Organelles
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The document describes organelles found in plant and animal cells and provides analogies to compare their functions to parts of a school. It discusses the nucleus, which controls the cell like a principal, and mitochondria and chloroplasts, which produce energy like a cafeteria. It also mentions the endoplasmic reticulum, which transports proteins like hallways; the Golgi apparatus, which packages proteins like office secretaries; and lysosomes, which break down waste like custodians.
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www.biodeluna.wordpress.com
Cell structure and function
This document discusses cell structure and function. It begins by defining prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, then discusses the history of cell discovery. This led to the Cell Theory which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document then describes the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in detail, including their organelles and differences. It provides examples of cell types and concludes with self-test questions to check understanding.
Cells and their_functions1
The document discusses cells, their structures and functions. It defines a cell as the basic unit of life and structure in organisms. Cells come in different shapes and sizes depending on their function. Key structures of plant and animal cells include the cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and vacuoles. The document also covers the early scientists who discovered and studied cells, as well as levels of organization from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems within organisms.
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3 19 Mutations
Crossing over occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. Both crossing over and mutation can introduce genetic variation, though crossing over involves the exchange of DNA between matching chromosomes while mutation involves changes to DNA. Crossing over and mutation are important sources of genetic diversity that can produce beneficial traits and drive evolution.
3 16 Crossing Over
The document defines a gene as a unit of heredity and an allele as a variant form of a gene. It lists the 8 stages of meiosis as prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II. It explains that homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that contain the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles, and that crossing over occurs during prophase I and involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, leading to increased genetic variation.
Evolution Intro
The document discusses several scientific theories including evolution, creationism, and the Big Bang theory. It provides definitions and examples of evolution as a theory that explains the diversity of life and how organisms adapt over generations. It also notes that scientific theories are supported by facts and withstand testing, and that evolution describes changes after complex life but does not address the origin of the universe or take a position on the existence of a higher being.
Evolution Evidence
The document discusses assigning readings to group members to annotate and summarize key details on a graphic organizer about what makes the theory of evolution believable. Students are to look for key points, vocabulary words and definitions in their assigned readings and explain how the evidence they find supports the theory of evolution. They will then share their findings with their group.
3 24 Evidence For Evolution
The document discusses several examples of evidence that support the theory of evolution in society and biology. It begins by asking the reader to think of an example of how evolution can be seen in society, then provides examples of fossil evidence, homologous and analogous structures in organisms, vestigial structures, similarities in DNA and embryological development between species, and how using antibacterial products could be an example of evolution in action by exposing bacteria to selection pressures. The document also lists vocabulary terms and provides a YouTube link as an example.
Biology Bingo, day 1
This document contains biology terms related to genetics and cell biology, including definitions of genotypes, phenotypes, alleles, chromosomes, DNA, RNA, cell division, mutations, traits, and Gregor Mendel, who is described as the father of genetics. It provides a list of key vocabulary words used in the study of genetics and heredity.
3 9 Review
This document provides information about Mendelian genetics and molecular genetics. It defines key genetics terms like genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous. It also gives instructions on how to calculate probabilities from genetic crosses and how to determine genotypes of parents from offspring data using a Punnett square.
Biology Bingo, Day 2
The document contains biology terms related to genetics and cell biology, including definitions of key genetics concepts like genotype, phenotype, alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, traits, chromosomes, DNA, RNA, mutations, the central dogma, meiosis, mitosis, gametes, and the work of Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics. It seems to be reviewing vocabulary for a biology test or assignment covering basic genetics and cell division topics.
3 8 Main Pp
The document discusses several key concepts in molecular genetics including:
1. The central dogma which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein.
2. Complementary base pairing rules where A pairs with T and C pairs with G in DNA, and A pairs with U in RNA.
3. Translation is the process where mRNA is used to produce proteins using codons of three nucleotides that code for amino acids.
4. Mutations can occur in DNA and affect proteins, including frameshift, point, silent, missense, and nonsense mutations.
3 4 Powerpoint
The document discusses several genetics topics, including:
- Tongue rolling inheritance is dominant, so the probability the child cannot roll their tongue is 25% if one parent cannot roll.
- A tall plant was test crossed and offspring showed a 3:1 ratio, so the unknown parent was heterozygous.
- Modes of inheritance like X-linked, Y-linked, autosomal are defined.
- Examples of genetic crosses are given to calculate phenotypes.
3 2 Dihybrid
McCaffrey is colorblind, and his father is also colorblind. His mother's genotype is unknown, but she could be a carrier. To determine the mother's genotype, a Punnett square crossing McCaffrey's parents can be completed. His father being colorblind is important because it means the father must have the recessive genotype for colorblindness.
2 24 Intro To Punnet Squares
The document discusses basic concepts in Mendelian genetics including genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant and recessive traits, and homozygous and heterozygous individuals. It defines key terms and provides examples. Some main points:
- Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics for his experiments breeding pea plants.
