The main thesis is:
Ontological and historical responsibility refers to the choice of reality. Thus one should suppose many realities, each of which its own and unique histories, and correspondingly as many histories as realities. However, history as science recognise only a single history and a single reality, which can be well-defined only to the past, but not to future and even not to the present
Universal History & the Problem of TimeVasil Penchev
The establishment of universal history requires to be understood what time is
•Time is the transformation of the future into past by the choices in the present
•History should be grounded on that understanding of historical time, which would include the present and future rather than only the past
Modal History versus Counterfactual History: History as IntentionVasil Penchev
The distinction of whether real or counterfactual history makes sense only post factum. However, modal history is to be defined only as ones’ intention and thus, ex-ante. Modal history is probable history, and its probability is subjective. One needs phenomenological “epoché” in relation to its reality (respectively, counterfactuality). Thus, modal history describes historical “phenomena” in Husserl’s sense and would need a specific application of phenomenological reduction, which can be called historical reduction. Modal history doubles history just as the recorded history of historiography does it. That doubling is a necessary condition of historical objectivity including one’s subjectivity: whether actors’, ex-anteor historians’ post factum. The objectivity doubled by ones’ subjectivity constitute “hermeneutical circle”.
Sujay core principles of twenty first century historiography final final finalSujay Rao Mandavilli
This paper extends the concepts delineated in our earlier paper ‘Historiography by Objectives: A new approach for the study of history within the framework of the proposed Twenty-first Century school of Historiography’ and uses them to enunciate the core principles which we believe will form a part of the proposed Twenty-first century school of Historiography. This paper therefore strives to provide the vehicular platform upon which the objectives set forth in the aforesaid paper should be ideally nurtured and furthered. This paper additionally strives to buttress and substantiate our proposals with further arguments. The Twenty-first century school of historiography, it must be stated at the very outset, does not stem from any kind of a rebellious, a contrarian or a recalcitrant approach but intends to ensure that the field is suitably modernized keeping in mind the requirements of the Twenty-first century without jettisoning appreciable or profitable aspects of existing approaches. This paper attempts, at the same time to steer clear of the perils and pitfalls of postmodernism and intellectual nerdism and forge a new trajectory altogether. This approach also seeks to be as commodious and all-encompassing as possible by proactively embracing as many existing approaches as possible except dour and anachronistic ones, and others that have outlived their utility. It also seeks to formulate dialectical approaches in all facets and endeavours. We also argue that this is not only because all existing approaches are inadequate to cater to the rapidly changing requirements of the Twenty-First Century but also because we are already at the thin end of the wedge and existing approaches are inevitably fraught with unsavoury consequences, and will throw up counter-reactions in the longer term. As noted in our earlier papers, dialectical approaches and approaches based on critical analysis and scientific method would be the key to grappling with the sobering realities and the changed requirements of the Twenty-first century and would be the keystone to further progress across varied disciplines. This paper also emphasizes the proactive aspect of historiography, as this is at the core of all efforts to make it a meaningful and a modern discipline. This paper also delineates the social duties and functions of a historian and reinforces his role and duties in ushering in rapid social and cultural change and expediting scientific progress across disciplines. ‘Historiography by Objectives’ and other attendant approaches, first mooted in the aforesaid paper, continue, of course, to be an inalienable part of the overall proposals of this paper.
How Change Happens: A theory of Philosophy of History, Social Change and Cult...Rochelle Forrester
How Change Happens: A Theory of Philosophy of History, Social Change and Cultural Evolution puts the study of social and cultural history and social change and cultural evolution on a scientific basis capable of rational analysis and understanding. It shows how social and cultural change happens and shows the sequence of events in social and cultural history. How change happens shows how social and cultural history follows a necessary path that can be analysed and rationally understood and explained.
In this presentation you will find answers to questions such as -
What is Generalisation in context of History writing?
Why is it necessary?
What are the types of Generalisation?
What are its sources?
What role does it play in Historiography?
Why do historians use generalisation?
