IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Isolation and antimicrobial activity of rhamnolipid (biosurfactant) from oil ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Solid State Fermentation for Prodigiosin Production using Serratia Mar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using food waste as a substrate for solid state fermentation to produce the red pigment prodigiosin using Serratia marcescens bacteria. Various food wastes and inert materials like fibers were tested as substrates. Initial screening found rice husk, palm oil fiber, and sawdust produced the most pigment. Further optimization was done on parameters like incubation time, pH, inoculum size, moisture content, and carbon source to determine the best conditions for maximum prodigiosin production using food waste and rice husk.
Utilization of pre aerated sludge in activated sludge processeSAT Journals
Abstract The research was carried out with Pre aerated Sludge in Activated Sludge Process to observe the effect of Pre-aerated Sludge on BOD, COD , Phosphate, Nitrate, MLVSS mainly in treatment of dairy wastewater. The experimental process involves the conventional Activated Sludge Process (ASP) in which microorganisms are kept in suspension by mixing and aerating the wastewater. The study is to be conducted by following two methods: 1) utilizing non pre-aerated sludge and 2) utilizing pre-aerated sludge. In the first method the dairy wastewater measuring five liters and 400 ml of non-pre-aerated sludge is filled in the aeration tank and was aerated in the aeration tank where air (or oxygen) was supplied for regular intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes respectively and samples are collected before aeration and at regular intervals. In the second method the dairy wastewater measuring five liters and 400 ml of pre aerated sludge (with 20, 40 and 60 minutes pre-aeration) are filled in aeration tank. This tank is aerated for regular intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes respectively. The samples are collected before aeration and at regular time intervals. The sludge is to be not recycled to the aeration tank. Testing of different parameters like BOD, COD, Phosphate, Nitrate and Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids was carried out on the samples aerated with different aeration time, with and without pre-aerated sludge and consequent results are to be found. By utilization of pre-aerated sludge, the concentrations of various parameters to be considered for study are to be found decreased when compared with the values of concentration without using pre-aerated sludge. It will be very clear that removal of various parameters from wastewater is effective up to the optimum period for pre-aeration beyond this period removal of various parameters from wastewater will not be effective. Keywords: Activated Sludge Process, BOD, COD, Phosphate, Nitrate, MLVSS.
An alternative substrate for laccase production from Pleurotus spSaumya Dhup
This document summarizes a study that investigated using pine needles as an alternative substrate to wheat bran for laccase production through solid state fermentation using Pleurotus sp. Pine needles were found to produce higher laccase activity (311.27 U/ml) than wheat bran (258.75 U/ml). A fractional factorial design was used to optimize media supplements for laccase production. Relative humidity was also studied for its effect. The produced laccase was purified using aqueous two-phase separation. The objectives were to find cheaper alternatives to reduce production costs and optimize process parameters for laccase production using an alternative substrate.
ABSTRACT- Proteases is among the largest groups of industrial enzymes that also has the potential to contribute in the development of high value added products due to their characteristic nature that aids in digestion. Protease account for about 60% of the total worldwide sale of enzymes and is widely used in several industries ranging from silk industry, leather tanning, meat processing, organic fertilizers, diary and bioleaching. Bacteria produce a variety of proteolytic enzymes. Among them a major contributor of proteases producers is Bacillus subtilis. An attempt was made to formulate media using varied nitrogen sources to optimize media for maximum production of proteases. It was observed that media supplemented with soya meal as a nitrogen source had maximum biomass yield of 135 mg/ml while Tryptone supplemented media yielded 115.6 mg/ml and peptone supplemented media yielded only 101 mg/ml which was comparatively less than soya meal while the other nitrogen sources supplemented media were found to be poor in comparison to that supplemented by soya meal extract.
Key-words- Proteases, Bacillus subtilis, Optimize media, Soya meal extract
This study investigated the impact of biosurfactants produced by Kocuria rosea and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on seed germination. The microbes were isolated from contaminated soil and shown to produce biosurfactants via tests like emulsification and oil spreading. Curd whey was used as a low-cost growth medium. The biosurfactants were extracted and their effects on seed germination of soybean, pea, and spinach seeds were tested at concentrations from 25-100%. The results showed the biosurfactants had no negative effects on seed germination or seedling growth of the tested plant species.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of environmental factors on fungal α-amylase production using cereal processing mill residues as substrates. Key findings include:
- An Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from soil samples showed high amylase production. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production among various residues tested.
- Maximum amylase activity was achieved under optimized environmental factors - 60% initial moisture, pH 5, incubation at 30°C, 4ml inoculum volume, and 20g substrate in 500ml flask.
- One-factor-at-a-time experiments revealed initial moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum level, and substrate-volume ratio significantly influence enzyme yield during
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Isolation and antimicrobial activity of rhamnolipid (biosurfactant) from oil ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Solid State Fermentation for Prodigiosin Production using Serratia Mar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using food waste as a substrate for solid state fermentation to produce the red pigment prodigiosin using Serratia marcescens bacteria. Various food wastes and inert materials like fibers were tested as substrates. Initial screening found rice husk, palm oil fiber, and sawdust produced the most pigment. Further optimization was done on parameters like incubation time, pH, inoculum size, moisture content, and carbon source to determine the best conditions for maximum prodigiosin production using food waste and rice husk.
Utilization of pre aerated sludge in activated sludge processeSAT Journals
Abstract The research was carried out with Pre aerated Sludge in Activated Sludge Process to observe the effect of Pre-aerated Sludge on BOD, COD , Phosphate, Nitrate, MLVSS mainly in treatment of dairy wastewater. The experimental process involves the conventional Activated Sludge Process (ASP) in which microorganisms are kept in suspension by mixing and aerating the wastewater. The study is to be conducted by following two methods: 1) utilizing non pre-aerated sludge and 2) utilizing pre-aerated sludge. In the first method the dairy wastewater measuring five liters and 400 ml of non-pre-aerated sludge is filled in the aeration tank and was aerated in the aeration tank where air (or oxygen) was supplied for regular intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes respectively and samples are collected before aeration and at regular intervals. In the second method the dairy wastewater measuring five liters and 400 ml of pre aerated sludge (with 20, 40 and 60 minutes pre-aeration) are filled in aeration tank. This tank is aerated for regular intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes respectively. The samples are collected before aeration and at regular time intervals. The sludge is to be not recycled to the aeration tank. Testing of different parameters like BOD, COD, Phosphate, Nitrate and Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids was carried out on the samples aerated with different aeration time, with and without pre-aerated sludge and consequent results are to be found. By utilization of pre-aerated sludge, the concentrations of various parameters to be considered for study are to be found decreased when compared with the values of concentration without using pre-aerated sludge. It will be very clear that removal of various parameters from wastewater is effective up to the optimum period for pre-aeration beyond this period removal of various parameters from wastewater will not be effective. Keywords: Activated Sludge Process, BOD, COD, Phosphate, Nitrate, MLVSS.
An alternative substrate for laccase production from Pleurotus spSaumya Dhup
This document summarizes a study that investigated using pine needles as an alternative substrate to wheat bran for laccase production through solid state fermentation using Pleurotus sp. Pine needles were found to produce higher laccase activity (311.27 U/ml) than wheat bran (258.75 U/ml). A fractional factorial design was used to optimize media supplements for laccase production. Relative humidity was also studied for its effect. The produced laccase was purified using aqueous two-phase separation. The objectives were to find cheaper alternatives to reduce production costs and optimize process parameters for laccase production using an alternative substrate.
ABSTRACT- Proteases is among the largest groups of industrial enzymes that also has the potential to contribute in the development of high value added products due to their characteristic nature that aids in digestion. Protease account for about 60% of the total worldwide sale of enzymes and is widely used in several industries ranging from silk industry, leather tanning, meat processing, organic fertilizers, diary and bioleaching. Bacteria produce a variety of proteolytic enzymes. Among them a major contributor of proteases producers is Bacillus subtilis. An attempt was made to formulate media using varied nitrogen sources to optimize media for maximum production of proteases. It was observed that media supplemented with soya meal as a nitrogen source had maximum biomass yield of 135 mg/ml while Tryptone supplemented media yielded 115.6 mg/ml and peptone supplemented media yielded only 101 mg/ml which was comparatively less than soya meal while the other nitrogen sources supplemented media were found to be poor in comparison to that supplemented by soya meal extract.
