The document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It begins by discussing the history of organic chemistry and how vitalism led early scientists to distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. It then outlines some key objectives of the lesson, including recognizing important scientists in the development of organic chemistry, understanding organic chemical compounds, and differentiating between organic compound types and isomers. The document proceeds to define organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds and explains why carbon is uniquely suited to form complex molecules through covalent bonding.
Organic Chemistry
1. History
2. Properties of Organic Chemistry
3. comparison of Compounds
4. Sources of Organic Compounds
5. Types of Organic Compounds
6.Types of Organic Formula
7. Carbon
8. Structural Formulas of Carbon
9. Isomerism
10 Classification of Organic Compounds
11. HydroCarbons
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon forms strong bonds with itself and other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and halogens, allowing it to form millions of different compounds. Organic compounds are found in nature from living organisms and fossil fuels like petroleum and coal. They can also be synthesized in the laboratory. Organic compounds have distinct properties compared to inorganic compounds like lower melting points and being more combustible. They are classified based on their functional groups.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds. Organic compounds can be classified as acyclic, cyclic, aromatic, or aliphatic depending on their structure. While it was once believed that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms, in 1828 Friedrich Wohler produced the organic compound urea from inorganic precursors in the laboratory, disproving this idea. The four main types of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which serve important functions in mammalian systems.
History, Classification, Uses of organic chemistryAnm Sharif
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds found in living things. The first organic chemist, Berzelius, believed organic compounds could only come from living organisms, but Wöhler discovered the organic compound urea could be synthesized from inorganic precursors, disproving this idea of vitalism. Organic compounds make up the basic building blocks of life like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and have a wide variety of uses from medicines to plastics.
1) Carbon is the backbone of life as living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds. Carbon can form large, complex, and diverse molecules like proteins, DNA, carbohydrates.
2) Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds which range from simple to complex. Carbon can form four bonds allowing it to partner with many elements to make diverse molecules.
3) Miller's experiment demonstrated the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds, supporting the idea that these compounds could have been produced near volcanoes and been involved in the origin of life on Earth.
This document provides an overview of carbon and organic molecules important for life. It discusses how carbon is essential for forming complex organic molecules like proteins, DNA and carbohydrates. While early theories proposed organic compounds could only arise from living organisms, experiments showed abiotic synthesis is possible. The document outlines carbon's properties and how its valence electrons allow formation of chains and rings that provide molecular diversity. Isomers, functional groups, and ATP are also summarized.
1) Life exists at the intersection of biology and chemistry, with carbon-based macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids being key to life.
2) These biomolecules are extremely complex and made up of carbon bonded to other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen in various arrangements.
3) While life manifests at the micro scale of cells and the mega scale of the biosphere, it is sustained at the nano scale through the interactions of biomolecules and the process of metabolism that utilizes energy to maintain order.
5.1 INTRODUCTION Basic Concepts from Organic Chemistry.pdfLisa Brewer
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry concepts that are important for environmental engineers and scientists. It discusses the differences between the needs of organic chemists versus environmental engineers in terms of understanding organic compounds. Environmental engineers are more concerned with how organic compounds react in the environment and can be destroyed in waste streams, rather than synthesis of new compounds. The document then covers the basic elements and properties of organic compounds, sources of organic compounds, types of organic compounds including aliphatic and aromatic, and provides examples of saturated hydrocarbons like methane and ethane.
Organic Chemistry
1. History
2. Properties of Organic Chemistry
3. comparison of Compounds
4. Sources of Organic Compounds
5. Types of Organic Compounds
6.Types of Organic Formula
7. Carbon
8. Structural Formulas of Carbon
9. Isomerism
10 Classification of Organic Compounds
11. HydroCarbons
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon forms strong bonds with itself and other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and halogens, allowing it to form millions of different compounds. Organic compounds are found in nature from living organisms and fossil fuels like petroleum and coal. They can also be synthesized in the laboratory. Organic compounds have distinct properties compared to inorganic compounds like lower melting points and being more combustible. They are classified based on their functional groups.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds. Organic compounds can be classified as acyclic, cyclic, aromatic, or aliphatic depending on their structure. While it was once believed that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms, in 1828 Friedrich Wohler produced the organic compound urea from inorganic precursors in the laboratory, disproving this idea. The four main types of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which serve important functions in mammalian systems.