ESSAY ON A PRESCRIBED TITLE :“The historian’s task is to understand the past; the human scientist, by contrast, is looking to change the future.” To what extent is this true in these areas of knowledge?
Universal History & the Problem of TimeVasil Penchev
The establishment of universal history requires to be understood what time is
•Time is the transformation of the future into past by the choices in the present
•History should be grounded on that understanding of historical time, which would include the present and future rather than only the past
Modal History versus Counterfactual History: History as IntentionVasil Penchev
The distinction of whether real or counterfactual history makes sense only post factum. However, modal history is to be defined only as ones’ intention and thus, ex-ante. Modal history is probable history, and its probability is subjective. One needs phenomenological “epoché” in relation to its reality (respectively, counterfactuality). Thus, modal history describes historical “phenomena” in Husserl’s sense and would need a specific application of phenomenological reduction, which can be called historical reduction. Modal history doubles history just as the recorded history of historiography does it. That doubling is a necessary condition of historical objectivity including one’s subjectivity: whether actors’, ex-anteor historians’ post factum. The objectivity doubled by ones’ subjectivity constitute “hermeneutical circle”.
Sujay core principles of twenty first century historiography final final finalSujay Rao Mandavilli
This paper extends the concepts delineated in our earlier paper ‘Historiography by Objectives: A new approach for the study of history within the framework of the proposed Twenty-first Century school of Historiography’ and uses them to enunciate the core principles which we believe will form a part of the proposed Twenty-first century school of Historiography. This paper therefore strives to provide the vehicular platform upon which the objectives set forth in the aforesaid paper should be ideally nurtured and furthered. This paper additionally strives to buttress and substantiate our proposals with further arguments. The Twenty-first century school of historiography, it must be stated at the very outset, does not stem from any kind of a rebellious, a contrarian or a recalcitrant approach but intends to ensure that the field is suitably modernized keeping in mind the requirements of the Twenty-first century without jettisoning appreciable or profitable aspects of existing approaches. This paper attempts, at the same time to steer clear of the perils and pitfalls of postmodernism and intellectual nerdism and forge a new trajectory altogether. This approach also seeks to be as commodious and all-encompassing as possible by proactively embracing as many existing approaches as possible except dour and anachronistic ones, and others that have outlived their utility. It also seeks to formulate dialectical approaches in all facets and endeavours. We also argue that this is not only because all existing approaches are inadequate to cater to the rapidly changing requirements of the Twenty-First Century but also because we are already at the thin end of the wedge and existing approaches are inevitably fraught with unsavoury consequences, and will throw up counter-reactions in the longer term. As noted in our earlier papers, dialectical approaches and approaches based on critical analysis and scientific method would be the key to grappling with the sobering realities and the changed requirements of the Twenty-first century and would be the keystone to further progress across varied disciplines. This paper also emphasizes the proactive aspect of historiography, as this is at the core of all efforts to make it a meaningful and a modern discipline. This paper also delineates the social duties and functions of a historian and reinforces his role and duties in ushering in rapid social and cultural change and expediting scientific progress across disciplines. ‘Historiography by Objectives’ and other attendant approaches, first mooted in the aforesaid paper, continue, of course, to be an inalienable part of the overall proposals of this paper.
How Change Happens: A theory of Philosophy of History, Social Change and Cult...Rochelle Forrester
How Change Happens: A Theory of Philosophy of History, Social Change and Cultural Evolution puts the study of social and cultural history and social change and cultural evolution on a scientific basis capable of rational analysis and understanding. It shows how social and cultural change happens and shows the sequence of events in social and cultural history. How change happens shows how social and cultural history follows a necessary path that can be analysed and rationally understood and explained.
In this presentation you will find answers to questions such as -
What is Generalisation in context of History writing?
Why is it necessary?
What are the types of Generalisation?
What are its sources?
What role does it play in Historiography?
Why do historians use generalisation?
