This document provides an overview of organ transplantation, including:
- The types of organs and tissues that can be transplanted, such as hearts, kidneys, and skin.
- The history of transplantation, including milestones like the first successful cornea transplant in 1905 and kidney transplant in 1954.
- Types of transplants including autographs, allografts, isografts, and xenografts.
- Statistics on organ donation, such as over 78,000 people waiting for transplants in the US and 14 dying per day while waiting.
- Challenges including low organ availability, risk of infection and rejection, and the need to increase future organ sources.
It is the only treatment for end state organ failure, such as liver and heart failure and end stage renal disease. This can only be ensured through rigorous selection procedures, careful surgery and follow up of the donor to ensure the optimal management of untoward consequences.
Background of organ transplant infrastructure in the US. Some history. Definitions. Nursing Care of the transplant patient in hospital, and home settings. Intended for senior level nursing students in an ADN program
It is the only treatment for end state organ failure, such as liver and heart failure and end stage renal disease. This can only be ensured through rigorous selection procedures, careful surgery and follow up of the donor to ensure the optimal management of untoward consequences.
Background of organ transplant infrastructure in the US. Some history. Definitions. Nursing Care of the transplant patient in hospital, and home settings. Intended for senior level nursing students in an ADN program
Road to a Transplant: A glimpse at the organ transplantation processamylcarey
A brief look at the organ transplantation process. Inspired by Brian Primack, a heart transplant patient with Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Listed with UNOS, Nov 2011.
This is the ppt on organ donation in India with Statistics and illustration to engage in audiences attention. It is full of information and the sources of the information is genuine
Human Organ transplantation is a surgical operation in which a failure or damaged organ in human body is removed and replaced with a functioning one. The donated organ may be from a deceased donor, a living donor or an animal.
Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine and thymus.
Tissues include bones, tendons, cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins.
Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart.
Road to a Transplant: A glimpse at the organ transplantation processamylcarey
A brief look at the organ transplantation process. Inspired by Brian Primack, a heart transplant patient with Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Listed with UNOS, Nov 2011.
This is the ppt on organ donation in India with Statistics and illustration to engage in audiences attention. It is full of information and the sources of the information is genuine
Human Organ transplantation is a surgical operation in which a failure or damaged organ in human body is removed and replaced with a functioning one. The donated organ may be from a deceased donor, a living donor or an animal.
Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine and thymus.
Tissues include bones, tendons, cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins.
Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart.
IT HELPS TO KNOWN ABOUT DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSPLANTATION AND ALSO ABOUT DONOR TYPES , THIS PPT HELPS TO UNDERSTAND BRIEFLY ABOUT TRANSPLANTATION IN HUMAN OR ANY OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS.
Joel Arudchelvam
Definition
Donor types
HISTORY OF TRASNPLANTATION in Sri Lanka
Transplantation procedure
Organ preservation
BASIC COMPONENTS OF PRESERVATION SOLUTIONS
New articles were published at the end of the 2017 about "chicken-the-egg" question: which organic molecules were the first: nucleotides or amino acids. RNA world is still the predominant theory, but new studies on proteins could change that.
NGS is a new way to examine and explore genes. Sanger's method is still being used in science but has some difficulties. This presentation covers only two types of NGSs but they are good examples of better ways to study genes, genome. NGS are really important nowadays in diagnostics tumors and cancers.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. Organ
transplantatio
n History
Organs and tissues transplanted
Types of transplant
Types of donor
Allocation of donated organs
Reasons for donation and ethical issues
Statistics and future of transplantation
By
Peter
Egorov
2. Organs that can be
transplanted are:
Heart Kidneys LiverThymus
PancreasLungs Intestine
3. Tissues that can be
transplanted are:
Bones Tendons Cornea
VeinHeart valves Skin of leg
Skin of
face
5. 01/01/0300
Comos and Damian Allotransplantation
in humans was first conceived in the middle
ages. In this account, the leg of the
sacristan Deacon Justinian was
amputated to treat a cancerous lesion.
The leg of a recently slain Ethiopian Moor
gladiator was retrieved from the
battlefield and transplanted to the
amputation site. Cosmos and Damian,
twin Arab brothers who were converts to
Christianity performed the operations.