History, Classification, Uses of organic chemistryAnm Sharif
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds found in living things. The first organic chemist, Berzelius, believed organic compounds could only come from living organisms, but Wöhler discovered the organic compound urea could be synthesized from inorganic precursors, disproving this idea of vitalism. Organic compounds make up the basic building blocks of life like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and have a wide variety of uses from medicines to plastics.
1) Carbon is the backbone of life as living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds. Carbon can form large, complex, and diverse molecules like proteins, DNA, carbohydrates.
2) Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds which range from simple to complex. Carbon can form four bonds allowing it to partner with many elements to make diverse molecules.
3) Miller's experiment demonstrated the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds, supporting the idea that these compounds could have been produced near volcanoes and been involved in the origin of life on Earth.
This document provides an overview of carbon and organic molecules important for life. It discusses how carbon is essential for forming complex organic molecules like proteins, DNA and carbohydrates. While early theories proposed organic compounds could only arise from living organisms, experiments showed abiotic synthesis is possible. The document outlines carbon's properties and how its valence electrons allow formation of chains and rings that provide molecular diversity. Isomers, functional groups, and ATP are also summarized.
1) Life exists at the intersection of biology and chemistry, with carbon-based macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids being key to life.
2) These biomolecules are extremely complex and made up of carbon bonded to other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen in various arrangements.
3) While life manifests at the micro scale of cells and the mega scale of the biosphere, it is sustained at the nano scale through the interactions of biomolecules and the process of metabolism that utilizes energy to maintain order.
5.1 INTRODUCTION Basic Concepts from Organic Chemistry.pdfLisa Brewer
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry concepts that are important for environmental engineers and scientists. It discusses the differences between the needs of organic chemists versus environmental engineers in terms of understanding organic compounds. Environmental engineers are more concerned with how organic compounds react in the environment and can be destroyed in waste streams, rather than synthesis of new compounds. The document then covers the basic elements and properties of organic compounds, sources of organic compounds, types of organic compounds including aliphatic and aromatic, and provides examples of saturated hydrocarbons like methane and ethane.
Guided notes covering material from Topic 2.1 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
This document outlines the key points about organic compounds. It identifies the four main classes of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides and include sugars, starches, and cellulose. They are used as energy sources. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes and are not water soluble. Proteins contain nitrogen and are essential parts of cells, controlling processes and structures. Nucleic acids like RNA and DNA contain nucleotides and store cellular information for reproduction and growth. The document provides examples and properties of compounds within each class.
The document discusses organic compounds and their properties. It defines organic compounds as those containing carbon and highlights that carbon can bond with many other elements. It also distinguishes between organic and inorganic compounds, monomer and polymers, and provides examples of element, compounds and mixtures. The document encourages reflecting on what was learned about organic compounds using a KWL chart.
IB Biology 2.1 Slides: Molecules to MetabolismJacob Cedarbaum
The document discusses molecular biology and metabolism. It begins by explaining that molecular biology views living processes in terms of chemical substances. It then discusses DNA and genes, and the central idea that DNA makes RNA makes protein. The document outlines the reductionist approach of molecular biologists in breaking down metabolic pathways. It provides examples of anabolism through condensation reactions and catabolism through hydrolysis reactions. Throughout, it gives examples of key biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. In summary, the document covers foundational concepts in molecular biology and metabolism, from genes and proteins to anabolic and catabolic pathways.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry and organic compounds. It discusses how organic chemistry originated from distinguishing living from non-living substances. While early scientists believed organic compounds contained a vital force, it was later shown that organic substances could be prepared in the lab. The document defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds, as carbon can form many diverse structures through its four covalent bonds. In summary, the document traces the history and definition of organic chemistry and explains why carbon is uniquely suited to form the compounds found in living things.
The document discusses molecular biology and biochemistry. It explains that living organisms are composed of molecules that can be classified into four main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules interact through metabolic processes controlled by enzymes. DNA stores genetic information that can be copied and translated to make proteins. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to produce chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates, while cellular respiration uses this chemical energy to power cellular functions.
This document discusses various topics in chemistry and biology. It begins by defining chemistry as the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as changes during chemical reactions. Chemistry is then described as important for biology by explaining biological processes and enabling new medical treatments. The document goes on to differentiate atoms, elements, and molecules by defining them and providing examples. It also distinguishes between organic and inorganic chemistry. Finally, it describes the three types of carbohydrates - monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides - and the four types of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary - including examples of each.
