This document discusses different types of SQL functions including string, numeric, conversion, group, date/time, and user-defined functions. It provides examples of common string functions like UPPER, LENGTH, SUBSTR. Numeric functions covered include ABS, ROUND, POWER. Group functions include AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM. Date functions allow conversion and calculation involving dates. The document demonstrates how to create scalar and table-valued user-defined functions in SQL.

1. SQL Function
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2. Function?
• Stored piece of program that
Manipulates submitted data
and return some value.
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3. Where use SQL Functions?
• SELECT Statement
SELECT Ucase(name) FROM students
• WHERE Statement
SELECT * FROM students WHERE
substr(class,1,1)
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4. Types of SQL Functions?
• String Functions
• Numeric Functions
• String / Number Conversion Functions
• Group Functions
• Date and Time Functions
• Date Conversion Functions
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5. String Functions
• LOWER( string )
• All letters are changed to lowercase.
• AMMAR ammar
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LOWER ( s )

6. String Functions
• UPPER( string )
• All letters are changed to uppercase
• ammar AMMAR
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LOWER ( s )

7. String Functions
• INSTR( string, find, pos, occ)
• Finds string within string.
• INSTR(‘Ammar’, ‘ar’)  4
• INSTR(‘Ammar’, ‘a’,1,2)  4
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8. String Functions
• LENGTH( string)
• Tells length of string
• LENGTH(‘Ammar’)  5
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9. String Functions
• LPAD( string, length, pad-string)
• Adds string to its left.
• LPAD(‘Ammar’,10)  ‘ Ammar’
• LPAD(‘Ammar’,10, ‘-’)  ‘-----Ammar’
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10. String Functions
• RPAD( string, length, pad-string)
• Adds string to its right.
• RPAD(‘Ammar’,10)  ‘Ammar ’
• RPAD(‘Ammar’,10, ‘-’)  ‘Ammar-----’
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11. String Functions
• LTRIM( string, characters)
• Trims out string from left.
• LTRIM(‘ Ammar’)  ‘Ammar’
• LTRIM(‘Ammar’, ‘m’)  ‘Aar’
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12. String Functions
• RTRIM( string, characters)
• Trims out string from right.
• RTRIM(‘Ammar ’)  ‘Ammar’
• RTRIM(‘Ammar’, ‘r’)  ‘Amm’
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13. String Functions
• SUBSTR( string, pos, number)
• Takes out string from string.
• SUBSTR(‘Ammar’, 3)  ‘mar’
• SUBTR(‘Ammar’, 3, 2)  ‘ma’
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14. Types of SQL Functions?
• String Functions
• Numeric Functions
• String / Number Conversion Functions
• Group Functions
• Date and Time Functions
• Date Conversion Functions
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15. Numeric Functions
• ABS ( value)
• Returns absolute value
• ABS(-13)  13
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16. Numeric Functions
• MOD( value, divisor)
• Returns remainder of value divided by
divisor.
• MOD(4,2)  0
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17. Numeric Functions
• POWER( value, exp)
• Raises power of value to its exp
• POWER(2,2)  4
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18. Numeric Functions
• ROUND ( value, decimal)
• Rounds value to decimal places.
• ROUND (20.6, 0)  21
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19. Numeric Functions
• CEIL ( value)
• Rounds value upwards.
• CEIL(20.6, 0)  21
• CEIL(-20.6, 0)  20
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20. Numeric Functions
• FLOOR ( value)
• Rounds value downwards.
• FLOOR(20.6, 0)  20
• FLOOR(-20.6, 0)  21
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21. Numeric Functions
• SQRT ( value)
• Returns Square root of value.
• SQRT(36)  6
• SQRT(81)  9
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22. Numeric Functions
• SQRT ( value)
• Returns Square root of value.
• SQRT(36)  6
• SQRT(81)  9
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23. Types of SQL Functions?
• String Functions
• Numeric Functions
• String / Number Conversion Functions
• Group Functions
• Date and Time Functions
• Date Conversion Functions
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24. Numeric Functions
• NANVL ( value, format)
• If value NaN, it will show replace_with
• NANVL(‘Ammar’, 15)  15
• NANVL(10, 15)  10
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25. Numeric Functions
• TO_CHAR ( value, format)
• Converts value into string using format.
• TO_CHAR(100.11, $999.9)  ‘$100.1’
• TO_CHAR(100.11, 999)  ‘100’
