Organ transplantation and nanotechnology in medical field

1. SEMINAR
TOPIC: RESEARCH INPUTS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES(MEANING AND SCOPE OF ORGAN
TRANSPLANTATION-A NEW HOPE FOR LIFE, NANOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN
MEDICAL FIELD)
Submitted To Submitted By
Dr. Asha.K.Thomas Soumya S R
Assistant Professor Naturalscience
MTTC, Pathanapuram 18122303012

2. INTRODUCTION
 Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or
from a donor site on the patient’s own body, for the purpose of replacing the
recipient’s damaged or absent organ.
 The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and
engineers to create organs to be re-grown from the patient’s own cells(stem
cells, or cells extracted from the failing organs)

3. ORGAN TRANSPLANT
 An organ transplant is a surgical operation in which a failure or damaged organ
in human body is removed and replaced with a functioning one.
 Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas,
intestine and thymus.
 Tissues include bones, tendons, cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins.
 Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed
by the liver and then the heart.

4. TYPES OF TRANSPLANTS
 Autograft
 Allograft
 Isograft
 Xenograft
 Split transplant
 Domino transplant

5. * Sometimes an autograft is done to remove the tissue and then treat it or the
person, before returning it.( Examples include stem cell autograft and storing
blood in advance of surgery)
ALLOGRAFT
* An allograft is a transplanted organ or tissue from a genetically non-identical
member of the same species.
* Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts.
* Due to the genetic difference between the organ and the recipient, the
recipient’s immune system will identify the organ as foreign and attempt to
destroy it, causing transplant rejection.
AUTOGRAFT
* A transplant of tissue from one to oneself (same person).
* Sometimes this is done with surplus tissues, or tissue that can regenerate, or
tissues more desperately needed elsewhere(examples include skin grafts)

6. ISOGRAFT
* A subset of allografts in which organs or tissues are transplanted from a donar to a genetically
identical recipient (such as an identical twin).
* Isografts are differentiated from other types of transplants because while
they are anatomically identical to allografts, they do not trigger an immune
response.
XENOGRAFT
* A transplant of organs or tissues from one species to another.
Eg. 1). Porcine heart valve transplant , which is quite common and successful.
2). Attempted piscine-primate (fish to non-human primate) transplant of islet(pancreatic)
tissue.
*The latter research study intended to pave the way for potential human use,if successful.
*Often an extremely dangerous type of transplant because of the increased risk of non-
compatibility, rejection and disease carried in the tissue.

7. *Sometimes, a deceased-donor organ ,usually a liver, may be divided between
two recipients.
* This is not usually a preferred option because the transplantation of a whole
organ is more successful.
DOMINO TRANSPLANTS
* This is the series of transplantation in which the first recipient become the donor
for another recipient.
Eg. 1. In patients with cystic fibrosis, where both lungs need to be replaced, it is
technically easier operation with a higher rate of success to replace both the heart
and lungs of the recipient with those of the donor. As the recipient’s original heart
is usually healthy, it can be transplanted into a second recipient in need of a heart
transplant.
SPLIT TRANSPLANTS

8. 1. LIVING DONOR
* In living donor , the donor remains alive and donates a renewable tissue, cell or
fluid (eg: blood ,skin) or donates an organ or part of an organ in which the
remaining organ can regenerate or take on the workload of the rest of the organ.
* Eg: Primarily single kidney donation, partial donation of liver, small bowel
* Regenerative medicine is promising , one day may allow for laboratory –
grown organs, using patient’s own cells via stem cells or healthy cells extracted
from the failing organs.
2. DECEASED DONOR
*Deceased are donors who have been declared brain-dead and whose organs are
kept viable by ventilators or other mechanical mechanisms until they can be
excised for transplantation.
* Brain-dead donors, have formed the majority of deceased donors for the last
twenty years, but nowadays are not enough donors as the demand for transplants
continues to grow.
TYPES OF DONORS