1. The document provides an introduction to biochemistry including defining it as the science concerned with chemical basis of life and chemical constituents of living cells.
2. It describes the key components of living matter including water, inorganic substances, and organic biomolecules.
3. The key cellular organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and their functions are outlined.
Living organisms control their composition through a complex web of metabolic reactions. Metabolism involves both anabolism, the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones through condensation reactions like forming peptides from amino acids, and catabolism, the breakdown of complex molecules into monomers through hydrolysis like breaking down lactose into glucose and galactose. These metabolic pathways allow organisms to build up macromolecules from basic building blocks like sugars, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids that are made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other elements and controlled through enzyme catalysis.
This document provides information about biochemical processes and molecules involved in living organisms. It discusses how molecular biology explains living processes in terms of chemical substances like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. It also describes the roles of anabolism in building complex molecules from simpler ones through condensation reactions, and catabolism in breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones through hydrolysis reactions. Key molecules involved in these processes like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are illustrated through molecular diagrams.
Carbon forms the backbone of organic molecules due to its ability to form four covalent bonds. The document discusses the four main classes of organic compounds found in living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids contain fatty acids and glycerol and include phospholipids and steroids. Proteins are made of amino acids while nucleic acids such as DNA store and transfer genetic information.
This document provides information about organic compounds and their components. It defines organic compounds as those containing carbon bonded to itself, hydrogen, and other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur. Examples of organic compounds that make up living things are described, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These compounds are composed of combinations of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sometimes sulfur. The document emphasizes carbon's unique ability to form many diverse molecules by bonding to itself and other elements.
Carbon can form strong bonds with many elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. These bonds allow carbon to form the complex molecules that are essential for life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules that are made up of smaller repeating units called monomers that polymerize to form larger polymers. Each type of macromolecule has distinct functions in the body, such as carbohydrates being an energy source, lipids being used for energy storage and insulation, nucleic acids storing and transmitting genetic information, and proteins having a variety of roles including structural, regulatory, and transport functions.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with structures and functions of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids. These biomolecules are made of monomers like amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides. Monomers link together through dehydration synthesis to form polymers like proteins, glycogen, triglycerides, DNA. Biochemistry studies important biological molecules and enzyme-catalyzed reactions involved in metabolism and cell processes.
Our Life and Chemistry Chp-2 General Science 9th 10thKamran Abdullah
Subject : General Science
Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq
Class: BS EDUCATION
Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027)
Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023
Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024
University Of Sargodha
Institute of Education
These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!
Carbon plays a central role in organic compounds that make up living organisms. It can form four strong covalent bonds with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus to create a diverse array of molecules. The document outlines several important functional groups that are commonly found attached to carbon skeletons in organic molecules, including hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl and phosphate groups. These functional groups give organic molecules their distinctive properties and allow them to participate in important biological reactions.
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process by which simple inorganic substances like CO2 and H2O are converted into a complex substance like a carbohydrate in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Guided notes covering material from Topic 2.1 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
This document outlines the key points about organic compounds. It identifies the four main classes of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides and include sugars, starches, and cellulose. They are used as energy sources. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes and are not water soluble. Proteins contain nitrogen and are essential parts of cells, controlling processes and structures. Nucleic acids like RNA and DNA contain nucleotides and store cellular information for reproduction and growth. The document provides examples and properties of compounds within each class.
The document discusses organic compounds and their properties. It defines organic compounds as those containing carbon and highlights that carbon can bond with many other elements. It also distinguishes between organic and inorganic compounds, monomer and polymers, and provides examples of element, compounds and mixtures. The document encourages reflecting on what was learned about organic compounds using a KWL chart.
IB Biology 2.1 Slides: Molecules to MetabolismJacob Cedarbaum
The document discusses molecular biology and metabolism. It begins by explaining that molecular biology views living processes in terms of chemical substances. It then discusses DNA and genes, and the central idea that DNA makes RNA makes protein. The document outlines the reductionist approach of molecular biologists in breaking down metabolic pathways. It provides examples of anabolism through condensation reactions and catabolism through hydrolysis reactions. Throughout, it gives examples of key biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. In summary, the document covers foundational concepts in molecular biology and metabolism, from genes and proteins to anabolic and catabolic pathways.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry and organic compounds. It discusses how organic chemistry originated from distinguishing living from non-living substances. While early scientists believed organic compounds contained a vital force, it was later shown that organic substances could be prepared in the lab. The document defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds, as carbon can form many diverse structures through its four covalent bonds. In summary, the document traces the history and definition of organic chemistry and explains why carbon is uniquely suited to form the compounds found in living things.
