills and a mild fever
along with a general
feeling of malaise may
also accompany the
severe pain and
inflammation
DURATION OF MORNING
STIFFNESS:
Morning stiffness lasts
less than 30-60 mins;
Morning stiffness lasts
longer than 1 hour.
Not seen
NODULES: Heberden's & bouchard's
nodes
Heberden’s nodes are
absent.
PAIN WITH MOVEMENT: Movement increases pain Movement decreases pain
AGE OF ONSET: Most commonly occurs in
individuals over the age
of 50.
Usual age of onset is 20-
40 years.
Usually over 35 yrs of age
in men and after
menopause in females
LAB FINDINGS: Ra factor & anti-ccp
antibody negative.
Normal esr & c-reactive
protein.
Ra factor & anti-ccp
antibody positive. Esr & c-
reactive protein elevated.
Joint fluid microscopy is
diagnostic.

19. INVESTIGATIONS
• PLAIN X-RAY:
– JOINT SPACE
NARROWING
– SUBCHONDRAL
SCLEROSIS

20. MARGINAL OSTEOPHYTES

21. SUBCHONDRAL CYST

22. • BLOOD TEST:
– FBC NORMAL.
– ESR NORMAL.
– CRP NORMAL.
– RHEUMATOID FACTOR NEGATIVE.
• SYNOVIAL FLUID ANALYSIS:
– VISCOUS WITH LOW TURBIDITY.
– CPPD & CALCIUM PHOSPHATE.
INVESTIGATIONS

23. MANAGEMENT

24. NON-PHARMACOTHERAPY
– Full explanation of the condition via patient education:
• Properly position and support your neck and back while sitting or sleeping.
• Adjust furniture, such as raising a chair or toilet seat.
• Avoid repeated motions of the joint, especially frequent bending.
• Lose weight if you are overweight or obese,
which can reduce pain and slow progression
of OA.
• Exercise each day.
• Build confidence.

25. NON-PHARMACOTHERAPY
• Exercises:
• Aerobic conditioning.
• Muscle strengthening exercises.
• Reduction of adverse mechanical
factors:
• Weight loss.
• Pacing of activities.
• Appropriate footwear.

26. PHARMACOTHERAPY
PARACETAMOL
•Initial drug of choice
•Orally 1 gm 6-8 hourly
NSAIDs
•Indicated as needed.
•Oral e.g: ibuprofen & coxibs
•Topically e.g: capsaicin
0.025% cream
WEAK OPIOIDS
•Occasionally required.
•e.g: dihydrocodeine
INTRA-ARTICULAR
CORTICOSTEROIDS
INJECTIONS
•3-5 weekly.
HYALURONIC INJECTIONSHYALURONIC INJECTIONS
•Injections for 3-5 weeks.Injections for 3-5 weeks.
•Pain relief for several months.

27. SURGICAL TREATMENT
• Should be considered for those who do not give response to
pharmacotherapy.
– Osteotomy.
– Joint replacement.
– Total joint replacement.