sql server constraints, explaining sql server constraints with different options for constraints , taking the step by step approach to deliver the knowledge to students. making examples clear and concise.
Check Constraints in MySQL 8.0. Presented at pre-FOSDEM MySQL Day 2020DmitryLenev
One of the most asked for feature from the community,
support for CHECK constraints, is available in MySQL starting from version 8.0.16. This talk will provide introduction to this
new feature to our users. It will cover its syntax, semantics and
limitations. Also some typical use cases for this feature will be
studied.
This document discusses different types of constraints in SQL including not null, unique key, primary key, foreign key, check key, and default key. It provides the syntax for creating constraints and examples of each constraint type. The examples show the creation of tables for customers, products, and sales with the appropriate constraints defined. Integrity constraints are used to prohibit illegal data and ensure referential integrity between tables.
Integrity constraints in SQL are used to define business rules for database tables. The main constraints are primary keys, foreign keys, not null, unique, and check. Primary keys enforce uniqueness of rows while foreign keys enforce relationships between tables by referencing primary keys. Not null ensures columns contain values and unique prevents duplicate values in columns. Check constraints define rules that rows must satisfy. Constraints can be defined at the column or table level.
This document discusses database integrity in SQL. It covers various methods for enforcing integrity like constraints, defaults, indexes, primary keys, foreign keys and referential integrity. It provides examples of using these features to define integrity when creating or altering tables. Key points covered include the different types of constraints, how data is stored and indexed, and how to get help or modify existing constraints.
This document provides an overview of SQL Server and database development concepts. It covers topics such as SQL Server objects, databases, tables, data types, relationships, constraints, identity columns, computed columns, indexes, views, SQL statements for data manipulation and definition, operators like WHERE, ORDER BY, JOIN, and wildcards. The document is intended as a learning guide for those looking to develop databases using Microsoft SQL Server.
Constraints constraints of oracle data base management systemsSHAKIR325211
This document discusses database constraints and how to implement data integrity in Oracle databases. It defines different types of constraints like NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY and CHECK constraints. It provides examples of defining these constraints at column and table levels using the CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE statements. It also discusses managing constraints through adding, dropping and disabling constraints.
Sql server ___________session_15(data integrity)Ehtisham Ali
Data integrity ensures accurate and consistent data in a database through various constraints. Entity integrity is enforced by primary keys and unique constraints. Domain integrity is enforced by foreign keys, check constraints, default values, and data types. Referential integrity is enforced by foreign keys and ensures consistency between related data in different tables. Common constraints include primary keys, unique constraints, foreign keys, null constraints, default constraints, and check constraints.
Check Constraints in MySQL 8.0. Presented at pre-FOSDEM MySQL Day 2020DmitryLenev
One of the most asked for feature from the community,
support for CHECK constraints, is available in MySQL starting from version 8.0.16. This talk will provide introduction to this
new feature to our users. It will cover its syntax, semantics and
limitations. Also some typical use cases for this feature will be
studied.
This document discusses different types of constraints in SQL including not null, unique key, primary key, foreign key, check key, and default key. It provides the syntax for creating constraints and examples of each constraint type. The examples show the creation of tables for customers, products, and sales with the appropriate constraints defined. Integrity constraints are used to prohibit illegal data and ensure referential integrity between tables.
Integrity constraints in SQL are used to define business rules for database tables. The main constraints are primary keys, foreign keys, not null, unique, and check. Primary keys enforce uniqueness of rows while foreign keys enforce relationships between tables by referencing primary keys. Not null ensures columns contain values and unique prevents duplicate values in columns. Check constraints define rules that rows must satisfy. Constraints can be defined at the column or table level.
This document discusses database integrity in SQL. It covers various methods for enforcing integrity like constraints, defaults, indexes, primary keys, foreign keys and referential integrity. It provides examples of using these features to define integrity when creating or altering tables. Key points covered include the different types of constraints, how data is stored and indexed, and how to get help or modify existing constraints.
This document provides an overview of SQL Server and database development concepts. It covers topics such as SQL Server objects, databases, tables, data types, relationships, constraints, identity columns, computed columns, indexes, views, SQL statements for data manipulation and definition, operators like WHERE, ORDER BY, JOIN, and wildcards. The document is intended as a learning guide for those looking to develop databases using Microsoft SQL Server.
Constraints constraints of oracle data base management systemsSHAKIR325211
This document discusses database constraints and how to implement data integrity in Oracle databases. It defines different types of constraints like NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY and CHECK constraints. It provides examples of defining these constraints at column and table levels using the CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE statements. It also discusses managing constraints through adding, dropping and disabling constraints.