Key-words- Proteases, Bacillus subtilis, Optimize media, Soya meal extract
This study investigated the impact of biosurfactants produced by Kocuria rosea and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on seed germination. The microbes were isolated from contaminated soil and shown to produce biosurfactants via tests like emulsification and oil spreading. Curd whey was used as a low-cost growth medium. The biosurfactants were extracted and their effects on seed germination of soybean, pea, and spinach seeds were tested at concentrations from 25-100%. The results showed the biosurfactants had no negative effects on seed germination or seedling growth of the tested plant species.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of environmental factors on fungal α-amylase production using cereal processing mill residues as substrates. Key findings include:
- An Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from soil samples showed high amylase production. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production among various residues tested.
- Maximum amylase activity was achieved under optimized environmental factors - 60% initial moisture, pH 5, incubation at 30°C, 4ml inoculum volume, and 20g substrate in 500ml flask.
- One-factor-at-a-time experiments revealed initial moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum level, and substrate-volume ratio significantly influence enzyme yield during
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses medium optimization and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil and used to produce exopolysaccharide. Statistical methods like Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology using central composite design were used to optimize the culture medium. The optimized medium contained specific concentrations of cane molasses, yeast extract, NaCl, and CaCl2, which produced 4.92 g/L of exopolysaccharide. The exopolysaccharide showed antioxidant activity, with a 61.19% reduction of DPPH free radicals, greater than vitamin C. The biopolymer could have applications in industries and pharmaceuticals.
Lignocellulose Biomass- Hydrolysis & Fermentation Lab Protocols
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
IRJET- Treatment of Industrial Effluent using MicroorganismIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the treatment of industrial effluent using microorganisms. Samples of textile dye effluent were collected from an industry in Chennai, India and various microorganisms including bacteria and fungi were identified. Five bacterial strains - Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Acinetobacter, Legionella, and Staphylococcus - were isolated and their ability to degrade the effluent was tested. Pseudomonas showed the highest degradation at 73%, while Acinetobacter achieved 52% and Staphylococcus 58% degradation. The study demonstrates that indigenous microorganisms can effectively treat industrial effluent through biodegradation in an eco-friendly and cost-effective manner
IRJET- Study of Protease Producing Bacteria and their Enzymatic Activity ...IRJET Journal
This study aimed to isolate and characterize protease producing bacteria from soil samples and optimize protease production under different parameters. Soil samples collected from a fish market were enriched in nutrient casein broth. Isolates were screened on skim milk agar plates for protease activity, identified through morphological and biochemical tests. One isolate showing the largest clearing zone was selected and identified as a gram-positive, motile bacterium. The parameters optimized for protease production were incubation time (120 hours), temperature (37°C), pH (12), carbon source (galactose), and nitrogen source (ammonium sulfate). The optimized parameters for highest enzyme activity were temperature (37°C), pH (11), substrate concentration (1% casein),
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of pregelatinization on the physicochemical and compressional properties of starches from two varieties of yams (Dioscorea rotundata), called efuru and gbongi, in comparison to corn starch, lactose, and dicalcium phosphate. Native and pregelatinized starches from both yam varieties were analyzed for properties including particle shape, flow, density, hydration capacity, and compressibility. Pregelatinization resulted in more spherical particle shapes and improved flow compared to native starches. It also decreased compressibility values for both yam varieties versus native forms. The results suggest pregelatinization introduces new functional properties to the y
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
The document summarizes a study that analyzed two samples of Glycine max Linn (soybean) seeds. Phytochemical analysis found various constituents including proteins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Protein content was highest in the methanolic extract of sample 2. Thin layer chromatography identified several compounds in the extracts. Extracts showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with the highest activity in the methanolic extract of sprouted sample 1.
Phytochemical analysis, protein content & antimicrobial activities of sel...eSAT Journals
Abstract Two seed samples of Glycine max Linn. (S1, S2) were purchased from two retail stores of local market. Non-sprouted and sprouted seed powder were extracted separately with methanol (100%, 50%) by cold maceration to obtain methanolic and hydroalcoholic extract of Glycine max Sample 1 was designated as MES1 and HES1 and sample 2 as MES2 and HES2 respectively. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of various phytoconstituents viz. phytosterols, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fixed oils and fats etc. Thin layer chromatography study on extracts revealed the presence of a number of compounds. The protein content of these samples were studied. The protein content of samples MES1, HES1, MES2 and HES2 with respect to BSA was found to be 90.6 2μg/ml, 82μg/ml, 94.5μg/ml and 79.1μg/ml respectively. The highest among these were found to be in MES2. Sprouting enhanced the protein content of the two samples. The samples have shown antimicrobial activity at selected concentration and microbial strains (26mm) for gram negative bacteria (27mm) for gram positive bacteria. Keywords: Glycine max Linn, phytochemical constituents, TLC, antimicrobial activity, protein, methanolic extract, hydroalcoholic extract.
IRJET- Efficiency of Jackfruit Seed Powder as a Natural CoagulantIRJET Journal
This study evaluated the efficiency of jackfruit seed powder as a natural coagulant for treating dairy and kitchen wastewater. Jar tests were conducted with varying dosages of jackfruit seed powder. For dairy wastewater, the optimum dosage was found to be 1600 mg/L, which reduced turbidity by 82% and COD by 57%. For kitchen wastewater, the optimum dosage was 600 mg/L, reducing turbidity by 88.4% and COD by 53%. The study demonstrated that jackfruit seed powder is an effective and eco-friendly natural coagulant for wastewater treatment.
This document evaluates the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Murraya koenigii leaf extract. It summarizes two experiments: 1) HRBC membrane stabilization method, which found that M. koenigii extract stabilized red blood cell membranes up to 69.15% at 1000 μg/ml, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. 2) Protein denaturation inhibition method, which found that M. koenigii extract inhibited protein denaturation up to 85.35% at 800 μg/ml. The study supports the use of M. koenigii in treating inflammation due to the presence of flavonoids and carbazole alkaloids that have known anti-inflammatory activity.
IRJET- Scavenging Efficiency of Azolla Pinnata in Effluent as Remediation AgentIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using the aquatic fern Azolla pinnata to remediate effluent from a sugar cane industry. Key findings include:
1) Azolla pinnata showed significant growth in diluted effluent (25% concentration) and helped reduce levels of pollutants like BOD, COD, and suspended solids.
2) Parameters like chlorophyll content, relative growth rate, and seed germination increased for Azolla grown in diluted effluent, indicating uptake of nutrients promoted growth.
3) Treated effluent supported Azolla biomass production and was suitable for irrigation, while the biomass could be used as fertilizer due to accumulated
Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic BiomassBiorefineryEPC™
Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
IRJET- Study of In-Vitro and in Vivo Antibacterial Effects of Silver Nanopart...IRJET Journal
This study explored the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assays found that silver nanoparticles were effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive, with Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting the largest zone of inhibition. The minimum inhibitory concentration needed to show effects was lower for gram-positive compared to gram-negative bacteria. In vivo assays in mice found that silver nanoparticles were effective in reducing symptoms and improving survivability when administered after bacterial injection.
An Investigation Into The Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Biosulphidogenesis I...iosrjce
Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to
the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health.
This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two
different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra,
INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as
liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are
produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster
reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus
Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were
deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights
the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document assesses the effectiveness of different freshwater microalgae strains for phenol removal from wastewater. It tests the ability of Chlorella sp., Pseudochlorococcum sp., and an indigenous strain to grow in water containing phenol concentrations from 100-450 ppm and reduce phenol levels. The study finds that Pseudochlorococcum sp. has the highest specific growth and phenol removal rates within the tested concentration range, and that the strains show substrate inhibition at phenol levels above 250 ppm. Kinetic models incorporating substrate inhibition are tested to describe the growth.