6. First successful Bone Graft
First successful bone graft documented by Job
Van Meeneren.
Job van Meekeren (1611 – 6 December 1666,
Amsterdam) was a Dutch surgeon. Became a
surgeon in Amsterdam in 1635. He showed a
great interest in hand surgery, and interesting
is a demonstration of flexor tendon repairs on
corpses by one of his pupils. He wrote a book,
which gives a good representation of the state
of the art of surgery in the seventeenth century
in Amsterdam.
01/01/1668
7. 01/01/1878
First Sucessful Human to Human Bone
Transplant
First successful human-to-human bone
transplant. This operation, which used bone
from a cadaver, remained unusual because
there was no way to process and preserve
human tissues.
8. 09/07/1905
First successful cornea
transplant by Eduard Zirm
(18 March 1863 - 15 March 1944), was
born in Vienna, Austria.
That day Zirm first met man blinded in both eyes called
Glogar. At the same time, a boy was brought to his clinic
after an accident that left metal pieces in his eyes. The
attempts to save boy's eyes were unsuccessful. Zirm
enucleated them and saved the corneas for transplantation
into Glogar's eyes. Although complications affected one eye,
the other remained clear allowing Glogar to return to work.[
9. The operation and healing were
difficult at that time because without a
microscope it was impossible to suture
the cornea. Therefore, Zirm
successfully used sutures from the
outside. Although eye surgeons
around the world had been
unsuccessful in the operation in
humans for over a hundred years,
parallel advances in anaesthesia and
asepsis have also been credited in
Zirm's success.
Zirm 's method remains the basis for
repairing corneal damage.
Eduard Konrad Zirm
10. December
1954
Firts Kidney
transplantation
Pioneer medical team that
received the 1961 Amory
Prize of the American
Academy of Arts and
Sciences for bringing
kidney transplantation to
the world.
Left to right, Drs.
Harrison, Merrill and
Murray
11. Dr. Harrison, Joseph E.
Murray, John P. Merrill ...Dr. HarrisonJoseph Edward
Murray
John
Putnam
Merrill
… and others achieved the first successful
kidney transplant, between identical
twins. Murray shared the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine in 1990. In 1971,
Dr. Harrison received the Purkinje
Medal from Czechoslovakia. In May
1983, he was awarded the Keyes Medal
from the American Assn.
Pioneer medical
team
12. 1966
The first pancreas transplantation
by Richard Lillehei and William Kelly
(Minnesota, U.S.A.)
A pancreas along with kidney and duodenum was
transplanted into a 28-year-old woman and her
blood sugar levels decreased immediately after
transplantation, but eventually she died three
months later from pulmonary embolism. In 1979
the first living-related partial pancreas
transplantation was done.
14. 1947 - The first isolated lung transplantation
1948 - The first liver transplantation
1951 - The world's first orthotopic heart transplant
without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass
1952 - The world's first mammarno-coronary bypass
surgery (1988 - State Prize)
1954 - The first transplant second head dog
First operations in the
World made by Demichov:
1937 - The first artificial heart
1946 - The first Heterotopic heart
transplantation
1946 - The first transfer complex heart-lung
15. 1967
Christiaan Neethling
Barnard (8 November 1922 –
2 September 2001) was a South
African cardiac surgeon who
performed the world's first
successful human-to-human
heart transplant. Following the first
successful kidney transplant in
1953, in the United States, Barnard
performed the first kidney transplant
in South Africa in October 1967.
Christian Barnard all his life
considered Demikhov his teacher.
20. Autotransplantation
Transplant of tissue to the same person. Sometimes this is
done with surplus tissue, or tissue that can regenerate, or
tissues more desperately needed elsewhere (examples
include skin grafts, vein extraction for CABG, etc.)
Sometimes an autograft is done to remove the tissue and
then treat it or the person, before returning it (examples
include stem cell autograft and storing blood in advance of
surgery).
In a rotationplasty a distal joint is used to replace a more
proximal one, typically a foot and ankle joint is used to
replace a knee joint. The patient's foot is severed and
reversed, the knee removed, and the tibia joined with the
femur.