Sql server ___________session_15(data integrity)Ehtisham Ali
Data integrity ensures accurate and consistent data in a database through various constraints. Entity integrity is enforced by primary keys and unique constraints. Domain integrity is enforced by foreign keys, check constraints, default values, and data types. Referential integrity is enforced by foreign keys and ensures consistency between related data in different tables. Common constraints include primary keys, unique constraints, foreign keys, null constraints, default constraints, and check constraints.
Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML) , Transaction Control Language (TCL) , Data Control Language (DCL) - , SQL Constraints
This document provides an overview of database concepts including creating, altering, and dropping databases and tables. It discusses data definition language (DDL) commands like CREATE, ALTER, DROP as well as data manipulation language (DML) commands like INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE. It also covers database constraints, joins, functions for aggregation, strings, numbers, dates and more. The document is an introduction to core SQL concepts for a course on data management and database design.
Data integrity refers to the correctness and completeness of data in a database. It is preserved through constraints that restrict what values can be inserted or updated. The main types of constraints are required data, validity checking, entity integrity, and referential integrity constraints. Deferred constraint checking allows constraints to be checked at transaction commit rather than for each statement, which is useful when multiple updates are needed to maintain consistency.
This document provides an overview of SQL programming including:
- A brief history of SQL and how it has evolved over time.
- Key SQL fundamentals like database structures, tables, relationships, and normalization.
- How to define and modify database structures using commands like CREATE, ALTER, DROP.
- How to manipulate data using INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and transactions.
- How to retrieve data using SELECT statements, joins, and other techniques.
- How to aggregate data using functions like SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN, and COUNT.
- Additional topics covered include subqueries, views, and resources for further learning.
Les09 (using ddl statements to create and manage tables)Achmad Solichin
Using DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables
The document discusses using DDL statements to create and manage database tables. It covers categorizing database objects like tables, views, indexes, and sequences. It also covers the syntax for creating tables, specifying column names and data types, creating constraints, and dropping tables. Examples are provided for creating a simple table, adding constraints, creating a table using a subquery, and altering or dropping existing tables.
This document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language) including key statements and concepts. It discusses the different types of SQL statements including DDL for definitions, DML for data manipulation, and DCL for access control. It also summarizes important SQL statements and clauses like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY and more. The document is intended as an introduction to the SQL language and relational database concepts.
Using DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables
This document discusses using data definition language (DDL) statements to create and manage database tables. It covers categorizing database objects like tables, views, and indexes; defining table structures with columns and data types; creating tables with the CREATE TABLE statement; adding constraints at table creation; and dropping tables with DROP TABLE. The key topics are creating simple tables, understanding available data types, defining columns and constraints, and using DDL statements like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, and DROP TABLE to manage tables.
This document provides an introduction to SQL (Structured Query Language). SQL is a language used to define, query, modify, and control relational databases. The document outlines the main SQL commands for data definition (CREATE, ALTER, DROP), data manipulation (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), and data control (GRANT, REVOKE). It also discusses SQL data types, integrity constraints, and how to use SELECT statements to query databases using projections, selections, comparisons, logical conditions, and ordering. The FROM clause is introduced as specifying the relations involved in a query.
The document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language), including its standards, environment, data types, DDL (Data Definition Language) for defining database schema, DML (Data Manipulation Language) for manipulating data, and DCL (Data Control Language) for controlling access. It discusses SQL statements for defining tables, inserting, updating, deleting, and querying data using SELECT statements with various clauses. Views are also introduced as virtual tables defined by a SELECT statement on base tables.
The document discusses the concept of tables in databases and how to create tables in SQL. It defines what a table is, explains that tables can represent entities, relationships between entities, or lists. It then covers the syntax and rules for creating tables, including specifying the table name, columns, data types, constraints like primary keys, unique keys, foreign keys, default values and check constraints. Examples are provided for creating tables with different constraints. The roles of constraints in enforcing data integrity are also discussed.
The document provides an overview and agenda for an SQL programming training, covering SQL fundamentals like data definition, modification, queries, joins, functions and more. It discusses the history and evolution of SQL and how it is used to build, manipulate and access relational databases. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate concepts like different types of queries, joins, functions and other SQL features.
Constraints enforce rules at the table level to maintain data integrity. The main types of constraints are NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK. Constraints can be created at table or column level using the CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statements. Data dictionary views like USER_CONSTRAINTS and USER_CONS_COLUMNS can be queried to view existing constraint definitions and their associated columns.