9. Thoracic organs
# Heart(deceased –donor only
# Lung(Deceased –donor and living –donor)
#Heart/Lung (Deceased –donor and domino transplant)
Abdominal organs
# Kidney (Deceased –donor and living donor)
# Liver(Deceased –donor and living donor)
# Pancreas (Deceased –donor only)
# Intestine (Deceased –donor and living donor)
# Stomach (Deceased –donor only)
# Testis (Deceased –donor and living donor)
Tissues, cells and fluids
# Hand (Deceased –donor only)
MAJOR ORGANS AND TISSUES TRANSPLANTED

10. # Skin (Deceased –donor , living donor and autograft)
# Islets of Langerhans (Deceased –donor and living donor)
# Bone marrow (living donor and autograft)
# Heart valves (Deceased –donor , living donor and xenograft)
# Bone (Deceased –donor , living donor and autograft)
# Blood vessels ( Autograft and deceased donor)
REASONS FOR DONATION)
1. LIVING RELATED DONORS
* Living related donors donate to family members or friends in whom they have
an emotional investment.
* The risk of surgery is offset by the psychological benefit of not losing
someone related to them , or not seeing them suffer the illeffects of waiting on a
list.
# Cornea (Deceased –donor and living donor)

11. * A “ paired- exchange “ is a technique of matching willing living donors to
compatible recepients using serotyping
* Eg: A spouse may be willing to donate a kidney to his/her partner,but cannot
since there is no biological match.
* The willing spouse’s kidney is donated to a matching recipient who also has an
incompatible but willing spouse.The second donor must match the first recipient
to complete the pair exchange.
* Typically the surgeries are scheduled simultaneously in case of the donors
decides to back out and the couples are kept anonymous from each other until
after the transplant.
3. GOOD SAMARITAN
* Good Samaritan or “altruistic”donation is giving a donation to someone not
well-known to the donor.
* Some people choose to do this out of a need to donate.Some donate to the next
person on the list; others use some method of choosing a recipient based on
criteria important to them.
* Websites are being developedthat facilitate such donation.
Eg: Jesus Christians , an Australian religious group featured in recent television
journalism have donated kidneys in such a fashion.
2. PAIRED EXCHANGE

12. * Sometimes referred to Organ sale or organ trade
* In compensated donation, donors get money or other compensation in exchange
of their organs.
* This practice is common in some parts of the world ,whether legal or not, and is
one of the many factors driving medical tourism.
* In the United States , The National Organ Transplant Act 1984 made organ sales
illegal .In the UK, the Human Organ Transplant Act 1989 first made organ sales
illegal and has been superseded by the Human Tissue Act 2004.
5. FORCED DONATION
* There have been various accusations that certain authorities are harvesting
organs from those the authorities deem undesirable, such as prison populations.
* The World Medical Association stated that individuals in detention Are not in the
position to give free consent to donate their organs.
* Illegal dissection of corpses is a form of body- snatching and may have taken
place to obtain allografts.
4. COMPENSATED DONATION

13. * The existence and distribution of organ transplantation procedures in
developing countries ,while almost always beneficial to those receiving them
,raise many ethical concerns.
* Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major
ethical issues to consider, as well as the notion of distributive justice.
* “Transplantation tourism” has the potential to violate human rights or exploit
the poor, to have unintended health consequences and to provide unequal access
to services, all of which ultimately may cause harm.
*Buying and selling Human Organs and Tissues.
*Media Publicity.
* Types of consent(voluntary or expressed, family,presumed required request
,routine inquiry)
Fears, Confusion and the Need For Education.
ETHICAL CONCERNS

26. * Better prevention tools
* Better diagnostics
* Better imaging methods
* Better targeting of cancer cells
* Quality of Life Enhancement in Cancer Care
* Improved knowledge about health and disease
* Reduced costs with some diagnostic tests
DISADVANTAGES
* Side effects
* Expensive
* Potential for short –term efficacy
* Challenges associated with the sophistication of the technology
* Nanotechnology may be advancing so fast that its use may outpace efforts to
ensure its safety
* Nanotechnology may be so small that in some instances the body might clear
them too rapidly to be effective
* The precision of nanotechnology is a challenge
ADVANTAGES

27. THANK YOU