Extraction of Squid (Photololigo Duvaucelii) Myofibrillar and Sarcoplasmic Pr...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The document presents research on using Moringa oleifera as a natural coagulant for water treatment. It found that M. oleifera seed extract is a viable alternative to alum. Testing showed that shelled and blended M. oleifera seeds achieved 63.9% turbidity removal at 70 mg/L for water with 50 NTU turbidity. Oil-extracted seeds performed even better, removing 78.7% turbidity at 50 mg/L. While M. oleifera required higher dosages than alum, it is considered more environmentally friendly and suitable for household water treatment in developing areas. The research concludes that M. oleifera is a renewable and affordable coagulant that warrants further study for small and large
Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Evaluations of Food Grade Ash Aqueous extra...Premier Publishers
This work focused on physicochemical and antimicrobial evaluations of food-grade ash extract from furnace ashed and charred plantain peel and palm bunches. Alkaline solutions obtained from these biogenic wastes and limestone were analyzed for their physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. Results showed that the pH of the solutions was alkaline in nature ranging from 10.04 to 11.51. Limestone extract was highly turbid 0.201NTU, while limestone contained a lot of impurities with 35.64mg/L total dissolved solids. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) of furnace ashed plantain peel was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other samples. The aqueous extracts of these wastes and sodium sesquicarbonate (potash) were screened for the presence of their antimicrobial activities against the bacteria and fungi isolates. Microbial isolates use for the study was Bacillus substilis, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Proteus sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus Candida albicans, Candida pseudotropicalis and Penicillium expansuim. Charred plantain peel, palm bunch extracts, and limestone inhibited the growth of these microbial isolates. Furnace ashed samples of both plantain peel and palm bunch could not inhibit the microorganisms. Commercial potash extract, which was purchased in an open market, could not also inhibit the organisms. Commercial antibiotics Gentamycin (antibacterial) and Ketoconazole (antifungal) were used as positive controls in this study.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses medium optimization and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil and used to produce exopolysaccharide. Statistical methods like Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology using central composite design were used to optimize the culture medium. The optimized medium contained specific concentrations of cane molasses, yeast extract, NaCl, and CaCl2, which produced 4.92 g/L of exopolysaccharide. The exopolysaccharide showed antioxidant activity, with a 61.19% reduction of DPPH free radicals, greater than vitamin C. The biopolymer could have applications in industries and pharmaceuticals.
Lignocellulose Biomass- Hydrolysis & Fermentation Lab Protocols
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
IRJET- Treatment of Industrial Effluent using MicroorganismIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the treatment of industrial effluent using microorganisms. Samples of textile dye effluent were collected from an industry in Chennai, India and various microorganisms including bacteria and fungi were identified. Five bacterial strains - Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Acinetobacter, Legionella, and Staphylococcus - were isolated and their ability to degrade the effluent was tested. Pseudomonas showed the highest degradation at 73%, while Acinetobacter achieved 52% and Staphylococcus 58% degradation. The study demonstrates that indigenous microorganisms can effectively treat industrial effluent through biodegradation in an eco-friendly and cost-effective manner
IRJET- Study of Protease Producing Bacteria and their Enzymatic Activity ...IRJET Journal
This study aimed to isolate and characterize protease producing bacteria from soil samples and optimize protease production under different parameters. Soil samples collected from a fish market were enriched in nutrient casein broth. Isolates were screened on skim milk agar plates for protease activity, identified through morphological and biochemical tests. One isolate showing the largest clearing zone was selected and identified as a gram-positive, motile bacterium. The parameters optimized for protease production were incubation time (120 hours), temperature (37°C), pH (12), carbon source (galactose), and nitrogen source (ammonium sulfate). The optimized parameters for highest enzyme activity were temperature (37°C), pH (11), substrate concentration (1% casein),
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of pregelatinization on the physicochemical and compressional properties of starches from two varieties of yams (Dioscorea rotundata), called efuru and gbongi, in comparison to corn starch, lactose, and dicalcium phosphate. Native and pregelatinized starches from both yam varieties were analyzed for properties including particle shape, flow, density, hydration capacity, and compressibility. Pregelatinization resulted in more spherical particle shapes and improved flow compared to native starches. It also decreased compressibility values for both yam varieties versus native forms. The results suggest pregelatinization introduces new functional properties to the y
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
The document summarizes a study that analyzed two samples of Glycine max Linn (soybean) seeds. Phytochemical analysis found various constituents including proteins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Protein content was highest in the methanolic extract of sample 2. Thin layer chromatography identified several compounds in the extracts. Extracts showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with the highest activity in the methanolic extract of sprouted sample 1.
Phytochemical analysis, protein content & antimicrobial activities of sel...eSAT Journals
Abstract Two seed samples of Glycine max Linn. (S1, S2) were purchased from two retail stores of local market. Non-sprouted and sprouted seed powder were extracted separately with methanol (100%, 50%) by cold maceration to obtain methanolic and hydroalcoholic extract of Glycine max Sample 1 was designated as MES1 and HES1 and sample 2 as MES2 and HES2 respectively. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of various phytoconstituents viz. phytosterols, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fixed oils and fats etc. Thin layer chromatography study on extracts revealed the presence of a number of compounds. The protein content of these samples were studied. The protein content of samples MES1, HES1, MES2 and HES2 with respect to BSA was found to be 90.6 2μg/ml, 82μg/ml, 94.5μg/ml and 79.1μg/ml respectively. The highest among these were found to be in MES2. Sprouting enhanced the protein content of the two samples. The samples have shown antimicrobial activity at selected concentration and microbial strains (26mm) for gram negative bacteria (27mm) for gram positive bacteria. Keywords: Glycine max Linn, phytochemical constituents, TLC, antimicrobial activity, protein, methanolic extract, hydroalcoholic extract.
IRJET- Efficiency of Jackfruit Seed Powder as a Natural CoagulantIRJET Journal
This study evaluated the efficiency of jackfruit seed powder as a natural coagulant for treating dairy and kitchen wastewater. Jar tests were conducted with varying dosages of jackfruit seed powder. For dairy wastewater, the optimum dosage was found to be 1600 mg/L, which reduced turbidity by 82% and COD by 57%. For kitchen wastewater, the optimum dosage was 600 mg/L, reducing turbidity by 88.4% and COD by 53%. The study demonstrated that jackfruit seed powder is an effective and eco-friendly natural coagulant for wastewater treatment.
This document evaluates the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Murraya koenigii leaf extract. It summarizes two experiments: 1) HRBC membrane stabilization method, which found that M. koenigii extract stabilized red blood cell membranes up to 69.15% at 1000 μg/ml, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. 2) Protein denaturation inhibition method, which found that M. koenigii extract inhibited protein denaturation up to 85.35% at 800 μg/ml. The study supports the use of M. koenigii in treating inflammation due to the presence of flavonoids and carbazole alkaloids that have known anti-inflammatory activity.
IRJET- Scavenging Efficiency of Azolla Pinnata in Effluent as Remediation AgentIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using the aquatic fern Azolla pinnata to remediate effluent from a sugar cane industry. Key findings include:
1) Azolla pinnata showed significant growth in diluted effluent (25% concentration) and helped reduce levels of pollutants like BOD, COD, and suspended solids.
2) Parameters like chlorophyll content, relative growth rate, and seed germination increased for Azolla grown in diluted effluent, indicating uptake of nutrients promoted growth.
3) Treated effluent supported Azolla biomass production and was suitable for irrigation, while the biomass could be used as fertilizer due to accumulated
Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic BiomassBiorefineryEPC™
Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
IRJET- Study of In-Vitro and in Vivo Antibacterial Effects of Silver Nanopart...IRJET Journal
This study explored the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assays found that silver nanoparticles were effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive, with Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting the largest zone of inhibition. The minimum inhibitory concentration needed to show effects was lower for gram-positive compared to gram-negative bacteria. In vivo assays in mice found that silver nanoparticles were effective in reducing symptoms and improving survivability when administered after bacterial injection.
An Investigation Into The Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Biosulphidogenesis I...iosrjce
Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to
the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health.