This document provides an overview of SQL Server database development concepts including SQL Server objects, tables, data types, relationships, constraints, indexes, views, queries, joins, stored procedures and more. It begins with introductory content on SQL Server and databases and then covers these topics through detailed explanations and examples in a structured outline.
2. DBMS Experiment - Lab 2 Made in SQL UsedTheVerse1
The document describes a database management system lab covering integrity constraints and data manipulation language (DML). It defines various integrity constraints like primary key, unique key, foreign key, check, default and NOT NULL constraints. It also explains how to create tables, alter tables, insert, update and delete data using DML commands. Experiments are described to design tables for different systems using appropriate integrity constraints and populate them with sample data using DML statements.
SQL constraints are rules that limit the type of data that can be stored in a table. They can be specified when a table is created or altered later. A primary key uniquely identifies each row and cannot be null. A composite key uses multiple columns as the primary key. A foreign key's values must exist in another table's primary key. Joins combine data from multiple tables and include inner, outer, cross, and other types of joins. Views are virtual tables that dynamically select data from other tables.
Using ddl statements to create and manage tablesSyed Zaid Irshad
Using DDL statements like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, and DROP TABLE allow you to create, modify, and delete database tables and their columns. CREATE TABLE defines the structure of a new table with column names, data types, constraints, and other properties. ALTER TABLE modifies existing table attributes. DROP TABLE permanently removes a table and its data from the database.
"Using Indexes in SQL Server 2008" by Alexander Korotkiy, part 1 Andriy Krayniy
Speakers Corner Event at Ciklum Dnepropetrovsk Office. Alexander Korotkiy, Senior .NET Developer talking Indexes in MS SQL Server.Speakers Corner Event at Ciklum Dnepropetrovsk Office. Alexander Korotkiy, Senior .NET Developer talking Indexes in MS SQL Server.
SQL is a relational database language used to define, manipulate, and control access to data in a relational database. SQL statements are used to perform tasks like data retrieval, insertion, deletion, updating and table/database management. The basic structure of an SQL query involves selecting data from one or more tables to display or use. SQL supports features like constraints, indexes, views, triggers that enforce data integrity and security.
Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML) , Transaction Control Language (TCL) , Data Control Language (DCL) - , SQL Constraints
This document provides an overview of database concepts including creating, altering, and dropping databases and tables. It discusses data definition language (DDL) commands like CREATE, ALTER, DROP as well as data manipulation language (DML) commands like INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE. It also covers database constraints, joins, functions for aggregation, strings, numbers, dates and more. The document is an introduction to core SQL concepts for a course on data management and database design.
Data integrity refers to the correctness and completeness of data in a database. It is preserved through constraints that restrict what values can be inserted or updated. The main types of constraints are required data, validity checking, entity integrity, and referential integrity constraints. Deferred constraint checking allows constraints to be checked at transaction commit rather than for each statement, which is useful when multiple updates are needed to maintain consistency.
This document provides an overview of SQL programming including:
- A brief history of SQL and how it has evolved over time.
- Key SQL fundamentals like database structures, tables, relationships, and normalization.
- How to define and modify database structures using commands like CREATE, ALTER, DROP.
- How to manipulate data using INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and transactions.
- How to retrieve data using SELECT statements, joins, and other techniques.
- How to aggregate data using functions like SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN, and COUNT.
- Additional topics covered include subqueries, views, and resources for further learning.
Les09 (using ddl statements to create and manage tables)Achmad Solichin
Using DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables
The document discusses using DDL statements to create and manage database tables. It covers categorizing database objects like tables, views, indexes, and sequences. It also covers the syntax for creating tables, specifying column names and data types, creating constraints, and dropping tables. Examples are provided for creating a simple table, adding constraints, creating a table using a subquery, and altering or dropping existing tables.
This document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language) including key statements and concepts. It discusses the different types of SQL statements including DDL for definitions, DML for data manipulation, and DCL for access control. It also summarizes important SQL statements and clauses like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY and more. The document is intended as an introduction to the SQL language and relational database concepts.
Using DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables
This document discusses using data definition language (DDL) statements to create and manage database tables. It covers categorizing database objects like tables, views, and indexes; defining table structures with columns and data types; creating tables with the CREATE TABLE statement; adding constraints at table creation; and dropping tables with DROP TABLE. The key topics are creating simple tables, understanding available data types, defining columns and constraints, and using DDL statements like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, and DROP TABLE to manage tables.