The document discusses molecular biology and biochemistry. It explains that living organisms are composed of molecules that can be classified into four main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules interact through metabolic processes controlled by enzymes. DNA stores genetic information that can be copied and translated to make proteins. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to produce chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates, while cellular respiration uses this chemical energy to power cellular functions.
This document discusses various topics in chemistry and biology. It begins by defining chemistry as the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as changes during chemical reactions. Chemistry is then described as important for biology by explaining biological processes and enabling new medical treatments. The document goes on to differentiate atoms, elements, and molecules by defining them and providing examples. It also distinguishes between organic and inorganic chemistry. Finally, it describes the three types of carbohydrates - monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides - and the four types of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary - including examples of each.
1. The document provides an introduction to biochemistry including defining it as the science concerned with chemical basis of life and chemical constituents of living cells.
2. It describes the key components of living matter including water, inorganic substances, and organic biomolecules.
3. The key cellular organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and their functions are outlined.
Living organisms control their composition through a complex web of metabolic reactions. Metabolism involves both anabolism, the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones through condensation reactions like forming peptides from amino acids, and catabolism, the breakdown of complex molecules into monomers through hydrolysis like breaking down lactose into glucose and galactose. These metabolic pathways allow organisms to build up macromolecules from basic building blocks like sugars, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids that are made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other elements and controlled through enzyme catalysis.
This document provides information about biochemical processes and molecules involved in living organisms. It discusses how molecular biology explains living processes in terms of chemical substances like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. It also describes the roles of anabolism in building complex molecules from simpler ones through condensation reactions, and catabolism in breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones through hydrolysis reactions. Key molecules involved in these processes like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are illustrated through molecular diagrams.
Carbon forms the backbone of organic molecules due to its ability to form four covalent bonds. The document discusses the four main classes of organic compounds found in living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids contain fatty acids and glycerol and include phospholipids and steroids. Proteins are made of amino acids while nucleic acids such as DNA store and transfer genetic information.
This document provides information about organic compounds and their components. It defines organic compounds as those containing carbon bonded to itself, hydrogen, and other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur. Examples of organic compounds that make up living things are described, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These compounds are composed of combinations of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sometimes sulfur. The document emphasizes carbon's unique ability to form many diverse molecules by bonding to itself and other elements.
Carbon can form strong bonds with many elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. These bonds allow carbon to form the complex molecules that are essential for life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules that are made up of smaller repeating units called monomers that polymerize to form larger polymers. Each type of macromolecule has distinct functions in the body, such as carbohydrates being an energy source, lipids being used for energy storage and insulation, nucleic acids storing and transmitting genetic information, and proteins having a variety of roles including structural, regulatory, and transport functions.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with structures and functions of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids. These biomolecules are made of monomers like amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides. Monomers link together through dehydration synthesis to form polymers like proteins, glycogen, triglycerides, DNA. Biochemistry studies important biological molecules and enzyme-catalyzed reactions involved in metabolism and cell processes.
Our Life and Chemistry Chp-2 General Science 9th 10thKamran Abdullah
Subject : General Science
Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq
Class: BS EDUCATION
Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027)
Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023
Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024
University Of Sargodha
Institute of Education
These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!
Carbon plays a central role in organic compounds that make up living organisms. It can form four strong covalent bonds with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus to create a diverse array of molecules. The document outlines several important functional groups that are commonly found attached to carbon skeletons in organic molecules, including hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl and phosphate groups. These functional groups give organic molecules their distinctive properties and allow them to participate in important biological reactions.
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process by which simple inorganic substances like CO2 and H2O are converted into a complex substance like a carbohydrate in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
1. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson students are expected to:
1. Recognize the works of scientists in the development of
organic chemistry as a science.
2. Understand the general importance of organic chemical
compounds.
3. Explain some general differences between inorganic and
organic compounds.
4. Determine the type of bonds present in organic
compounds.
5. Identify the different functional groups present in organic
compounds.