This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two
different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra,
INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as
liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are
produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster
reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus
Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were
deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights
the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document assesses the effectiveness of different freshwater microalgae strains for phenol removal from wastewater. It tests the ability of Chlorella sp., Pseudochlorococcum sp., and an indigenous strain to grow in water containing phenol concentrations from 100-450 ppm and reduce phenol levels. The study finds that Pseudochlorococcum sp. has the highest specific growth and phenol removal rates within the tested concentration range, and that the strains show substrate inhibition at phenol levels above 250 ppm. Kinetic models incorporating substrate inhibition are tested to describe the growth.
Extraction of Squid (Photololigo Duvaucelii) Myofibrillar and Sarcoplasmic Pr...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The document presents research on using Moringa oleifera as a natural coagulant for water treatment. It found that M. oleifera seed extract is a viable alternative to alum. Testing showed that shelled and blended M. oleifera seeds achieved 63.9% turbidity removal at 70 mg/L for water with 50 NTU turbidity. Oil-extracted seeds performed even better, removing 78.7% turbidity at 50 mg/L. While M. oleifera required higher dosages than alum, it is considered more environmentally friendly and suitable for household water treatment in developing areas. The research concludes that M. oleifera is a renewable and affordable coagulant that warrants further study for small and large
Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Evaluations of Food Grade Ash Aqueous extra...Premier Publishers
This work focused on physicochemical and antimicrobial evaluations of food-grade ash extract from furnace ashed and charred plantain peel and palm bunches. Alkaline solutions obtained from these biogenic wastes and limestone were analyzed for their physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. Results showed that the pH of the solutions was alkaline in nature ranging from 10.04 to 11.51. Limestone extract was highly turbid 0.201NTU, while limestone contained a lot of impurities with 35.64mg/L total dissolved solids. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) of furnace ashed plantain peel was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other samples. The aqueous extracts of these wastes and sodium sesquicarbonate (potash) were screened for the presence of their antimicrobial activities against the bacteria and fungi isolates. Microbial isolates use for the study was Bacillus substilis, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Proteus sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus Candida albicans, Candida pseudotropicalis and Penicillium expansuim. Charred plantain peel, palm bunch extracts, and limestone inhibited the growth of these microbial isolates. Furnace ashed samples of both plantain peel and palm bunch could not inhibit the microorganisms. Commercial potash extract, which was purchased in an open market, could not also inhibit the organisms. Commercial antibiotics Gentamycin (antibacterial) and Ketoconazole (antifungal) were used as positive controls in this study.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Orchestration of web services based on t qo s using user and web services agenteSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses orchestrating web services based on transactional and quality of service (TQoS) properties using user and web services agents.
2. It proposes selecting atomic web services that fulfill the user's requirements and TQoS characteristics, and composing them using agents to achieve the user's overall goal.
3. The composition approach involves three steps - specifying the workflow, selecting component services based on the workflow and TQoS properties using a user agent, and composing the services using web services agents.
Zigbee based differential pilot protection of transmission lineeSAT Publishing House
This document describes a study on using Zigbee wireless communication technology for differential pilot protection of transmission lines. It discusses limitations of existing relay-based protection methods, such as inability to differentiate between fault and inrush currents. The paper then presents differential pilot protection as an alternative, enabled by replacing wired pilot communication with wireless technology. A laboratory model is created using hall effect sensors, microcontroller, and Zigbee modules to demonstrate this approach and its ability to precisely define boundaries, detect faults based on both magnitude and direction, and achieve fast tripping times.
This document summarizes a survey on mobility models for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses that VANETs are characterized by high node mobility and frequent topology changes, so mobility management and accurate mobility models are important. It describes macro and micro mobility features that mobility models should capture. At the macro level, models must account for road topology, traffic patterns, and traffic control mechanisms. At the micro level, they must realistically model vehicle speed and interactions between vehicles. The document surveys several existing mobility models and their ability to capture these different features.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Application of artificial neural network for blast performance evaluationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of workload prediction based on map reduce frame work in a cloud...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes optimizing workload prediction in Hadoop clusters using MapReduce and genetic algorithms. It describes collecting job history data from Hadoop, analyzing workload patterns, and using genetic algorithms to predict future workloads and optimize performance. The implementation analyzes a sample Hadoop trace log to calculate error rates for workload predictions. The goal is to integrate workload prediction into multi-node Hadoop clusters for real-time optimization.
On the (pseudo) capacitive performance of jack fruit seed carboneSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes research on using carbon derived from jack fruit seeds (JFSC) as an electrode material for electrochemical capacitors. JFSC was produced by pyrolyzing jack fruit seeds under nitrogen atmosphere without activating agents. Characterization showed the JFSC has a microporous structure and contains nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen functional groups. Electrochemical tests found the JFSC exhibits pseudocapacitive behavior in acid and neutral electrolytes. In sulfuric acid, it achieved a specific capacitance of 316 Fg-1 and retained 93% of its initial capacitance after 500 charge/discharge cycles. The research demonstrates the potential of using an agricultural waste like jack fruit seeds for electrode materials in electro
Thermodynamic behavior of tetrahydrofuron in p dioxane, methylcyclohexane and...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the thermodynamic behavior of tetrahydrofuron liquid mixtures with p-dioxane, methylcyclohexane, and cyclohexanol. The study applies an equation of state model to calculate ultrasonic velocity, density, and other thermodynamic parameters. Close agreement was found between calculated and experimental values, indicating the model provides a good representation of molecular clustering in liquid states. Parameters like minimum potential depth and hard sphere diameter were determined for the pure components and in mixtures.
Review on tls or ssl session sharing based web cluster load balancingeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new technique for improving load balancing and performance in TLS/SSL web clusters. The technique shares TLS/SSL sessions across servers in the cluster so that if a client reconnects, the session can be reused without renegotiating. This saves time compared to establishing a new session. The document outlines how TLS/SSL works, how traditional load balancing can degrade performance under high loads, and how the proposed technique of sharing sessions within a cluster improves requests per second by 40-60% compared to no session sharing. It also compares the new technique to using SSL with backend forwarding and finds it reduces latency by 40% and improves throughput.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes an experimental study on velocity control of a hydraulic cylinder using an electro-hydraulic servo system. The system uses either a variable displacement axial piston pump controlled by a swashplate, or a proportional valve, to control the velocity of the cylinder. Mathematical models of the pump, valve, cylinder and external loads are developed. A PID controller is implemented to achieve constant velocity control under varying external loads. Experimental results show the PID controller can achieve good velocity control using either the variable pump or proportional valve under changing load conditions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A challenge for security and service level agreement in cloud computingeeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses security and service level agreements in cloud computing. It begins by defining cloud computing as storing user data virtually over the cloud without infrastructure. Users connect to cloud service providers through the internet based on service level agreements. There are challenges regarding traffic management, security, and privacy in cloud computing. The document then provides an overview of cloud architecture, including public, private and hybrid cloud models. It discusses how service level agreements establish protocols between users and providers. While cloud computing provides benefits, ensuring security remains a key challenge that service level agreements must address.
Product aspect ranking using domain dependent and domain independent revieweSAT Publishing House
This document discusses methods for identifying and ranking important product aspects from online customer reviews. It begins by explaining how online reviews have become an important source of information for customers but are challenging to analyze due to their unorganized nature. The document then reviews existing methods for identifying product aspects, including supervised and unsupervised approaches. It proposes a new approach to automatically determine the most important product aspects by calculating an importance score for each aspect, in order to help customers better understand reviewer opinions on key product attributes.
Performance evaluation of broadcast mac and aloha mac protocol for underwater...eSAT Publishing House
The document evaluates the performance of two MAC protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs): Broadcast MAC (BMAC) and ALOHA. BMAC uses carrier sensing and backoff to transmit data when the channel is free, while ALOHA allows nodes to transmit immediately without carrier sensing. The performance of the protocols is evaluated through simulation by varying bitrate and number of nodes and measuring energy consumption and delay. The results found that BMAC performed better in the scenarios designed, using less energy at optimal bitrates.
Placate packet dropping attack using secure routing protocol and incentive ba...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative study of one and two diode model of solar photovoltaic celleSAT Publishing House
1. The document compares one diode and two diode models for modeling solar photovoltaic cells. The one diode model assumes two parameters (solar radiation and temperature) but neglects recombination losses, limiting its accuracy under low irradiance conditions.