ESSAY ON A PRESCRIBED TITLE :“The historian’s task is to understand the past; the human scientist, by contrast, is looking to change the future.” To what extent is this true in these areas of knowledge?
Both necessity and arbitrariness of the sign: informationVasil Penchev
There is a fundamental contradiction or rather tension in Sausure’d Course: between the necessity of the sign within itself and its arbitrariness within a system of signs. That tension penetrates the entire Course and generates its “plot”. It can be expressed by the quantity of information generalized to quantum information by quantum mechanics. Then the problem is how a bit to be expressed by a qubit or vice versa. The structure of the main problem of quantum mechanics is isomorphic. Thus its solution, namely the set of solutions of the Schrödinger equation, implies the solution of the above contradictionor tension.
Great to see you at Matt's Interesting Talks night, I do hope you enjoyed my talk and took away ideas that you can put into your business.
As I said on the night, I have a FREE gift for you all. I have a specially built Interactive Business Wheel that not only helps you identify the weakest areas in your business but gives you 5 actions for each area(15 in total) that you can implement into your business immediately and get positive instant results!
Please click on http://creative-coach.co.uk/business-wheel/ NOW to find out what yours are!
Your campaign has a great issue, solid data and a strong organization. But successful campaigns require powerful frames; winning requires setting the frame. You need to command your campaign’s own narrative. Join Resource Media for a training presentation to learn how you can successfully frame campaigns.
Social media has come a long way in a very short time and organisations are struggling to keep up. What started as a clever way to keep in touch with old school friends ten years ago has become a core part of the work of many people and their employers and so it is vital that use of social media is compliant with the laws of the land and works as a promotional tool and not a source of potential risk. Matthew Stephenson, head of information governance at the University of Salford and chairman of the Information and Records Management Society will guide you through this complex and uncertain area.
Presentation by Matthew Stephenson, delivered at UCISA Using Social Media for Training on 18/04/2012.
Presentation by Steve Sidaway & Tom Holland of MyKnowldgeMap (http://www.myknowledgemap.com/), delivered to the Higher York eLearning Conference at York St John University on 4th June 2013.
IS HISTORY RELIABLE?
History always has been deeply politicized and has always followed the order of rulers.
No wonder there is a saying that winners write history.
It is especially annoying that after the time of those who write and rewrite history is gone, we are left with a shamelessly distorted history, and generation after generation, piles up lies on lies.
Of course, working with primary sources partially solves the problem of these lies, but the fact is that those who rewrite history at the same time eliminate, or at least permanently “lose” the sources that are objectionable to them, hiding them so that no one can find them.
The main enemy of history is interpretation, and without some sort of interpretation it is impossible to tell about a single historical episode, since the very selection of facts depends on the historian.
In addition, human memory is poorly adapted to an unbiased memorization of facts. Iven witness accounts most often do not include a description of what happened, but the interpretation that the witness gives to an event.
Therefore, unintentionally, any historical event is distorted even by its direct witnesses. The true historic situation is hardly accessible for objective study. Even at the very moment of the event, few are aware of what is really happening.
In addition to everything, any generalization and comparison of some historical events with others leads to even greater distortion.
But, unfortunately, we have no other source than historical facts for discussing the philosophy of world politics and its evolution. What has changed and what remains the same? Where is the world going? Is there any truth to conspiracy?
These issues concern us because everyone knows that world disasters can ruin our lives and the lives of our children and grandchildren. The fact of the matter is that there are not so many prosperous countries in the world whose inhabitants frankly do not give a damn about world processes. And such seemingly calm countries periodically break into the depths of economic crises, terror and even wars.
That is why history is not an idle pursuit at all. This is dynamite, which is often put under our lives. Under the guise of restoring historical justice, a lot of blood and bitter tears are shed.