6. Differentiate isomers of organic compounds.
ust-nursing
2. Consumer chemistry is a niche branch of chemistry centered
on the study of how different elements mix to create
consumable products.Consumer chemistry areas include food,
fuels, energy, fertilizer, cleaning solutions, medicine and
cosmetics. A consumer chemist often works for a company that
develops new consumer products.
4. Today’s Warmup
• What does that word mean- “organic”???
• What does that word mean- “compound”???
• In you lab-book write a definition in your own
words. Don’t worry if it turns out to be incorrect or
only partially correct, just write what you think.
5. Organic compounds always have carbon joined
to itself or hydrogen, and other elements like
oxygen, and nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.
6. HISTORY
In the early days of chemistry, scientists classified
chemical substances into 2 groups:
1. Inorganic: those that were composed of
minerals, such as rocks and nonliving matter.
2. Organic: those that were produced by
living organisms, hence the name “organic”
At the time, scientists believed that a “vital force”, on
ly
present in living organisms, was necessary to prod
uce
7. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTIONBEGINNINGS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The name organic chemistry came from the word organism.
Vitalism in the foundations of chemistry
In the history of chemistry, vitalism played a pivotal role, giving
rise to the basic distinction between organic and inorganic
substances, following Aristotle's distinction between the
mineral kingdom and the animal and vegetative kingdoms.
The basic premise of these vitalist notions was that organic
materials differed from inorganic materials in possessing a
"vital force", accordingly, vitalist theory predicted that organic
materials could not be synthesized from inorganic
components.
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8. In 1828, German chemist
Friedrich Wöhler disproved
this theory by producing
urea, an organic compound
found in urine, from
inorganic compounds.
Friedrich Wöhler
9. Gevela Jacob Berzelius
A physician by trade,
first coined the term
"organic chemistry" in
1807 for the study of
compounds derived
from biological sources
Gevela Berzelius
10. WHAT IS ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY?
It is the chemistry dealing with organic
compounds.
organic compounds- compounds
containing carbon and hydrogen or
sometimes together with other elements
such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
11. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTIONORGANIC CHEMISTRY is the study of the
compounds of carbon.
The only distinguishing characteristic of organic
compound is that all contain the element
CARBON.
http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/index_2353/Notes_Chapter_01.pdf
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12. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION Why is carbon special?
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/key.html
“The uniqueness of
carbon among elements
is that its atoms can
bond to each other
successively many
times”.
DNA molecule- blue print of life
Polyethylene molecule, a plastic polymer
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13. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION Why is carbon special?
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/key.html
As a group 4A element,
carbon atoms can share
four valence electrons and
form four strong covalent
bonds.
Molecular model of Aspirin (ASA), a
pain reliever
Structure of tetrahedral bonded
amorphous carbon.
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14. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION Why is carbon special?
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/key.html
Carbon atoms can form
very stable bonds to many
other elements such as H,
F, Cl, I, O, N, S and P.
With numerous ways of bonding and
complexity, carbon atoms can form a multitude
of different compounds. More than 16,000,000
are known compared to inorganic compounds
which are about 600,000.
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15. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION Why is carbon special?
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/key.html
Complex organic
compounds produce
biologically functional
molecules such as
proteins, DNA, RNA,
carbohydrates, enzymes,
lipids and ATP.
These complex
compounds are present
in foods, medicine, fuels
and industrial products.
This image depicts the HIV Viral capsid
entering a T Cell and the HIV virus
releasing its viral capsid into the host T-
cells cytoplasm.
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16. WHY CARBON?
Carbon atoms can link together to form stable
chains of great length.
It has a “central” role in all living organisms.
It has 4 valence electrons.
It makes 4 covalent bonds.
It can bond with any element, but really loves to
bond with other carbon atoms and make long
chains.
Carbon atoms bind strongly to each other and
form very large molecules which are built around
this carbon backbone.
19. Organic Building Blocks
Hydrocarbons are the simplest of the organic compounds. As the name
suggests, hydrocarbons are made from hydrogen and carbon.
EXAMPLES:
CH4
20. Organic Building Blocks
•The name, carbohydrates, is a good
one because it indicates carbon and
water (hydrogen and oxygen).
•Remember, dehydrated means loss of
water, and to be hydrated means to add
water.
Saltine Mini-Lab!