2. The two diode model accounts for recombination losses using two saturation currents but requires solving more equations, increasing computation time. Different modeling methods like particle swarm optimization require many input parameters and data, making them lengthy.
3. The paper will describe the mathematical equations for one diode and two diode models and use an iterative technique to determine the initial parameter values and compare the performance of the two models.
Phycoremediation of malachite green and reduction of physico chemical paramet...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Water is the elixir of life, a precious gift of nature to all the living species on earth. It is rapidly becoming a scare commodity in most parts of the world. Only 0.35% of the total availability of water found in lakes and wetlands and 0.01% in rivers and streams which are likely getting depleted due to the discharge of the effluents such as dyes simultaneously increases the water quality parameters. Malachite green is a common textile dye being discharged in lake water situated near textile industries. The phycoremediation method employs the use of algae, say, Chlorella pyrenoidosa which helps in decolorizing the water and due to its growth in the lake water, the physico-chemical parameters higher in the polluted water found to be reduced and water can be used for various purposes. The trails were made using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Malachite green at different concentrations. The optimum concentration for the degradation of dye was completely done at the concentration 15 mg confirming the decolorization capacity by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The same experiment was performed with adjusting the pH at 6, 7 and 8. Optimum pH for the dye degradation was found as pH 7 at which all the concentrations Chlorella pyrenoidosa was able to degrade the dye with the decolourization capacity of above 95%. The phyico-chemical parameters checked after the decolorization by Chlorella were found to be within the limits and thus Chlorella which is available in nature can be used in the decolorization of effluent water by eco-friendly method.
Keywords: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Malachite Green, Phycoremediation, Physico-chemical parameters
Phycoremediation of malachite green and reduction of physico chemical paramet...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses using the algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa to remediate polluted water contaminated with the textile dye malachite green.
2. Experiments were conducted with different concentrations of malachite green and Chlorella pyrenoidosa to determine the optimal levels for decolorization. The dye was completely degraded at a concentration of 15 mg/L with Chlorella.
3. Additional experiments adjusting the pH found that pH 7 was optimal for dye degradation, with Chlorella able to degrade the dye at over 95% efficiency across all concentrations tested.
Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oil...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oil...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present work deals with the screening of microorganisms Candida rugosa NCIM 3467 and Penicillum citrinum NCIM 765 with different agro residues – rice bran, wheat bran, groundnut oil cake, coconut oil cake and sesame oil cake for maximum production of lipase. Among all the industrial residues, Groundnut oil cake supported the maximum lipase production by C.rugosa NCIM 3467. The physical factors such as fermentation time, temperature, pH, inoculum age, inoculum level, initial moisture content played a vital role in lipase production and further the yield was improved with the supplementation of carbon and organic nitrogen sources to the solid medium. At 5 days of fermentation, 32 °C, pH 6, 5 day old culture, 15% inoculum level and at 60% initial moisture content, lipase activity of 57.25 U/ml was obtained. Further the activity was raised to 63.35 U/ml by supplementing the substrate media with maltose (5%w/w) and peptone (3%w/w). Keywords: Candida rugosa, Pencillum citrinum, Solid state Fermentations, Lipase, Optimization and Characterization.
Isolation, characterization of aspergillus fumigatus and optimization of cult...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Isolation, characterization of aspergillus fumigatus and optimization of cult...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil samples were collected from different depths of paddy and sugarcane fields. The samples were primarily screened for isolation of amylase producing fungi. Among the isolated fungi, amylase producing isolates were identified by growing on starch agar media. The isolate (15F) which form the maximum zone of clearance on starch agar media by iodine was identified and it was subcultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The isolate (15F) was morphologically characterized by performing cotton blue staining and scanning electron microscopic observations under required magnifications. Molecular characterization of isolate (15F) was performed by ITS/5.8S rRNA and β-tubulin gene sequence analysis and it was confirmed as Aspergillus fumigatus (MTCC Acc No 11399). Optimization of cultural conditions for maximum production of amylase was carried out by different cereal flours, incubation periods, temperatures, nitrogen sources and with different phosphate concentrations. Aspergillus fumigatus showed maximum amylase activity (230±0.7U/mg protein) when cultured in finger millet at 350C for 72hrs of incubation period. Keywords: Amylase, Aspergillus fumigatus, cereal flour, submerged fermentation
Influence of carbon sources on α amylase production by brevibacillus sp. unde...eSAT Journals
Abstract Numerous marine microorganisms secrete enzymes which can provide new insights and understanding of enzymes. Marine microorganisms have been attracting more attention as source for novel enzymes. Secondary screening is strictly essential in any systematic screening programme which helps in detection of useful bacteria in fermentation processes. Secondary screening also provides information pertaining to the effect of different components of the medium. This is valuable in designing the medium that may be attractive as far as economic consideration is concerned. Natural carbon source, Saccharum officinarum (5%) produced maximum α-amylase while Triticum vulgare (4%) produced very low α-amylase. Synthetic carbon source when supplemented with maltose (1%) and sucrose (4%) regulated higher production of amylase. Starch (2%), dextrose (3%) and galactose (4%) exhibited average effect on production whereas lactose (3%) and mannitol (3%) decreased production. The α-amylase was found to have many applications in the field of starch processing, textile industry, improving shelf life of bread, ethanol production, sewage treatment and effluent treatment. Keywords: Brevibacillus borostelensis R1, Saccharum officinarum, Triticum vulgare, maltose, sucrose
Influence of carbon sources on α amylase production by brevibacillus sp. unde...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document examines the influence of various natural and synthetic carbon sources on the production of α-amylase by Brevibacillus sp. under submerged fermentation.
2. Secondary screening showed that the natural carbon source Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) at 5% produced the maximum α-amylase activity, while the synthetic carbon sources maltose at 1% and sucrose at 4% also enhanced amylase production.
3. Other carbon sources like starch, dextrose, and galactose had an average effect on amylase production, while lactose and mannitol decreased enzyme production.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Screening, optimization of production and partial characterization of alkalin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Bacillus strains isolated from the salteren pond (Kakinada) were screened and identified for high alkaline protease activity. The isolates which were positive on skim milk agar (1%) were selected as protease producing strains. Of the ten bacterial isolates screened, isolate S-8 was observed as a potential haloalkaline protease producer and it was identified as Bacillus cereus strain S8 (MTCC NO: 11901) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, phylogenetic tree analysis and by different biochemical tests. Protease production was enhanced by optimizing the culture conditions. The nutritional factors such as carbon and nitrogen sources, NaCl and also physical parameters like temperature, incubation time, pH, inoculum size were optimized for the maximum yield of protease. Studies on the effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources revealed that maximum protease production was obtained in the medium supplemented with Molasses,1%(w/v); Potassium nitrate, 0.75%(w/v); salt solution- 5%(v/v) {MgSo4.7H2O, 0.5%(w/v); KH2PO4, 0.5%(w/v)}; FeSO4.7H2O, 0.01%(w/v) and CaCO3, 0.5% respectively. Thus, with selected carbon and nitrogen sources along with 1 % NaCl and 2% inoculum the maximum protease production (205.0 U/ml) was obtained in the period of 72 h incubation at pH-12.0 under 160 rpm when compared to the initial enzyme production (165.0 U/ml). The crude enzyme extract of this strain was also characterized with respect to temperature, pH, incubation period and different concentrations of casein which was used as enzyme substrate. This study shows that the enzyme has wide range of pH stability from 8 to 11 with optimum activity at pH-10.0. It is thermostable with optimum activity at 70°C (392U/ml) with 1h incubation of enzyme with 1% casein as its substrate. From the above investigations it was concluded that the protease production by these microorganisms at wide temperatures and pH ranges could be explored for varied industrial applications.