21. Allotransplantation
and
Allograft
An allograft is a transplant of an organ or tissue
between two genetically non-identical members
of the same species.
Most human tissue and organ transplants are
allografts. Due to the genetic difference between
the organ and the recipient, the recipient's
immune system will identify the organ as foreign
and attempt to destroy it, causing transplant
rejection. The Risk of transplant rejection can be
estimated by measuring the Panel reactive
antibody level.
22. Isograft
A subset of allografts in which organs or
tissues are transplanted from a donor to
a genetically identical recipient (such as
an identical twin).
Isografts are differentiated from other
types of transplants because while they
are anatomically identical to allografts,
they do not trigger an immune response.
23. Xenograft
and
xenotransplantation
A transplant of organs or tissue from one species to
another. An example is porcine heart valve transplant,
which is quite common and successful. Another example
is attempted piscine-primate (fish to non-human primate)
transplant of islet (i.e. pancreatic or insular tissue) tissue.
The latter research study was intended to pave the way for
potential human use, if successful. However,
xenotransplantion is often an extremely dangerous type of
transplant because of the increased risk of non-
compatibility, rejection, and disease carried in the tissue.
24. Split transplants
Sometimes a deceased-donor organ,
usually a liver, may be divided between
two recipients, especially an adult and a
child. This is not usually a preferred
option because the transplantation of a
whole organ is more successful.
25. Domino transplants
This term also refers to a series of living donor transplants in which one
donor donates to the highest recipient on the waiting list and the
transplant center utilizes that donation to facilitate multiple transplants.
These other transplants are otherwise impossible due to blood type or
antibody barriers to transplantation. The "Good Samaritan" kidney is
transplanted into one of the other recipients, whose donor in turn donates
his or her kidney to an unrelated recipient. Depending on the patients on
the waiting list, this has sometimes been repeated for up to six pairs, with
the final donor donating to the patient at the top of the list. This method
allows all organ recipients to get a transplant even if their living donor is
not a match to them.
In patients with cystic fibrosis (муковисцидоз), where both lungs need
to be replaced, it is a technically easier operation with a higher rate of
success to replace both the heart and lungs of the recipient with those of
the donor. As the recipient's original heart is usually healthy, it can then
be transplanted into a second recipient in need of a heart transplant.
26. •Types of donor
• Living donor Deceased donor
Organ donors may be living, or brain dead. Brain dead means the
donor must have received an injury to the part of the brain that
controls heartbeat and breathing. Breathing is maintained via
artificial sources, which, in turn, maintains heartbeat. Once brain
death has been declared the person can be considered for organ
donation. Tissue may be recovered from donors who are cardiac
dead. That is, their breathing and heartbeat has ceased. They are
referred to as cadaveric donors. The American Association of Tissue
Banks estimates that more than one million tissue transplants take
place in the United States each year.
27. Living donor
In "living donors", the donor remains alive
and donates a renewable tissue, cell, or fluid
(e.g. blood, skin), or donates an organ or part of
an organ in which the remaining organ can
regenerate or take on the workload of the rest
of the organ (primarily single kidney donation,
partial donation of liver, small bowel).
Regenerative medicine may one day allow for
laboratory-grown organs, using patient's own
cells via stem cells, or healthy cells extracted
from the failing organs.
28. Deceased donor
Deceased (formerly cadaveric) are donors who have been
declared brain-dead and whose organs are kept viable by
ventilators or other mechanical mechanisms until they can
be excised for transplantation. Apart from brain-stem dead
donors, who have formed the majority of deceased donors for
the last twenty years, there is increasing use of Donation
after Cardiac Death Donors (formerly non-heart beating
donors) to increase the potential pool of donors as demand
for transplants continues to grow. These organs have inferior
outcomes to organs from a brain-dead donor; however given
the scarcity of suitable organs and the number of people who
die waiting, any potentially suitable organ must be
considered.
29. •Statistics of donation
The Need for Organ Donors in the Greater New
York Metropolitan Area
More than 8,200 people are waiting for organ
transplants in the New York Organ Donor Network's
service area.
Of these, more than 6,400 await kidneys; more than
1,400 need livers; and more than 250 need hearts.
