Crossing over occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. Both crossing over and mutation can introduce genetic variation, though crossing over involves the exchange of DNA between matching chromosomes while mutation involves changes to DNA. Crossing over and mutation are important sources of genetic diversity that can produce beneficial traits and drive evolution.

1. What is crossing over? When does crossing over happen? How are mutation and crossing over similar?

3. We’ve studied how mutations affect the DNA level (frameshift and point) We’ve studied how mutations affect the amino acid chain (silent, missense and nonsense)

4. Remember Inheritance is the passing down from one generation to the next Something that is “heritable” is passed down

5. Mutations can be random or caused by the environment

6. Random mutations are the result of a failure of the cell machinery Mutagens are agents in the environment that cause mutation UV light, X-Rays, smoking,

8. Gain -of-function mutations result in a protein having a new or different function Loss- of-function mutations result in a protein that no longer performs its job.

9. Are all mutations bad?

10. Mutations are negative when they cause disorders or prevent the cell from maintaining homeostasis

11. Mutations are beneficial (positive) because they can lead to proteins better for an environment . Mutations create genetic diversity , or variation. They might sometimes affect the phenotype, but always affect the genotype

13. Germline mutations are able to be passed onto offspring because they are mutations in the DNA of sex cells

14. Somatic mutations are not able to be passed onto offspring because they are mutations in the DNA of body cells