The document discusses different types of production systems: 1) Job shop systems produce small batches of a variety of customized products using general purpose equipment that must be frequently set up and changed. Examples include printing and circuit board manufacturing. 2) Batch production systems process multiple jobs in groups through shared equipment. Products have unique processing steps. Examples include machine shops and furniture making. 3) Mass production uses dedicated assembly lines and equipment to produce high volumes of standard products like automobiles and electronics. 4) Continuous production manufactures very high volumes of standardized commodity products like steel and chemicals through non-stop automated processes.

1. The organization of the
conversion process

2. Types of Production Systems
• A process is a group of related tasks with
specific inputs and outputs. processes exist to
create value for the customers, the
shareholders or society. process design
defines what tasks need to be done and how
they are to be coordinated among functions,
people and organizations. Process technology
refers to the collection of equipment, people
and procedures used to produce the firm’s
products and services.
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3. • The organization of manufacturing systems,
planning and control of production depends
on type of product and product line. The
following are the types of production systems.
1. Job Shop:
• Production of small batches of a large number
of different products, most of which require a
different set of processing steps. Examples
include commercial printing firms, airplane
manufacturers and plants that make custom
designed printed circuit boards are of this
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4. Job shop cont…..
type of structure. In this case few similar
products are made to customer specifications.
• Characteristics:
• General-purpose equipment is used which
must be set up and changed every time a new
product is started.
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5. 2. Batch Production/technology/flow
• These systems process many different jobs
through the system in groups (or batches).
• It is characterized by fluctuating demand,
short production runs of a wide variety of
products, and small to moderate quantities of
any given product made to customer order,
general purpose equipment is used which
must be set up and changed every time a new
product is started, flexibility is required, skilled
workers are needed.
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6. Batch Production cont…
• Each product requires its own unique set of
processing steps through the production
process.
• Examples include machine shops, printers,
bakeries, education and furniture making.
• Advantages
• Flexibility, the customization of output, and
the reputation for quality that customization
implies.
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7. Batch Production cont…
• Disadvantages
• High per-unit costs, frequent changes in
product mix, complex scheduling problems,
variations in capacity requirements and
lengthy job completion times
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8. Mass production/ Assembly line technology
• Mass production is also called repetitive
production. It produces large volumes of a
standard product for a mass market. Demand
is stable and volume is high. The system is
basically capital intensive, with specialised
equipment, limited variety of the product and
limited labour skills. It is usually associated
with assembly lines or flow lines.
• Examples; automobiles, televisions, personal
computers, fast foods, newspaper publishing
and consumer goods
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9. • Advantages:
• It is efficient, low per-unit cost, ease of
manufacture and control, and speed.
• Disadvantages:
• High cost of equipment, underutilization of
human capabilities, difficulties of adopting to
changes in demand, technology, or product
design and lack of responsiveness to individual
customer requests.
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10. Continuous production/ technology
• These are used for very high volume
commodity products, which are highly
standardized. Materials and products are
produced in continuous endless flows rather
than in batches. The system is highly
automated and operation goes on continually
on a 24 hr basis. Out put is also continuous.
Examples; steel paper, paints, chemicals,
breweries and foodstuffs. Companies that
operate in this fashion are referred to as
process industries.
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11. • Advantages:
• Efficiency, ease of control, and enormous
capacity.
• Disadvantages
• Large investment in plant and equipment,
limited variety of items that can be processed,
the inability to adapt to volume changes, the
cost of correcting errors in production and the
difficulties of keeping pace with new
technology.
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12. Examples of production systems
• Job shop: Tailors shop, cycle and repair shops,
job typing shops etc
• Batch production shop: cosmetic
manufacturing companies, drug
manufacturing companies etc
• Mass production shop: News paper
companies, components of industrial products
etc
• Flow production: cement factory, sugar
factory, oil refinery etc
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13. Reading assignment two
• Method study, work measurement and
framework
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