Both necessity and arbitrariness of the sign: informationVasil Penchev
There is a fundamental contradiction or rather tension in Sausure’d Course: between the necessity of the sign within itself and its arbitrariness within a system of signs. That tension penetrates the entire Course and generates its “plot”. It can be expressed by the quantity of information generalized to quantum information by quantum mechanics. Then the problem is how a bit to be expressed by a qubit or vice versa. The structure of the main problem of quantum mechanics is isomorphic. Thus its solution, namely the set of solutions of the Schrödinger equation, implies the solution of the above contradictionor tension.
Great to see you at Matt's Interesting Talks night, I do hope you enjoyed my talk and took away ideas that you can put into your business.
As I said on the night, I have a FREE gift for you all. I have a specially built Interactive Business Wheel that not only helps you identify the weakest areas in your business but gives you 5 actions for each area(15 in total) that you can implement into your business immediately and get positive instant results!
Please click on http://creative-coach.co.uk/business-wheel/ NOW to find out what yours are!
Your campaign has a great issue, solid data and a strong organization. But successful campaigns require powerful frames; winning requires setting the frame. You need to command your campaign’s own narrative. Join Resource Media for a training presentation to learn how you can successfully frame campaigns.
Social media has come a long way in a very short time and organisations are struggling to keep up. What started as a clever way to keep in touch with old school friends ten years ago has become a core part of the work of many people and their employers and so it is vital that use of social media is compliant with the laws of the land and works as a promotional tool and not a source of potential risk. Matthew Stephenson, head of information governance at the University of Salford and chairman of the Information and Records Management Society will guide you through this complex and uncertain area.
Presentation by Matthew Stephenson, delivered at UCISA Using Social Media for Training on 18/04/2012.
Presentation by Steve Sidaway & Tom Holland of MyKnowldgeMap (http://www.myknowledgemap.com/), delivered to the Higher York eLearning Conference at York St John University on 4th June 2013.
IS HISTORY RELIABLE?
History always has been deeply politicized and has always followed the order of rulers.
No wonder there is a saying that winners write history.
It is especially annoying that after the time of those who write and rewrite history is gone, we are left with a shamelessly distorted history, and generation after generation, piles up lies on lies.
Of course, working with primary sources partially solves the problem of these lies, but the fact is that those who rewrite history at the same time eliminate, or at least permanently “lose” the sources that are objectionable to them, hiding them so that no one can find them.
The main enemy of history is interpretation, and without some sort of interpretation it is impossible to tell about a single historical episode, since the very selection of facts depends on the historian.
In addition, human memory is poorly adapted to an unbiased memorization of facts. Iven witness accounts most often do not include a description of what happened, but the interpretation that the witness gives to an event.
Therefore, unintentionally, any historical event is distorted even by its direct witnesses. The true historic situation is hardly accessible for objective study. Even at the very moment of the event, few are aware of what is really happening.
In addition to everything, any generalization and comparison of some historical events with others leads to even greater distortion.
But, unfortunately, we have no other source than historical facts for discussing the philosophy of world politics and its evolution. What has changed and what remains the same? Where is the world going? Is there any truth to conspiracy?
These issues concern us because everyone knows that world disasters can ruin our lives and the lives of our children and grandchildren. The fact of the matter is that there are not so many prosperous countries in the world whose inhabitants frankly do not give a damn about world processes. And such seemingly calm countries periodically break into the depths of economic crises, terror and even wars.
That is why history is not an idle pursuit at all. This is dynamite, which is often put under our lives. Under the guise of restoring historical justice, a lot of blood and bitter tears are shed.
From the free will theorems to the choice ontology of quantum mechnicsVasil Penchev
If the concept of “free will” is reduced to that of “choice”, the physical world shares the latter quality
However, the physical world either in classical or quantum physics shares the “principle of least action” though in a generalized formulation
The principle of least action can be also interpreted as a principle of most probability and thus as that of least choice and information in final analysis
Amidst an evolution of public administration and policy making process, scenario planning has been recognized as one of the most important instrument both in policy analysis and conducting inclusive planning and participatory approach. It has been used among think tanks, a de facto track II actors to reach to their intermediary role between the governmental agencies (track I) and a grassroots sector (track III). There are some studies to address an attempt to equip itself with postpositivist research methodology in modern think tank, called think tank 2.0. Such modification is possible because of three major driving forces: an evolution of governance, design technology and a paradigm shift in epistemology of public administration as a backdrop of this transformation. The bigger picture of this transformation is about to adopt simulation methodology in social science as found in agent-based model (ABM) approach as a new epistemic paradigm. However, I’ll demonstrate from my experience on various national policy research efforts that the scenario planning is a handy instrument suitable for the new challenges with low cost that can attain better result even without a sophisticated technique such as ABM.
