This document discusses SQL constraints. It defines constraints as limitations on the type of data that can go into a table. The main types of constraints covered are: 1. Not null constraints, which enforce that a column cannot be null 2. Unique constraints, which uniquely identify each record in a table 3. Primary key constraints, which uniquely identify each record and cannot be null 4. Foreign key constraints, which link to primary keys in other tables to define relationships 5. Check constraints, which define valid value ranges for a column 6. Default constraints, which provide a default value for a column if no other value is specified. Examples are provided for each constraint type to illustrate their syntax and usage

1. SQL
Constraint
Made By:
Israa Al- Jarrah
CIS Dept-- IT
Faculty

2. SQL Constraint Meaning
Write Constraint
Constraint Type

3.  Constraints can be specified when a table is created
(with the CREATE TABLE statement) or after the
table is created (with the ALTER TABLE statement)
Constraints are used to limit the type of data
that can go into a table.

4. Constraint [Constraint name] Constraint Type

5. You can define constraints syntactically in two ways:
1. As part of the definition of an individual column or
attribute. This is called inline specification.
2. As part of the table definition. This is called
out-of-line specification.

6. Types of constraints:
1.Integrity constraints
2.Value constraints
Table constraint
Restricts data value with
respect to all other values in
table

7. 1. Not Null
2. Unique Key
3. Primary Key
4. Foreign Key
5. Check Key
6. Default Key

8. Not Null
 constraint enforces a column to NOT accept
NULL values. constraint enforces a column to
NOT accept NULL values.
 This means that you cannot insert a new
record, or update a record without
adding a value to this field.
 Expression of Not Null we use short cut NN

9. 1. Not Null Example :-
Create Table Language
(
Language_Name varchar2(30),
Language_Id number(15)
Constraint
Constraint_Language_language_name
_NN
Not Null
);

11. All other constraints
can be declared either
inline or out of line.

12. 2. Unique Key
The UNIQUE constraint uniquely identifies
each record in a database table.

13. 2. Unique Key Example
Create Table Person
(
Person_Id number(15)
Constraint
Person_person_id_UN Unique
Person_name varchar2(40),
Person_BD Date
);

14. 2. Unique Key Example
Create Table Person
(
Person_Id number(15),
Person_name varchar2(40),
Person_BD Date
Constraint
Person_person_id_UN Unique
(Person_Id)

15. 3. Primary Key
 Primary keys must contain unique values
 A primary key column cannot contain NULL
values.
 Each table should have a primary key, and each
table can have only ONE primary key

16. 3. Primary Key Example
CREATE TABLE locations_demo
location_id NUMBER(4) Constraint
Constraint_loc_id_pk PRIMARY KEY ,
street_address VARCHAR2(40) ,
postal_code VARCHAR2(12)
);

17. 3. Primary Key Example
CREATE TABLE locations_demo
location_id NUMBER(4) ,
street_address VARCHAR2(40) ,
postal_code VARCHAR2(12) ,
Constraint Constraint_loc_id_pk
PRIMARY KEY (Location_id)
);

18. Unique Key
Unique Key
Primary Key

19. Unique Key
Unique Key
 accept only one null value
 unique key use many time in
table.

20. Primary Key
Unique Key
Primary key does not accept null
value
 primary key use only one time
in table.

21. 4. Foreign Key
Unique Key
 A FOREIGN KEY in one table points to a PRIMARY KEY in
another table
 The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to prevent actions
that would destroy links between tables.

22. 4. Foreign Key Example
Unique Key
The "Persons" table:
P-Id LastName FirstName Address CIty
1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn Sandnes
10
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Storagt 20 Sandnes

23. 4. Foreign Key Example
Unique Key
The “Order" table:
O_Id OrderNo P_id
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 2
4 24562 1

24. 4. Foreign Key Example
"P_Id" column in the "Orders" table
points to the "P_Id" column in the
"Persons" table.
The "P_Id" column in the "Persons" table is
the PRIMARY KEY in the "Persons" table.
The "P_Id" column in the "Orders" table is
a FOREIGN KEY in the "Orders" table.

25. 4. Foreign Key Example
First step must create “Person” Table
Create Table Person
(
P_Id number Constraint
constraint_person_person_Id_PK primary key,
LastName varcahr2(45),
FirstName varchar2(45),
Address varchar2(45),
City varchar2(45)
);

26. 4. Foreign Key Example
Create Table Order
(
Order_id number(15) CONSTRAINT
con_Order_id_pk Primary Key,
OredrNO number(30) ,
P_id number(15) CONSTRINT
con_person_order_id_FK refernace Person (p_id)
);

27. 5. Check Key
 The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range
that can be placed in a column.
 If you define a CHECK constraint on a single column it
allows only certain values for this column

28. 5. Check Key Example
CREATE TABLE divisions
(
div_no NUMBER CONSTRAINT check_divno
CHECK
(div_no BETWEEN 10 AND 99),
div_name VARCHAR2(9) CONSTRAINT
check_divname_cc CHECK
(div_name = UPPER(div_name))
);

29. 5. Check Key
6. Default Key
 The DEFAULT constraint is used to insert a default
value into a column
 The default value will be added to all new records
if no other value is specified

30. 5. Check Key Example
6. Default Key
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
P_Id Number(15),
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255) DEFAULT 'Sandnes'
);

31. CONSTRAINT constraint_name
PRIMARY KEY (columnname1,
columnname2 …)

32. Create table person
(
Person_ID Number(15),
Person_phone number(15),
Constraint con_person_un
Unique(Person_ID,Person_Phone)
);

33. Reference
http://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_constraints.asp
http://www.docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b142
00/clauses002.htm#i1015609

34. Thank you for listen
Israa jarrah