21. Organic Building Blocks
•Lipids (oils and fats) are
another class of organic
compounds built from oxygen,
hydrogen, and carbon. It's
amazing what these three
elements can build!
25. Organic Building Blocks
Amino acids are the building
block for proteins.
Proteins are made by connecting
amino acids together.
26. Organic Building Blocks
A few amino acids are built by carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sulfur.
Mammals need about 20 amino acids to make the proteins they need.
Only 2 of these are amino acids containing sulfur.
27. Organic Building Blocks
We will end our organic building blocks with the ultimate building block
of living organisms- DNA.
We need just one more element to build it: phosphorus.
28. Organic Building Blocks Review
• Hydrocarbons= hydrogen + carbon
• Carbohydrates and Lipids = hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
• Amino Acids and Proteins = hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and
nitrogen
• Some Amino Acids and Proteins = hydrogen, carbon, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sulfur
• Nucleic Acids = hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur,
and phosphorus
29.
30. FUN FACTS
It is the most important element.
Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible.
If you take away the water, the rest of the human body
is 53% carbon.
Carbon is made in the interiors of stars, though it was
not produced in the Big Bang.
The origin of the name ‘carbon’ comes from the Latin
word carbo, for charcoal.
Thanks to the complicated loop of the carbon cycle, the
amount of carbon on Earth is effectively constant.
31. Carbon forms so many different
compounds that a system for grouping
the molecules is necessary. Organic
molecules are classified according to
structural features.
The members of each class of
compounds contain a characteristic
atom or group of atoms called a
functional group.
41. Rearrange the letters to reveal the
word/s that best describe in the opposite
side.
1. NOHDRBROYCAS ( composed of carbon and
hydrogen only)
2. ADURATETS ILO (Ex. Lard, margarine, beef
tallow, butter)
3. BORANC (53% of human body when
H2O is removed)
4. AFILUNCTON SROUPG (determine the
characteristics of
compounds)
5. DRICHIEFR WHOLER ( ended the vital
force theory)
6. EHETEN ( natural ripening
agent of fruit)
7. HANE TEM (released by cows
42. HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons (HCs) are compounds that
are basically made up of carbon and
hydrogen. They can be classified as an
aliphatic compound or an aromatic
compound. Aliphatic carbons can
subdivided into alkanes, alkenes, alkynes,
and cycloalkanes.
43. HYDROCARBONS
These are compounds composed entirely of
carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to each
other by covalent bonds.
Hydrocarbons are a primary energy source for
current civilizations. The predominant use of
hydrocarbons is as a combustible fuel source.
In their solid form, hydrocarbons take the form
of asphalt.
General molecular formula: CxHy
44. HYDROCARBONS
They come in two “flavors”:
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, which
consist of linear chains of carbon
atoms;
Aromatic hydrocarbons, which
consist of closed rings (benzene)
of carbon atoms.
45. ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
The simplest is methane, CH4. Next is
ethane, C2H6.
The fatty acids in fats are aliphatic
hydrocarbons.
47. HYDROCARBONS
Saturated hydrocarbons are those that
contain only carbon-carbon single bonds.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are those that
contain carbon-carbon double and triple
bonds.
If a chain holds all the hydrogen atoms it can, the
molecule is said to be saturated. The fatty acids in
tristearin are all saturated. If two adjacent carbon
atoms each lose a hydrogen atom, a double bond
forms between them. Such a molecule is said to be
unsaturated.
48.
49. 1. Define “functional group” and explain why
functional groups are important.
2. Identify and alcohols, alkyl halides, ethers,
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and
amines based on the functional group present in
each
3. Explain the relationships between the properties
and structures of compounds with various
functional groups
50. An atom or group of atoms that is responsible for
the specific properties of an organic compound
Compounds that contain the same functional group can
be classed together
Makes properties that are very different from those of
the corresponding hydrocarbon.
57. HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
Are compounds made up of carbon
atoms and at least one other atom
that is not hydrogen.
The resulting compound when one
or more functional groups are
attached to a hydrocarbon
58.
59. STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
An expanded structural formula shows all
the atoms present in a molecule and the
bonds connect them together. For example:
60. A condensed structural formula shows the
arrangement of the atoms, but shows each
carbon atom and its attached hydrogen atoms as
a group. For example:
61. A stick formula is a short-hand method of showing
large and complex molecules easily. In these
diagrams the non-terminal carbon atoms are
displayed as joints and the non-terminal
hydrogens are deleted.