This presentation is based on the historical research phenomenon as How History as a science. Here i am compared History with the scientific methodology.
Sociology and General Education [1964]By Robert Bierstedt.docxjensgosney
Sociology and General Education:
[1964]
By Robert Bierstedt
Sociology has many uses that are alike unsung and unappreciated. Some of these uses pertain not to its function as an instrument in the acquisition of knowledge but to a rather different kind of function—its function in the course and process of education. I am inclined to think in fact, as I hope the following remarks will show, that sociology is one of the most valuable of all of the disciplines in the university curriculum and that one of its most distinctive virtues lies precisely and centrally in the realm of general education.
Those of us who are engaged in the sociological enterprise ourselves tend to think—perhaps inevitably—that sociology is for sociologists, or at least for those who want to become sociologists. In our colleges and universities, however, we teach sociology to many more than these. It has been estimated that only two per cent of undergraduate students major in sociology and that only three per cent of this statistically small figure go on to do graduate work in sociology. The vast majority, in short, study sociology with no vocational or professional purpose. They appear in our undergraduate classes and study our introductory texts either because sociology is required as a supplementary subject in a closely related curriculum or because it satisfies a social science requirement in a curriculum for which another science would do equally well. There are those in addition, we may suppose and hope, who study sociology without being required to do so because it satisfies some wayward or vagrant curiosity of their own, because it stimulates an intellectual interest, because it has its own intrinsic fascination. This paper examines some of the educational and cultural advantages that sociology has to offer these other groups of students, particularly the last, comprised of those who have no intention of making a career in the field and who have no professional requirement to satisfy. I propose to show, in short, that sociology has an important role to play in general education, a role that is wholly commensurate with and sometimes even superior to the roles played by such older disciplines as history, literature, and philosophy. I shall maintain that sociology has many virtues that contribute to the cultivation of the intellect and that it merits a high rank. therefore, among the liberal arts and sciences.
The Liberated Mind:
The first of the educational virtues of sociology is that, like all al the liberal arts, it liberates the student from the provincialism of time, place, and circumstance. One of the great disabilities al those who have been denied the benefits of education is their parochialism, their attachment to the narrow corner of earth wherein they dwell. These are the people—and unfortunately they are the vast majority of mankind—who retain throughout their lives a primitive loyalty to their initial culture. For the uneducated t1 initial culture .
The generalization of the Periodic table. The "Periodic table" of "dark matter"Vasil Penchev
The thesis is: the “periodic table” of “dark matter” is equivalent to the standard periodic table of the visible matter being entangled. Thus, it is to consist of all possible entangled states of the atoms of chemical elements as quantum systems. In other words, an atom of any chemical element and as a quantum system, i.e. as a wave function, should be represented as a non-orthogonal in general (i.e. entangled) subspace of the separable complex Hilbert space relevant to the system to which the atom at issue is related as a true part of it. The paper follows previous publications of mine stating that “dark matter” and “dark energy” are projections of arbitrarily entangled states on the cognitive “screen” of Einstein’s “Mach’s principle” in general relativity postulating that gravitational field can be generated only by mass or energy.
Both classical and quantum information [autosaved]Vasil Penchev
Information can be considered a the most fundamental, philosophical, physical and mathematical concept originating from the totality by means of physical and mathematical transcendentalism (the counterpart of philosophical transcendentalism). Classical and quantum information. particularly by their units, bit and qubit, correspond and unify the finite and infinite:
As classical information is relevant to finite series and sets, as quantum information, to infinite ones. The separable complex Hilbert space of quantum mechanics can be represented equivalently as “qubit space”) as quantum information and doubled dually or “complimentary” by Hilbert arithmetic (classical information).