This document describes a study that used the seed powder of Strychnos potatorum (clearing nut) to harvest the microalga Chlorella vulgaris through a process called bioflocculation. The researchers optimized bioflocculation parameters like bioflocculant concentration, temperature, agitation speed, and incubation time using Response Surface Methodology. They found that 100 mg/L bioflocculant concentration, 35°C temperature, 150 rpm agitation, and 30 minutes incubation time resulted in maximum bioflocculation efficiency of 99.68%. A cell viability test showed cells remained intact after bioflocculation but were destroyed using a chemical flocculant, indicating bioflocculation's advantages. The
Induced mutational studies on saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol product...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PRODUCTION OF PROTEASE BY ALKALOPHILIC BACILLUSSUBTILIS IN BIOREACTOR AND ITS...AM Publications
The current studies were aimed at to investigate role of pH, dissolved oxygen for production protease in bioreactor by alkalophilic bacterium and application of saw dust for its purification. The production of proteolytic enzyme by Bacillus subtilis IC-5 started as pH of medium falls to 9 and reached to maximum at pH 7 i.e., 4400 Uml-1 . Likewise dissolved oxygen decreased in the medium as the protease production progresses. Saw dust was successively utilized for partial purification of protease. The partial purification of protease increased the specific activity to5.3 fold. The optimum pH and temperature for purified activity was 11 and 700C, respectively. The purified enzyme was stable up to pH 12 and 80oC.
“A note on natural adsorbant (moringa oleifera) as antimicrobial agent in wat...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of extrusion process for production of texturized flaxseed defat...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this work was to obtain and evaluate the nutritional and functional properties of texturized defatted flaxseed meal rich in protein. The flaxseed was defatted, grinded, and sieved to eliminate hull fiber. The independent variables used were 14 to 20 per cent feed moisture; 300 to 500 rpm screw speed and 120 to 1800C barrel temperature. The texturized flaxseed defatted meal contained 2.61per cent moisture, 2.707 per cent fat, 38.24 per cent protein and 12.24 per cent fiber. During texturization two important reactions (protein denaturation and starch gelatinization) in dough can affect viscosity. Functional properties as indicated by this study, texturized defatted flaxseed meal may be recommended for use as an ingredient in products such as noodles, cookies, extruded snacks, meat batters, hamburgers, and ice cream. Keywords: Extrusion, Flaxseed meal, Texturization, Response surface methodology etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Fruit Seeds as Potential Coagulants in Water PurgationIRJET Journal
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In the world with high technology and fast
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Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
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Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
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Optimization of physical parameters of α amylase
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 517
OPTIMIZATION OF PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF Α-AMYLASE
PRODUCING BREVIBACILLUS BOROSTELENSIS R1 IN SUBMERGED
FERMENTATION
K.Suribabu1
, T. Lalitha Govardhan2
, K.P.J Hemalatha3
1, 2
Assistant Professor, PG Department of Microbiology and Research Centre, Dr. Lankapalli Bullayya Post-graduate
College, Andhra Pradesh, India, Visakhapatnam-530 013
3
Professor, Department Microbiology, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
Bacteria have been regarded as treasure of many useful enzymes viz., amylases, proteases, lipases, hydrolases and reductases. Among
them amylolytic enzymes have great biotechnological applications and economic exploitations. The production of α-amylases by
fermentation had been thoroughly investigated and shown to be affected by a variety of physicochemical factors, such as the
composition of the growth medium, the type of strain, cell growth, methods of cultivation, inoculum concentration, time of incubation,
pH, temperature, salinity, carbon, nitrogen and mineral sources. The present study was carried out to optimize the α-amylase
production of Brevibacillus borstelensis R1 using ten different media viz., Nutrient broth, Luria Bertain broth, Clarks & Lub medium,
Pikovskaya’s medium, Tendler's non-synthetic medium, Amylase production medium, Soluble starch beef extract medium, Soybean
casein digest medium, Yeast extract peptone dextrose glucose medium and Tryptone glucose beef extract medium. Among these ten
media, Pikovskaya’s (PK) medium proved to be optimal for α-amylase production (1861±17U/ml). The optimized α-amylase
production in PK medium by submerged fermentation (SmF) was subjected to varying physical parameters such as 24hrs incubation
time, 2% inoculum size, 370
C, pH 7.0 and 1% NaCl. Alpha-amylase produced by B.borostelensis R1 have many applications in starch
processing, desizing of textiles, paper sizing, detergent additive, bread improvement, ethanol production, sewage treatment, effluent
treatment and other fermentation processes.
Keywords: Pikovskaya’s medium, incubation time, inoculum size, temperature, pH and salinity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Screening is the detection and isolation of high-yielding
species from the natural material such as soil, air and water
containing heterogeneous microbial populations. Screening
methods of bacteria include primary screening, secondary
screening and strain improvement [1].
1.1 Primary Screening
Primary screening consists of basic elementary tests required
to detect and to isolate new bacterial species exhibiting the
desired property. Marine microorganisms are known to have a
diverse range of enzymatic activity. Several reports of α-
amylase producing bacteria include: Streptomyces spp. [2],
Lactobacillus spp. [3], Geobacillus stearothermophilus spp. [4]
and Clostridium spp. [5].
1.2 Measurements of Bacterial Growth
Growth is defined as an orderly increase of all cellular
components, with multiplication as a consequence. Death is
the irreversible loss of ability of organism to reproduce itself.
The stages of growth curve are lag phase, log phase
(exponential phase), stationary phase and death phase (decline
phase) [6].
There are four methods of growth measurements:
1.2.1 Direct Microscopic Count (Direct Cell Count
Method)
It helps to count the total number of cells include both living
and dead directly by direct microscopic counts using Petroff-
hauser chamber (nine squares, each 0.1mm deep, volume of
liquid over one square mm is 0.1 cubic mm).
1.2.2 Viable Cell Count Method
It is based on the principle that when material containing
bacteria are cultured, every viable bacterium develops into a
visible colony on a nutrient agar medium.
1.2.3 Turbidity Method
It helps to study the cloudiness of the suspension. Turbidity is
directly proportional to the number of cells. It is quantified
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 518
with the spectrophotometer, which measures the amount of
light transmitted directly through a sample. The cells
suspended in the culture interrupt the passage of light. The
amount of light absorbed through the suspension is measured
as optical density.
1.2.4 Dry Weight Method
It helps to estimate the bacterial growth at regular time
intervals during the incubation period. The growth of the
bacteria is directly proportional to the dry weight harvested.
1.3 Physical Parameters
The physical parameters include pH, temperature and salinity
which influence the production of amylase.
1.3.1 PH
Sudden variations in cytoplasmic pH can harm bacteria by
disrupting the plasma membrane, inhibiting the activity of
enzymes and membrane transport proteins. pH is known to
affect the synthesis, secretion and stability of α-amylase [7].
Selection of a suitable fermentation medium and initial pH is
very important for the enhanced alpha-amylase production [8].
1.3.2 Temperature
High temperatures damage bacteria by denaturing enzymes,
transport carriers, and other proteins. Thermostability is a
desired characteristic of most of the industrial enzymes.
Thermostable α-amylases were produced by mesophilic
species of Bacillus [9]. Therefore, a high value is placed on
extreme thermostability and thermoactivity of the enzymes.
1.3.3 Salinity
Bacteria in marine habitat have modified the structure of
enzymes, ribosomes, and transport proteins which require high
levels of potassium for stability and activity. Halophilic
bacteria are classified according to their salt requirement and
growth pattern. Slight halophiles show optimum growth at 2–
5% NaCl, moderate halophiles at 5–20% NaCl and extreme
halophiles at 20–30% NaCl [10].
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Collection of the Marine Water Samples
Marine water samples were collected from Rushikonda coastal
area of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The water
samples were collected in sterile BOD bottles (Borosil) and
brought to the lab, stored in the refrigerator until it was used.
2.2 Primary Screening of α-Amylase Producing
Bacteria
The collected marine water samples were diluted by serial
dilution technique. The diluted samples of 10-4
to 10-6
(0.1ml)
were spreaded with L-shaped glass rod by spread plate
technique on the starch agar plates. After incubation at 370
C
for 24hours, the plates were flooded with Lugol solution (1%
iodine in 2% potassium iodide w/v) [11]. The average cfu/ml,
number of colonies forming clear halo zone of hydrolysis and
zone of starch hydrolysis measured in mm.