63. ALKANES
Hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon
single bond (saturated)
General molecular formula: CnH2n+2
Can be straight chain or branched
ALKENES
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double
bond
General molecular formula: CnH2n
64. EXAMPLE
Methane (CH4) is its simplest form
Other types are ethane, propane, butane and
pentane ; (C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12)
Methane Propane
H
C
C C O
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
C
C C O
H
H
H
O
H
H
H C C
H H
H
H H
65. ALKANES
The first four members of the series are gases
at room temperature and are called:
• methane, CH4
• ethane, C2H6
• propane, C3H8
• butane, C4H10
Alkanes with increasing numbers of carbon atoms
have names are based on the Greek word for the
number of carbon atoms in the chain of each
molecule.
pentane (5),
hexane (6),
heptane (7)
and octane (8).
66. ALKENES (CNH2N)
Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon
double bond.
Simplest alkenes is ethylene (C2H4 )that is used as a
ripening agent for fruits
More examples are butadiene, C4H6, and isoprene, C5H8
Has a general formula of CNH2n
Ethylene
C C
H
H
H
H
67. Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing one carbon-
carbon triple bond.
They are very active chemically and not found in
free nature
An example of this is acetylene, C2H2
HC CH : Acetylene
ALKYNES (CNH2N-2)
68. ALKYNES
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon triple
bond
General molecular formula: CnH2n-2
Can be straight chain or branched
CYCLOALKANES
Are Aliphatic cyclic compounds which have a
general ring structure containing CnH2n
General molecular formula: CnH2n
69. CYCLOALKANES (CH2)N
Cycloalkanes are aliphatic cyclic (alicyclic)
compounds which have a general ring structure
containing --CH2-.
They are usually drawn as polygon dhapes
depending on the number of carbons present
Contain C – C with at least 3 of the carbons
arranged in a cyclic (ring) structure
c
c c
c
c
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
70. USES OF HYDROCARBONS
1. Burning hydrocarbons
Combustion
Hydrocarbons are currently the
main source of the world’s electric
energy and heat sources (such as
home heating) because of the
energy produced when burnt. Often
this energy is used directly as heat
such as in home heaters, which use
either petroleum or natural gas. The
hydrocarbon is burnt and the heat is
used to heat water, which is then
circulated. A similar principle is used
to create electric energy in power
plants.
hydrocarbon-based fire
71. 2. Petroleum
Petroleum
Oil refineries are one way hydrocarbons
are processed for use. Crude oil is
processed in several stages to form
desired hydrocarbons, used as fuel and
in other products.
Extracted hydrocarbons in a liquid form
are referred to as petroleum (literally
"rock oil") or mineral oil, whereas
hydrocarbons in a gaseous form are
referred to as natural gas. Petroleum and
natural gas are found in the Earth's
subsurface with the tools of petroleum
geology and are a significant source of
fuel and raw materials for the production
of organic chemicals.
72. 3. Bioremediation
Bacteria in the gabbroic layer of the oceans
crust can degrade hydrocarbons; but the
extreme environment makes research
difficult. Other bacteria such as Lutibacterium
Anuloederans can also degrade hydrocarbons.
74. I. Determine what functional group is
given
1. C-C
2. C=C
3. R-OH
4. R-NH2
5. R-CONH2
6. ROR’
7. RCOOH
8. RCOH
9. RCOOR’
10. RCOR’
75. II. Identify the following
1-2. Two groups of chemical substances.
3. Physician who coined the term “Organic
Chemistry”.
4. Year he coined it.
5. Chemistry dealing with organic compounds.
6. Carbon has how many valence electrons?
7. The members of each class of compounds contain
a characteristic atom or group of atoms called a
_____.
8-10. Give 3 uses of hydrocarbons.
11-12. “Flavors” of hydrocarbons.
76. ACTIVITY 2
Identify which functional group the structures below belong.
O
1. CH3C
H
2. CH3 C CH3
O
3. CH3 C NH2
O
O
4. CH3C
OCH2CH3
6. CH3CH2CH3
O
5. CH3C
OH
7. CH2 = CH C CH
8. CH3 CH2 NH2
77. 9. CH3 CH2 OH
10. CH3 CH2 Br
11. H3C O CH3
15. CH3 CH = CH CH3
12. CH3 C O CH3
O
13. CH3 CH2 COOH
14.
CH3