A CLASS OF EXEMPLES DEMONSTRATING THAT “푃푃≠푁푁푁 ” IN THE “P VS NP” PROBLEMVasil Penchev
The CMI Millennium “P vs NP Problem” can be resolved e.g. if one shows at least one counterexample to the “P=NP” conjecture. A certain class of problems being such counterexamples will be formulated. This implies the rejection of the hypothesis “P=NP” for any conditions satisfying the formulation of the problem. Thus, the solution “P≠NP” of the problem in general is proved. The class of counterexamples can be interpreted as any quantum superposition of any finite set of quantum states. The Kochen-Specker theorem is involved. Any fundamentally random choice among a finite set of alternatives belong to “NP’ but not to “P”. The conjecture that the set complement of “P” to “NP” can be described by that kind of choice exhaustively is formulated.
FERMAT’S LAST THEOREM PROVED BY INDUCTION (accompanied by a philosophical com...Vasil Penchev
A proof of Fermat’s last theorem is demonstrated. It is very brief, simple, elementary, and absolutely arithmetical. The necessary premises for the proof are only: the three definitive properties of the relation of equality (identity, symmetry, and transitivity), modus tollens, axiom of induction, the proof of Fermat’s last theorem in the case of n=3 as well as the premises necessary for the formulation of the theorem itself. It involves a modification of Fermat’s approach of infinite descent. The infinite descent is linked to induction starting from n=3 by modus tollens. An inductive series of modus tollens is constructed. The proof of the series by induction is equivalent to Fermat’s last theorem. As far as Fermat had been proved the theorem for n=4, one can suggest that the proof for n≥4 was accessible to him.
An idea for an elementary arithmetical proof of Fermat’s last theorem (FLT) by induction is suggested. It would be accessible to Fermat unlike Wiles’s proof (1995), and would justify Fermat’s claim (1637) for its proof. The inspiration for a simple proof would contradict to Descartes’s dualism for appealing to merge “mind” and “body”, “words” and “things”, “terms” and “propositions”, all orders of logic. A counterfactual course of history of mathematics and philosophy may be admitted. The bifurcation happened in Descartes and Fermat’s age. FLT is exceptionally difficult to be proved in our real branch rather than in the counterfactual one.
The space-time interpretation of Poincare’s conjecture proved by G. Perelman Vasil Penchev
Background and prehistory:
The French mathematician Henri Poincaré offered a statement known as “Poincaré’s conjecture” without a proof. It states that any 4-dimensional ball is equivalent to 3-dimensional Euclidean space topologically: a continuous mapping exists so that it maps the former ball into the latter space one-to-one.
At first glance, it seems to be too paradoxical for the following mismatches: the former is 4-dimensional and as if “closed” unlike the latter, 3-dimensional and as if “open” according to common sense. So, any mapping seemed to be necessarily discrete to be able to overcome those mismatches, and being discrete impies for the conjecture to be false.
Anyway, nobody managed neither to prove nor to reject rigorously the conjecture about one century. It was included even in the Millennium Prize Problems by the Clay Mathematics Institute.
It was proved by Grigory Perelman in 2003 using the concept of information.
Physical interpretation in terms of special relativity:
One may notice that the 4-ball is almost equivalent topologically to the “imaginary domain” of Minkowski space in the following sense of “almost”: that “half” of Minkowski space is equivalent topologically to the unfolding of a 4-ball. Then, the conjecture means the topological equivalence of the physical 3-space and its model in special relativity. In turn, that topological equivalence means their equivalence as to causality physically. So, Perelman has proved the adequacy of Minkowski space as a model of the physical 3-dimensional space rigorously. Of course, all experiments confirm the same empirically, but not mathematically as he did.
