Petroleum and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms. Over millions of years, plankton and algae accumulated on the ocean floor and were buried under layers of sediment. The organic material was converted into oil and gas through heat and pressure over geologic time. These hydrocarbons migrated upward until they were trapped underground in reservoirs within porous rock formations by impermeable caps such as shale. Natural gas is primarily methane and formed similarly through the thermal maturation of buried organic matter. It is found in conventional reservoirs as well as unconventional sources like shale.
This presentation is all about Petroleum Engineering, Prospecting oil and gas, drilling and various drilling methods, logs and its types, different Drive Mechanisms, etc......
This presentation is all about Petroleum Engineering, Prospecting oil and gas, drilling and various drilling methods, logs and its types, different Drive Mechanisms, etc......
The process of transportation of petroleum from its place of origin, the source rock, to its place of accumulation into the reservoir up to the trap is termed as Migration.
Some information regarding the basics and formation of petroleum and its by products and also its exploration methods.. also in new technology of discovery is included
The process of transportation of petroleum from its place of origin, the source rock, to its place of accumulation into the reservoir up to the trap is termed as Migration.
Some information regarding the basics and formation of petroleum and its by products and also its exploration methods.. also in new technology of discovery is included
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
To be considered are these 3 stages:
•Formation of Petroleum
•Migration of Petroleum
•Accumulation of Petroleum
3. Formation of Petroleum
• There are 2 theories concerning the formation
of petroleum:
• The Inorganic theory
• The Organic theory
4. Inorganic Theory
• Berthelot (1860) & Dmitri Mendeleev (1902):
• Iron carbide in the earth’s mantle would react
with percolating water to form methane.
• FeC2+ 2H2O →CH4+ FeO2
• This theory is called Deep-Seated Terrestrial
Hypothesis.
5. • Sokoloff (1890):
• Hydrocarbons precipitated as rain from the
original nebular matter from which solar
system was formed.
• The hydrocarbons were the ejected from
earth’s interior onto surface rocks.
• This theory is called Extraterrestrial
Hypothesis
6. Problems with Inorganic Theories :
• No field evidence that inorganic processes
have occurred in nature.
• Commercial accumulations are restricted to
mainly sedimentary basins.
• Accumulations are absent from igneous and
metamorphic rocks.
7. Organic Theory
• Early marine life forms living on earth were
primarily plankton (rich in hydrogen & carbon)
• Over 95% of living matter in the ocean is
plankton.
8. • As these plankton died, their remains were
captured by the process of erosion and
sedimentation.
9. • Successive layers of organic-rich mud & silt
covered preceding layers of organic-rich
sediments & overtime created layers on the
sea floor rich in the fossil remains of previous
life.
10. • Thermal maturation processes (decay, heat,
pressure) slowly converted the organic matter
into oil & gas over periods of millions of
geologic years.
• Conversion of the organic material is called
Catagenesis.
• It usually occurs under anaerobic conditions.
11. • Clay & silt are carried together with the dead
organic remains & deposited under deltaic,
lacustrine & marine conditions to form Source
rocks.
• Black-coloured, organically-rich shales
deposited in a non-oxidizing, quiet marine
environment are considered the best source
rocks.
14. • Thermal alteration of kerogen forms crude oil
by increasing the carbon contents.
• At shallow depths (< 3,000 ft), bacteria actions
on organic materials form Biogenic
Gas(natural gas).
• At great depths (high temperature &
overburden), Thermogenic Gas is formed.
• Later stages of thermogenesis will form wet
gas and condensate.
15. Supports for organic hypothesis
• Carbon & hydrogen are the primary
constituents of organic material, both plant &
animal.
• Nitrogen & Porphyrins are found in organic
matter & in many petroleum.
• Porphyrins are chlorophyll derivatives in
plants & blood derivatives in animals.
16. Migration of Petroleum
• Produced hydrocarbons migrates upward from
the deeper, hotter parts of the basin through
permeable strata into suitable structures.