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26. Numeric Functions
• TO_NUMBER ( string, format)
• Converts string into number using
format.
• TO_NUMBER(‘100.11’, 999.9)  100.1
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27. Types of SQL Functions?
• String Functions
• Numeric Functions
• String / Number Conversion Functions
• Group Functions
• Date and Time Functions
• Date Conversion Functions
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28. Group Functions
• AVG ( column)
• Finds average of column
• AVG (rent)  $1300
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29. Group Functions
• Count ( column)
• Returns number of rows.
• Count (*) from orders  140
• Count (customer_id) from orders
• WHERE customer_id=4  9
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30. Group Functions
• MAX ( column)
• Returns maximum value in column.
• MAX(marks) from students 99
• SELECT student_name from students
• WHERE marks = MAX(marks)
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31. Group Functions
• MIN ( column)
• Returns minimum value in column.
• MIN (marks) from students 10
• SELECT student_name from students
• WHERE marks = MIN(marks)
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32. Group Functions
• SUM ( column)
• Returns sum of column.
• SUM (quanitity) from orders 900
• SELECT SUM(quantity) from orders
• WHERE cus_id= 7
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33. Types of SQL Functions?
• String Functions
• Numeric Functions
• String / Number Conversion Functions
• Group Functions
• Date and Time Functions
• Date Conversion Functions
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34. Group Functions
• CURRDATE()
• CURRTIME()
• SYSDATE()
• NOW()
• Returns the current date or time.
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35. Group Functions
• ADDMONTHS()
• ADDYEARS()
• Adds months and year respectively.
• SYSDATE() + 1
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36. Group Functions
• MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1, date2)
• Tells the number of months between
date1 and date2.
• MONTHS_BETWEEN(
• TO_DATE ('2003/08/02', 'yyyy/mm/dd'),
TO_DATE ('2003/06/02', 'yyyy/mm/dd')
• )  2
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37. Group Functions
• SYSTIMESTAMP()
• CURRTIMESTAMP()
• TIMESTAMP ()
• Returns current date and time as a
timestamp.
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38. Types of SQL Functions?
• String Functions
• Numeric Functions
• String / Number Conversion Functions
• Group Functions
• Date and Time Functions
• Date Conversion Functions
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39. Group Functions
• TO_CHAR ( date, format)
• Converts date into string using format.
• TO_CHAR(now(), ‘dd-mm-yyyy’)  16-8-
2014
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40. Group Functions
• TO_DATE ( string, format)
• Converts string into dateusing format.
• TO_DATE ('2014/08/16', 'yyyy/mm/dd'),
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41. I wanna create my Function 
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42. User Defined Function Types
• Scalar Function:
Returns single value as a result of actions
perform by function.
• Inline Table-Valued Function:
Returns a table variable as a result of actions
perform by function.
• Multi-Statement Table-Valued Function:
Same as ITVF, differ in performance.
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43. Creating Scalar Function
• CREATE FUNCTION function_name (
@parameter_name parameter_data_type
)
RETURNS return_data_type
AS
BEGIN
function_body
RETURN scalar_expression
END
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44. Creating Scalar Function
• CREATE FUNCTION function_name (
• @parameter_name parameter_data_type
• RETURNS TABLE
• AS
• BEGIN
• RETURN (Select Statement)
• END
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45. Questions?
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46. Reference
• http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms186755.aspx
• http://www.dotnet-
tricks.com/Tutorial/sqlserver/KY3T010412-Different-Types-of-
SQL-Server-Functions.html
• http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~mitra/csSpring2012/cs327/lectur
es/sqlFunc.html
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47. SlideShare
• http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms186755.aspx
• http://www.dotnet-
tricks.com/Tutorial/sqlserver/KY3T010412-Different-Types-of-
SQL-Server-Functions.html
• http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~mitra/csSpring2012/cs327/lectur
es/sqlFunc.html
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48. Thank you
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