- Genes are portions of DNA that code for traits, alleles are different forms of the same gene.
- Genotype refers to an individual's genetic makeup, phenotype to their observable traits.
- Dominant traits require only one allele, recessive traits require two of the same allele.
3 1 Sex Linked
To be homozygous recessive means to have two copies of the recessive allele for a given trait. The document provides examples of punnett squares and pedigree charts to illustrate genetic crosses and inheritance patterns. It discusses sex-linked traits like hemophilia and how they are more likely to affect males. Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome are also examined, with Klinefelter syndrome describing males with an extra X chromosome presenting some female physical traits, and Turner syndrome describing females missing a sex chromosome.
2 25 Punnett Squares
The document discusses genetics concepts including genotypes, phenotypes, alleles, homozygous vs heterozygous, dominant vs recessive traits, and probability. It provides examples of how offspring genotypes and phenotypes are determined based on the parental genotypes using Punnett squares. For a cross between a homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parent, the offspring will all be heterozygous. For a cross between two heterozygous parents, the offspring genotypic ratio will be 1BB:2Bb:1bb and the phenotypic ratio will be 3 brown hair: 1 blond hair.
2 22 Meiosis
The document contains information about point mutations, the stages of mitosis in order, vocabulary terms, and a description of meiosis. It identifies two point mutations, one as missense and one as nonsense. It lists the four stages of mitosis in correct order: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. It defines germline and somatic cells, haploid and diploid cells, and homologous chromosomes. It describes meiosis as the process where cells divide into four genetically different haploid cells.
2 8 Mutation
The document discusses:
1. Converting an mRNA strand into DNA and taking a DNA strand through the central dogma process to produce an amino acid chain.
2. Different types of gene mutations including point mutations which change a single base pair, and frameshift mutations which add or delete nucleotides throwing off the sequence.
3. Examples of point mutations causing amino acid changes or silent mutations, and frameshift mutations being more severe by altering the entire sequence.
1 27 Dna Structure
The document analyzes exam results based on standards and identifies which standards were passed with 80% or higher and which need work at 80% or lower. It then provides information on genetics, including that genetics is the study of heredity, heredity determines traits passed from parents to children, and DNA determines heredity through its double helix structure composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases that pair in specific ways.
1 29 Dna Replication
The document discusses DNA replication and key concepts about DNA. It provides information on how DNA is highly compacted into chromosomes containing 3 billion base pairs, with genes made up of sequences that code for proteins. It then explains that DNA replication is the process where DNA makes a copy of itself, producing two identical DNA molecules from the original strand through the unzipping of the strands and nucleotides joining to form new strands. This ensures each new cell receives the full genetic code.
2-2 Transcription
The document summarizes the process of transcription in cells. It explains that transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves copying information from DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). During transcription, the four nitrogenous bases in DNA (A, T, G, C) form base pairs with complementary bases in mRNA (A, U, G, C), with Uracil replacing Thymine. The mRNA transcript then leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes to direct protein synthesis.
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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Organelles
- 3. Parts of the Cell
- 4. Plant vs Animal Cells
- 6. ANALOGY! Organelles perform the functions of the cell just like different people and places perform the functions of LPS! If the nucleus of a cell is analogous to Ms. Klaffky, the principal, what function do you think the nucleus does?
- 7. Control Center Holds genetic material Nucleus
- 8. Nucleus Lily Parenchyma Cell. Note the large nucleus and nucleolus in the center of the cell, mitochondria and plastids in the cytoplasm.
- 9. Nucleus
- 11. Power Station Produces Energy Mitochondria Changes chemical energy into food
- 12. Mitochondria
- 13. Mitochondria
- 14. The Cafeteria (MPR) Mitochondria
- 16. Power Station Produces Energy Chloroplast Changes sunlight into food by photosynthesis
- 17. Found in Plants Only Chloroplast
- 18. Chloroplast
- 19. The Cafeteria (again) Chloroplast
- 21. Makes proteins Ribosome Very small
- 22. Ribosomes
- 24. Pathway to ship proteins Endoplasmic Reticulum
- 26. E.R.
- 27. E.R.
- 29. Package and ship out proteins Golgi Apparatus
- 32. Golgi Apparatus
- 33. Golgi Apparatus
- 34. Main Office / Ms. Rivera Golgi Apparatus
- 35. Clean up crew Lysosome
- 37. The Custodians Lysosome
- 38. Lysosome
- 44. Controls what gets in and out of the cell Cell Membrane
- 46. Cell Membrane
- 47. Protects the plant cell Cell Wall
- 49. Found in Plants Only Cell Wall
- 50. Cell Wall
- 51. The fence Cell Wall
- 53. Holds cellular organelles in place Cytoplasm
- 57. Storage of food and water Vacuoles
- 59. Huge in plant cells Small in animal cells
- 60. Plant Cells
- 61. Vacuole
- 64. Animal Cells