• There are 2 stages of migration:
• Primary Migration –Kerogen transformation
causes micro-fracturing of the impermeable &
low porosity source rock, allowing hydrocarbons
to move into more permeable strata.
17. Secondary Migration
• The generated fluids move more freely along
bedding planes and faults into a suitable
reservoir structure.
• Migration can occur over several tens of
kilometers in lateral directions.
18. Accumulation of Petroleum
• Accumulation & storage occur when the
migrating fluids encounter an impermeable shale
or dense layer of rock.
• This is called a Trap.
• After accumulation, the fluids tend to stratify
according to their relative densities:
• Gas
• Oil
• Water
19.
20. • If the migrating fluids do not encounter a trap,
they tend to flow to the surface or deposited
on the ocean floor.
• Examples are:
• Seepages
• Escaping natural gas
• Bituminous lakes
21.
22. • Reservoirs are composed of either:
• Clastic formation –sandstone reservoirs made
from silicates (quartz, SiO2).
• Carbonate formation –carbonate reservoirs
made from detritus(coral or shell fragments).
• Reservoirs must be:
• Porous
• Permeable
• Trapped.
23. Anticlinal traps
• An anticline is a structural trap formed by the
folding of rock strata into an arch-like shape.
• The rock layers in an anticlinal trap were
originally laid down horizontally and then
earth movement caused it to fold into an arch-
like shape called an anticline.
24.
25. fault trap
• This trap is formed by the movement of
permeable and impermeable layers of rock
along a fault plane.
• In some cases, there can be an impermeable
substance smeared along the fault surface
(such as clay) that also acts to prevent
migration. This is known as clay smear.
26.
27. Stratigraphic traps
• Stratigraphic traps are formed as a result of
lateral and vertical variations in the
thickness, texture, porosity or lithology of
the reservoir rock.
• Examples of this type of trap are an
unconformity trap, a lens trap and a reef trap.
28.
29. A salt dome trap
• A salt dome trap is an area where oil has been
trapped underground by salt pushing
upward.
• A salt dome trap is where a mass of salt from
deep in the Earth's crust is pushed upward
forming oil traps in a rock layer containing oil.
• Salt dome traps form where bodies of salt
flow upward and pierce overlying rock layers.
32. What is natural gas?
• Natural gas is a fossil energy source that formed
deep beneath the earth's surface. Natural gas
contains many different compounds.
• The largest component of natural gas is
methane, a compound with one carbon atom and
four hydrogen atoms (CH4).
• Natural gas also contains smaller amounts
of natural gas liquids (NGL, which are
also hydrocarbon gas liquids), and
nonhydrocarbon gases, such as carbon dioxide
and water vapor.
• We use natural gas as a fuel and to make
materials and chemicals.
33. How did natural gas form?
• Millions to hundreds of millions of years ago and
over long periods of time, the remains of plants
and animals (such as diatoms) built up in thick
layers on the earth’s surface and ocean floors,
sometimes mixed with sand, silt, and calcium
carbonate.
• Over time, these layers were buried under sand,
silt, and rock.
• Pressure and heat changed some of this carbon
and hydrogen-rich material into coal, some into
oil (petroleum), and some into natural gas.
34.
35. Where is natural gas found?
• In some places, natural gas moved into large cracks and
spaces between layers of overlying rock. The natural gas
found in these types of formations is sometimes
called conventional natural gas.
• In other places, natural gas occurs in the tiny pores (spaces)
within some formations of shale, sandstone, and other
types of sedimentary rock.
• This natural gas is referred to as shale gas or tight gas, and
it is sometimes called unconventional natural gas.
• Natural gas also occurs with deposits of crude oil, and this
natural gas is called associated natural gas.
• Natural gas deposits are found on land, and some are
offshore and deep under the ocean floor.
• A type of natural gas found in coal deposits is called coalbed
methane.