This document provides an introduction to SQL (Structured Query Language). SQL is a language used to define, query, modify, and control relational databases. The document outlines the main SQL commands for data definition (CREATE, ALTER, DROP), data manipulation (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), and data control (GRANT, REVOKE). It also discusses SQL data types, integrity constraints, and how to use SELECT statements to query databases using projections, selections, comparisons, logical conditions, and ordering. The FROM clause is introduced as specifying the relations involved in a query.
The document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language), including its standards, environment, data types, DDL (Data Definition Language) for defining database schema, DML (Data Manipulation Language) for manipulating data, and DCL (Data Control Language) for controlling access. It discusses SQL statements for defining tables, inserting, updating, deleting, and querying data using SELECT statements with various clauses. Views are also introduced as virtual tables defined by a SELECT statement on base tables.
The document discusses the concept of tables in databases and how to create tables in SQL. It defines what a table is, explains that tables can represent entities, relationships between entities, or lists. It then covers the syntax and rules for creating tables, including specifying the table name, columns, data types, constraints like primary keys, unique keys, foreign keys, default values and check constraints. Examples are provided for creating tables with different constraints. The roles of constraints in enforcing data integrity are also discussed.
The document provides an overview and agenda for an SQL programming training, covering SQL fundamentals like data definition, modification, queries, joins, functions and more. It discusses the history and evolution of SQL and how it is used to build, manipulate and access relational databases. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate concepts like different types of queries, joins, functions and other SQL features.
Constraints enforce rules at the table level to maintain data integrity. The main types of constraints are NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK. Constraints can be created at table or column level using the CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statements. Data dictionary views like USER_CONSTRAINTS and USER_CONS_COLUMNS can be queried to view existing constraint definitions and their associated columns.
This document provides an overview of SQL Server database development concepts including SQL Server objects, tables, data types, relationships, constraints, indexes, views, queries, joins, stored procedures and more. It begins with introductory content on SQL Server and databases and then covers these topics through detailed explanations and examples in a structured outline.
2. DBMS Experiment - Lab 2 Made in SQL UsedTheVerse1
The document describes a database management system lab covering integrity constraints and data manipulation language (DML). It defines various integrity constraints like primary key, unique key, foreign key, check, default and NOT NULL constraints. It also explains how to create tables, alter tables, insert, update and delete data using DML commands. Experiments are described to design tables for different systems using appropriate integrity constraints and populate them with sample data using DML statements.
SQL constraints are rules that limit the type of data that can be stored in a table. They can be specified when a table is created or altered later. A primary key uniquely identifies each row and cannot be null. A composite key uses multiple columns as the primary key. A foreign key's values must exist in another table's primary key. Joins combine data from multiple tables and include inner, outer, cross, and other types of joins. Views are virtual tables that dynamically select data from other tables.
Using ddl statements to create and manage tablesSyed Zaid Irshad
Using DDL statements like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, and DROP TABLE allow you to create, modify, and delete database tables and their columns. CREATE TABLE defines the structure of a new table with column names, data types, constraints, and other properties. ALTER TABLE modifies existing table attributes. DROP TABLE permanently removes a table and its data from the database.
"Using Indexes in SQL Server 2008" by Alexander Korotkiy, part 1 Andriy Krayniy
Speakers Corner Event at Ciklum Dnepropetrovsk Office. Alexander Korotkiy, Senior .NET Developer talking Indexes in MS SQL Server.Speakers Corner Event at Ciklum Dnepropetrovsk Office. Alexander Korotkiy, Senior .NET Developer talking Indexes in MS SQL Server.
SQL is a relational database language used to define, manipulate, and control access to data in a relational database. SQL statements are used to perform tasks like data retrieval, insertion, deletion, updating and table/database management. The basic structure of an SQL query involves selecting data from one or more tables to display or use. SQL supports features like constraints, indexes, views, triggers that enforce data integrity and security.
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
A lively discussion with NJ Gen AI Meetup Lead, Prasad and Procure.FYI's Co-Found
Enhanced Enterprise Intelligence with your personal AI Data Copilot.pdfGetInData
Recently we have observed the rise of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) that are community-driven or developed by the AI market leaders, such as Meta (Llama3), Databricks (DBRX) and Snowflake (Arctic). On the other hand, there is a growth in interest in specialized, carefully fine-tuned yet relatively small models that can efficiently assist programmers in day-to-day tasks. Finally, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architectures have gained a lot of traction as the preferred approach for LLMs context and prompt augmentation for building conversational SQL data copilots, code copilots and chatbots.