2.3 Estimation of Amylase by DNS Method
Maltose produced by the hydrolytic activity of α-amylase on
α-1, 4 linkages present in polysaccharides, reduce 3, 5 dinitro
salicylate to an orange red colored 5-nitro 3-amino salicylate
which can be measured at 520nm. The starch substrate [0.5ml
of 0.5% in 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8)] was mixed with
1% (0.2ml) NaCl in a test tube and pre incubated at 370
C for
10 minutes. The supernatant collected from the centrifugation
of the production media was used as enzyme source, 0.5ml of
this was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was
terminated by the addition of 1.0 ml of 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic
acid reagent [1.0 gm DNS in 0.8% NaOH, 60% Na K tartrate]
after incubation at 370
C for 15 minutes. The contents were
mixed well and kept in boiling water bath for 10 minutes.
Then they were cooled and diluted with 10 ml of distilled
H2O. The color developed was read at 520nm. One unit of
enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that
release 1.0 mmol of reducing sugar (maltose) per minute
under the assay conditions [12].
2.4 Fermentation Media
Optimization of α-amylase production by B. borostelensis R1
was carried out by using ten submerged fermentation media;
Nutrient Broth (NB), Luria Bertain Broth (LB), Clarks and
Lub Medium (CL), Pikovskaya’s Medium (PK), Tendler's
Non-synthetic (TNS) Medium, Amylase Production Media
(APM), Soluble Starch Beef Extract Medium (SB), Soybean
Casein Digest Medium (SCD), Yeast Extract Peptone
Dextrose Glucose Medium (YPDG) and Tryptone Glucose
Beef Extract Medium (TGB) procured from Himedia, India.
The ingredients of ten fermentation media used for the
optimization of α-amylase production were in (g/l) NB (NaCl
5.0, Beef extract 3.0 and Peptic digest of animal tissue 5.0),
LB (Tryptone 10.0, Yeast extract 5.0 and NaCl 10.0), CL
(Glucose 5.0, Peptone 5.0 and K2HPO4 5.0 ), PK (Glucose
10.00, Ca3(PO4)2 5.0, (NH4)2SO4 0.50, MgSO4.7H2O 0.10,
MnSO4.7H2O 0.01, FeSO4 0.01, KCl 0.20 and Yeast extract
0.50), TNS (Tryptone 10.0, Yeast extract 4.0, Sodium citrate
0.5, Ammonium nitrate 1.0, K2HPO4 0.3, MgSO4 0.5 and
Starch 2.0), APM (Starch 2.0, Na2HPO4 3.0, KH2PO4 6.0,
NH4Cl 1.0, CaCl2 0.15, MgSO4.7H2O 0.25, Casein hydrolyte
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0.20 and Yeast Extract 0.10), SB (Soluble Starch 2%, Beef
Extract 1%, Yeast Extract 0.2%, CaCl2 0.02% and
MgSO4.7H2O 0.01 %), SCD (Pancreatic digest of casein
17.00, Soybean meal 3.00, NaCl 5.00, KH2P04 2.50 and
Dextrose 2.50), YPDG (Yeast extract 10.00, Peptone 20.00 ,
Glycerol 30.0ml and Dextrose 1.00), TGB (Tryptone 5.00,
Glucose 3.00 and Beef extract 1.00). The final pH was
adjusted to 7.0 with 0.1N HCl and 0.1N NaOH before
autoclaving.
2.5 Incubation Period
The growth curve of Brevibacillus borstelensis R1was
constructed by using direct microscopic count method, viable
cell count method, turbidity method and dry weight method in
Pikovskaya’s Medium. The α-amylase production during
growth phase (0-30hours) with an interval of 2hrs of B.
borstelensis R1 was assayed by DNS method. The incubation
period with maximum amylase production was determined
during growth cycle.
2.6 Inoculum Size
Two loopful of culture was aseptically inoculated in
Pikovskaya’s Medium. The flask was incubated (370
C) in
rotary shaking incubator at 120rpm, for 24hrs. After
incubation the inoculum optical density was adjusted to 0.9
with sterile distilled water at 600nm in colorimeter. Each ml
contains 1012
cells which were in stationary phase (α-amylase
production phase) as calibrated by growth curve measurement
methods.
The effect of different sizes (1% to 5%) of inoculum on the α-
amylase production of Brevibacillus borstelensis R1 in
Submerged fermentation (SmF) was investigated. The
Erlenmeyer flask was incubated (370
C) in rotary shaking
incubator at 120rpm, for 24hrs.
2.7 Temperature
Hundred ml of the Pikovskaya’s Medium was taken in sterile
erlenmeyer flasks. Inoculum size (2%) of pure culture from
pre-incubated pure strain was inoculated to each of flasks.
Medium was incubated in orbital shaking incubator (120rpm)
at different (40
C, 250
C, 370
C, 500
C and 600
C) temperatures for
24hrs.
2.8 pH
Fermentation medium (Pikovskaya’s Medium) was prepared
at different pH (2.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0) by adjusting the pH
with 0.1N HCl and 0.1N NaOH. Hundred ml of different pH
medium were taken in sterile erlenmeyer flasks. Inoculum size
(2%) from preincubated pure strain was inoculated to each of
Erlenmeyer flask. The flasks were incubated in orbital shaking
incubator (120rpm) at 370
C for 24hrs.
2.9 Salinity
Hundred ml of the Pikovskaya’s Medium was taken in
different erlenmeyer flasks. Inoculum size (2%) of pure
culture from preincubated pure strain was inoculated to each
Erlenmeyer flask. Each flask with different concentrations of
NaCl (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 % w/v) was incubated in
orbital shaking incubator (120rpm) at 37O
C for 24hrs.
After incubation, the samples were subjected to centrifugation
at 5,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 250
C. The supernatant was
collected in sterile test tubes and the pellet was discarded.
Supernatant (0.5 ml) was used for the amylase assay by DNS
method.
3. RESULTS
3.1 Optimization of the Media
The optimization of media for α-amylase production was
carried out by inoculating B. borostelensis R1 for 24hrs in ten
different submerged fermentation media- Nutrient Broth (NB),
Luria Bertain Broth (LB), Clarks and Lub Medium (CL),
Pikovskaya’s (PK) Medium, Tendler's Non-synthetic Medium
(TNS), Amylase Production Medium (APM), Soluble Starch
Beef Extract Medium (SB), Soybean Casein Digest Medium
(SCD), Yeast Extract peptone Dextrose Glucose Medium
(YPDG) and Tryptone Glucose Beef Extract (TGB) Medium.
The highest production of α-amylase in all media is shown in
Chart -1. The optimal production of amylase (1861±17U/ml)
was observed when R1 strain was subjected to SmF in
Pikovskaya’s (PK) production media.
Chart -1: The α-amylase production (U/ml) in various
submerged fermentation (SmF) media; Nutrient broth (NB),
Luria bertain broth (LB), Clarks and lub medium (CL),
Pikovskaya’s medium (PK), Tendler's non-synthetic medium
(TNS), Amylase production medium (APM), Soluble starch
beef extract medium (SB), Soybean casein digest medium
(SCD), Yeast extract peptone glycerol glucose medium
(YPDG) and Tryptone glucose beef extract medium (TGB).
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Y bars indicate the standard deviation of mean value.
**** P < 0.0001 Values differ significantly at p<0.05.
The optimum (1861±17U/ml) α-amylase production was
observed with Pikovskaya’s Medium (PK) and the lowest
production was observed (180±1U/ml) with two media-
Nutrient broth and Luria bertain broth (Chart -1).
3.2 Incubation Period
Measurements of growth curve of B. borstelensis R1 to
determine incubation period: The growth curve of B.
borstelensis R1 at stationary phase was constant from 18-
24hours. It was measured by adopting direct microscopic
count by using Neubauer chamber, 12 log cfu/ml (Chart -2a),
viable cell count method, 12 cfu/ml (Chart -2b), turbidity
method, 0.923±0.012 O.D at 600nm (Chart -2c) and dry
weight method, 1.526667±0.003gm/10ml (Chart -2d). Distinct
phases of the growth curve were observed in each method.