Others also need pancreas (more than 100), lungs
(around 40) and intestine (around 10). Some patients
need both a kidney and a pancreas (more than 100).
30. Number of Deceased Organ Donors in the
Greater New York Metropolitan Area, the
Region Served by the New York Organ
Donor Network: 2004-2011
In 2011, there were 264 deceased organ donors in the
Greater New York metropolitan area compared with 242
in 2010.
31. Economy Statistics of Donor
Top 10 countries:
# 1 USA $23,530,000,000.00
# 2 UK $12,460,000,000.00
# 3 France $10,600,000,000.00
# 4 Germany $10,440,000,000.00
# 5 Japan $ 7,500,000,000.00
# 6 Netherlands $ 5,452,000,000.00
# 7 Sweden $ 3,955,000,000.00
# 8 Canada $ 3,900,000,000.00
# 9 Spain $ 3,814,000,000.00
#10 Italy $ 3,641,000,000.00
32. Here are some statistics and facts
about organ donation for people over
50
Two thirds of the individuals waiting for an organ transplant in 2011 were
50 years old or older. That year 2,242 deceased donors were between
50–64 years of age. Five hundred and ninety-five deceased donors were
65 or older.
In 2011, 17,089 of the 28,535—or 59.9%—of the people transplanted
were 50+.
According to the 2005 National Survey of Organ and Tissue Donation
Attitudes and Behaviors, conducted by The Gallup Organization, 20.13%
of people over 65 years of age mistakenly think they are too old to
donate an organ while 11.73% believe they are too old to receive one.
As of April 13, 2012, according to OPTN, there are 51,718 people
between 50 and 64 years old on the national waiting list and 21,172
people over 65 years old on the national waiting list.
33. Donation Problems
In USA over 78,000 men, women, and children waiting for organ
transplants, and 14 of these people die every day while waiting to
receive an organ transplant. There are more than five people
waiting for every organ made available by donation.
An estimated two in three Americans have not indicated their
wishes about donation. The United Network for Organ Sharing
found slow growth in the number of organs from deceased donors.
In 1999, there were a total of 21,715 transplants performed in the
United States, up 44 percent from 1990.
More and more people with HIV and/or hepatitis B and/or hepatitis
C are going to need organ transplants, particularly liver
transplants.
34. Problems of
Transplantation
The number of donated organs hasstayed fairly constant
over the last few years while the number of people
needing organscontinues to increase.
Infection. You will be given fairly high doses of
immunosuppressant medications that will make you more
susceptible to infection. During the first few weeks the
most common sites of possible infection are your chest.
CMV Infection. This is a viral infection which usually
comes on about four weeks after transplant. It may cause
fevers, aches and pains.
35. Problems of
Transplantation
Other possible post operative problems. Include problems
related to the flow of bile from your liver, either a possible bile
leak or the development of a stricture (narrowing) in one of the
bile ducts. There may be problems with flow with the blood
vessels going into the liver.
Emotional changes to expect. Not only does transplantation
involves many physical changes to the body, but it also means
many emotional changes. It is a tense, anxious time for both
patient and family while they live through the waiting period,
the transplant itself and often a prolonged recovery period.The
drugs given produce physical side effects that can be
distressing to patients as they face changes in their body image
and can also contribute to increased mood changes.
36. The future of organ
transplantation
No challenge in medicine can be more urgent than the devising of new strategies for
replacing organs. The need for organ replacement not only exceeds by far the supply of
organs available for transplantation, the need is likely to increase dramatically. The
induction of tolerance to spare transplanted organs and the use of animal organs, i.e.
xenotransplantation, could help address this problem but neither appears close to
application. Here discussed a strategy involving the sequential generation of pleuripotent
stem cells, formation of human organs in an adoptive xenogeneic host, the harvesting of
human cells, tissues or organs from that host and implantation into the individual from
whom the stem cells were obtained as one potential way to generate histocompatible
organs. The promise, limitations and uncertainties of these steps are discussed as well.
This approach, while speculative and perhaps unlikely, may lead to development of further
new technologies and insights, the pursuit of which could provide new approaches to
replacing organ function.