In this presentation, we will show how we built upon these three concepts a robust Data Copilot that can help to democratize access to company data assets and boost performance of everyone working with data platforms.
Why do we need yet another (open-source ) Copilot?
How can we build one?
Architecture and evaluation
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
Unleashing the Power of Data_ Choosing a Trusted Analytics Platform.pdfEnterprise Wired
In this guide, we'll explore the key considerations and features to look for when choosing a Trusted analytics platform that meets your organization's needs and delivers actionable intelligence you can trust.
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
3. What Are Constraints?
Integrity
type
Constraint
type
Description
Domain
DEFAULT Specifies default value for column
CHECK Specifies allowed value for column
FOREIGN KEY Specifies column in which values must exist
NULL Specifies whether NULL is permitted
Entity
PRIMARY KEY Identifies each row uniquely
UNIQUE Prevents duplication of nonprimary keys
Referential
FOREIGN KEY
Defines columns whose value must match the primary key of
this table
CHECK
Specifies the allowed value for a column based on the
contents of another column
4. Constraint Scope
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Customers] (
[CustomerID] [int] IDENTITY (1, 1) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY ,
[CustomerEmail] [varchar] (30) NULL ,
[CustomerState] [varchar] (5) NULL
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Products] ADD
CONSTRAINT [PK_Products] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[ProductID],
[ProductName]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
• Column Level
• Table Level
5. PRIMARY KEY Constraints
PRIMARY KEY constraints identify one or
more columns in a table that constitute a
primary key
One PRIMARY KEY constraint is allowed per
table
Value must be unique across constituent
columns
Null values are not allowed in constituent
columns
7. Default Constraints
DEFAULT constraints define a default column
value when no value is provided
Only one DEFAULT constraint per column
Only applicable to INSERT statements
Some system supplied functions allowed
CREATE TABLE [Production].[Location](
...
[Availability] [decimal](8, 2) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT
[DF_Location_Availability] DEFAULT (0.00),
[ModifiedDate] [datetime] NOT NULL CONSTRAINT
[DF_Location_ModifiedDate] DEFAULT (getdate())
)
8. Check Constraints
CHECK constraints restrict the values that can
be entered into a column on INSERT or
UPDATE.
Can define multiple CHECK constraints per
column.
Can reference columns in the same table.
Cannot contain subqueries.
ALTER TABLE [HumanResources].[EmployeeDepartmentHistory]
WITH CHECK
ADD CONSTRAINT [CK_EmployeeDepartmentHistory_EndDate] CHECK
(([EndDate]>=[StartDate] OR [EndDate] IS NULL))
9. Disabling Constraints
Bad Data During Constraint Creation?
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Products]
WITH NOCHECK
ADD CONSTRAINT [CK_Products_No_Nissan]
CHECK ([Productname] <> 'nissan sentra')
Temporarily During Data Load
ALTER TABLE Products
NOCHECK
CONSTRAINT CK_Products_No_Nissan
10. UNIQUE Constraint
UNIQUE constraints ensure that every value in a
column is unique
Only one null value allowed in a unique column
Can include one or more columns
CREATE TABLE [HumanResources].[Employee](
[EmployeeID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[NationalIDNumber] [nvarchar](15) NOT NULL UNIQUE
NONCLUSTERED,
…
)
11. FOREIGN KEY Constraints
FOREIGN KEY constraints ensure referential
integrity between columns in same or
different tables
Must reference a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE
constraint
User must have REFERENCES permission on
referenced table
ALTER TABLE [Sales].[SalesOrderHeader] WITH CHECK
ADD CONSTRAINT
[FK_SalesOrderHeader_Customer_CustomerID]
FOREIGN KEY([CustomerID])
REFERENCES [Sales].[Customer] ([CustomerID])
12. Considerations for Constraint Checking
Assign meaningful names to constraints
Create, change, and drop constraints without
having to drop and re-create the table
Perform error checking in your applications
and transactions
Disable CHECK and FOREIGN KEY
constraints:
To improve performance when you run large
batch jobs
To avoid checking existing data when you add
new constraints to a table
13. Other Data Integrity Methods
Triggers
Good for non-normalized data
Procedural
No inserts allowed, only use of Stored Procs that
perform the insert/update/delete after checking data
Can perform modifications in more than one table
Application Role
Client application gets hard coded password
Updates only allowed through that application