The Rate of Growth (R) measured by direct microscopic
count, viable standard plate count method and turbidity
method was 1.63. The specific growth rate (μ) was 1.65 and
the generation time (G) was 0.61hrs or 36.60minutes.
Time (hours)
LogNumberofCells/ml
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Time (hours)
ViableCount(LogCFU/ml)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Time (hours)
O.Dat600nm
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Time (hours)
Dryweight(gm/10ml)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Chart -2: Growth curve of Brevibacillus borstelensis R1: a, Direct microscopic count method; b, Viable cell count method; c,
Turbidity method and d, Dry weight method.
ba
dc
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Y bars indicate the standard deviation of mean value.
**** P < 0.0001 Values differ significantly at p<0.05 with
moderate degree of positive correlation.
The Pikovskaya’s (PK) Medium was found to be the best
among ten fermentation media used. The lag phase (0-2hrs),
log phase (2-18hrs), stationary phase (18-24hrs) and decline
phase followed. The highest α-amylase production
(1,800U/ml) was found during the stationary phase (18-24hrs)
(Chart -3). Amylase production at 24hours was taken as
standard time in all the following experiments.
Chart -3: Effect of incubation period on α-amylase production of Brevibacillus borstelensis R1
Y bars indicate the standard deviation of mean value.
**** P < 0.0001 Values differ significantly at p<0.05 with
moderate degree of positive correlation.
3.3 Inoculum size
The Pikovskaya’s (PK) Medium and incubation period (24hrs)
were optimized. The optimum inoculum size was optimized in
PK medium. The effect of different sizes (1% to 5%) of
inoculum on the production of α-amylase by Brevibacillus
borstelensis R1 using submerged fermentation (SmF) was
investigated. The production of amylase was increased with
the increase in the level of inoculum upto 2% (1813±23U/ml).
As the level of inoculum was further increased, the
productivity of amylase was decreased (Chart -4). Thus, the
inoculum level of 2%v/w was found to be optimum for α-
amylase synthesis.
Chart -4: Effect of inoculum size on α-amylase production of Brevibacillus borstelensis R1
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Y bars indicate the standard deviation of mean value.
**** P < 0.0001 Values differ significantly at p<0.05.
3.4 Temperature
The Pikovskaya’s (PK) Medium, incubation period (24hrs)
and 2% inoculum size were optimized. The optimization of
temperature was carried at different temperatures (40
C, 250
C,
370
C, 500
C & 600
C). The highest amylase activity was
recorded at 370
C (2086±71U/ml) and the lowest at 40
C
(1131±57U/ml) (Chart -5).
Chart -5: Effect of Temperature on α-amylase production of Brevibacillus borstelensis R1
Y bars indicate the standard deviation of mean value.
**** P < 0.0001 Values differ significantly at p<0.05.
3.5 pH
The Pikovskaya’s (PK) Medium, incubation period (24hrs),
2% inoculum size and temperature (370
C) were optimized.
The optimization of pH was carried with different pH (2, 5, 7,
9 & 11). The pH was adjusted by using 0.1N HCl and 0.1N
NaOH. The highest amylase activity was recorded at pH 7.0
(2083±56U/ml) and the lowest at pH 11.0 (565±77U/ml)
(Chart -6).
Chart -6: Effect of pH on α-amylase production of Brevibacillus borstelensis R1
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Y bars indicate the standard deviation of mean value.
**** P < 0.0001 Values differ significantly at p<0.05.
3.6 Salinity
The Pikovskaya’s (PK) Medium, incubation period (24hrs),
2% inoculum size, temperature (370
C) and pH (7.0) were
optimized. The optimization of salinity at different
concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% & 2.5%) is depicted
in Chart -7. The highest amylase activity was recorded at
salinity of 1.0% (2082±58U/ml) and the lowest at 2.0%
(1121±59 U/ml).
Chart -7: Effect of salinity on α-amylase production of Brevibacillus borstelensis R1
Y bars indicate the standard deviation of mean value.
**** P < 0.0001 Values differ significantly at p<0.05.
4. DISCUSSION
The present work was carried out in one medium selected
from ten media to optimize the physical and chemical
parameters. The highest α-amylase production was found in
Pikovskaya’s Medium (PK) and the lowest in Nutrient broth
and Luria bertain broth. The highest α-amylase production
(1,800U/ml) was found during the stationary phase (18-24hrs).
The production of amylase was increased with the increase in
the level of inoculum at 2% (1813±23U/ml). The highest
amylase activity was recorded at 370
C (2086±71U/ml), pH 7.0
(2083±56U/ml) and at salinity 1.0% (2082±58U/ml) and the
lowest at 40
C, pH 11.0 and at salinity 2.0%.
The amylase production after 72hours of growth (Bacillus
subtilis) was maximum (370U/mg). The effects of incubation
period, pH of the medium and incubation temperature were
optimized. The maximum production of enzyme was obtained
at 30°C and pH 7.0 [13]. The production of the enzyme by
Bacillus sp. was maximum at 10hrs after inoculation [14]. The
enzyme production largely dependent on the type of strain,
composition of medium, cell growth, initial pH and thermo
stability [15, 16].Increased incubation period decreased the α-
amylase production. It might be due the depletion of nutrients,
accumulation of toxic byproducts in the medium, proteolysis
of α-amylase and microorganisms [17]. To obtain maximum
enzyme yield, development of a suitable medium and culture
conditions were obligatory [18].
Raj Devi & Yogeesvaran [19] reported that the maximum
enzyme production obtained after 24hrs of incubation in case
of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and 48hrs of incubation with
Micrococcus halobius. The production of the enzyme was
maximum at 10hrs after inoculation with Bacillus sp. [20].
Maximum growth was shown at 48hrs and amylase activity at
24hrs [21].
In the literature survey the optimum amylase production was
delineated by several authors in different media. In acidic
conditions (pH 4.0 - 6.5) the amylase production was reported
in Bacillus spp. [22].In neutral conditions (pH 6.5 - 7.5) the
amylase production was reported in Bacillus spp. [23]. In
alkaline conditions (pH 7.5 - 11) the α-amylase production
was reported in Bacillus spp. [24].
The production was highest in Pikovskaya’s Medium at 370
C.
The amylase production in different media was reported in
psychrophilic conditions (Temp. 40
C) in Nocardiopsis sp.
7326 [25] and Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus [26].The
zenith amylase production of mesophilic Bacillus spp.
(Temperature 300
-450
C) was communicated by Nagarajan et
al. [27]..
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The amylase production of Brevibacillus borostelensis R1 was
most favorable in Pikovskaya’s medium with augment of 1%
NaCl. The NaCl % source of metal ion was reported to have a
stirring effect on the production of amylase was disclosed in
Bacillus spp. by Ashabil Aygan [28]. Parallel work with
different NaCl concentrations (0.5-1.5%) was carried out in
Bacillus spp. [29]. But subduced effect was reported in
Bacillus sp. [30].
CONCLUSIONS
The present study was carried out to optimize the α-amylase
production of Brevibacillus borstelensis R1 using ten different
media. Among these ten media, Pikovskaya’s (PK) medium
proved to be optimal for α-amylase production
(1861±17U/ml).
The optimized α-amylase production in PK medium by
submerged fermentation (SmF) was subjected to varying
physical parameters such as 24hrs incubation time, 2%
inoculum size, 370
C, pH 7.0 and 1% NaCl).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Management of Dr.Lankapalli Bullayya College,
Visakhapatnam for the financial support and facilities
provided to make this work possible.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. K.Suribabu, Assistant Professor, PG
Department of Microbiology and Research
Centre, Dr.Lankapalli Bullayya PG College,
Andhra Pradesh, India,Visakhapatnam-530
013, ksuribabu_sda@yahoo.com
Dr.T.Lalitha Govardhan, Associate
Professor, PG Department of Microbiology
and Research Centre, Dr.Lankapalli Bullayya
Post-graduate College, Andhra Pradesh,
India,Visakhapatnam-530 013,
drlalithagovardhan@gmail.com
Professor K.P.J Hemalatha, Department
Microbiology, Andhra University, Andhra
Pradesh, India,kpjhemalatha@gmail.com