An idea of another proof of the conjecture based on that physical interpretation:
Topologically seen, the problem turns out to be reformulated so: one needs a proof of the topological equivalence of a 4-ball and its unfolding by 3-balls (what the “half” of Minkowski space is, topologically).
If one adds a complementary, second unfolding to link both ends of the first unfolding, the problem would be resolved: 4-ball would be equivalent to two 3-spaces topologically. Two 3-spaces are equivalent to a single one as follows: one divides a 3-space into two parts by a certain plane (that plane does not belong to any of them). Any part is equivalent topologically to a 3-space for any open neighborhood is transformed into an open one by the mapping of each part (excluding the boundary of the plane) into the complete 3-space.
That idea is linked to the original proof of Perelman by the concept of information. It means that any bit of information interpreted physically conserves causality. In other words, the choice of any of both states of a bit (e.g. designated as “0” and “1” recorded in a cell) does not violate causality (the cell, either “0” or “1”, or both “0” and “1” are equivalent to each other topologically and to a 3-space).
FROM THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ACTION TO THE CONSERVATION OF QUANTUM INFORMATION...Vasil Penchev
In fact, the first law of conservation (that of mass) was found in chemistry and generalized to the conservation of energy in physics by means of Einstein’s famous “E=mc2”. Energy conservation is implied by the principle of least action from a variational viewpoint as in Emmy Noether’s theorems (1918): any chemical change in a conservative (i.e. “closed”) system can be accomplished only in the way conserving its total energy. Bohr’s innovation to found Mendeleev’s periodic table by quantum mechanics implies a certain generalization referring to
the quantum leaps as if accomplished in all possible trajectories (according to Feynman’s interpretation) and therefore generalizing the principle of least action and needing a certain generalization of energy conservation as to any quantum change.The transition from the first to the second theorem of Emmy Noether represents well the necessary generalization: its chemical meaning is the ge eralization of any chemical reaction to be accomplished as if any possible course of time rather than in the standard evenly running time (and equivalent to energy conservation according to the first theorem). The problem: If any quantum change is accomplished in al possible “variations (i.e. “violations) of energy conservation” (by different probabilities),
what (if any) is conserved? An answer: quantum information is what is conserved. Indeed, it can be particularly defined as the counterpart (e.g. in the sense of Emmy Noether’s theorems) to the physical quantity of action (e.g. as energy is the counterpart of time in them). It is valid in any course of time rather than in the evenly running one. That generalization implies a generalization of the periodic table including any continuous and smooth transformation between two chemical elements.
From the principle of least action to the conservation of quantum information...Vasil Penchev
In fact, the first law of conservation (that of mass) was found in chemistry and generalized to the conservation of energy in physics by means of Einstein’s famous “E=mc2”. Energy conservation is implied by the principle of least action from a variational viewpoint as in Emmy Noether’s theorems (1918):any chemical change in a conservative (i.e. “closed”) system can be accomplished only in the way conserving its total energy. Bohr’s innovation to found Mendeleev’s periodic table by quantum mechanics implies a certain generalization referring to the quantum leaps as if accomplished in all possible trajectories (e.g. according to Feynman’s viewpoint) and therefore generalizing the principle of least action and needing a certain generalization of energy conservation as to any quantum change.
The transition from the first to the second theorem of Emmy Noether represents well the necessary generalization: its chemical meaning is the generalization of any chemical reaction to be accomplished as if any possible course of time rather than in the standard evenly running time (and equivalent to energy conservation according to the first theorem).
The problem: If any quantum change is accomplished in all possible “variations (i.e. “violations) of energy conservation” (by different probabilities), what (if any) is conserved?
An answer: quantum information is what is conserved. Indeed it can be particularly defined as the counterpart (e.g. in the sense of Emmy Noether’s theorems) to the physical quantity of action (e.g. as energy is the counterpart of time in them). It is valid in any course of time rather than in the evenly running one. (An illustration: if observers in arbitrarily accelerated reference frames exchange light signals about the course of a single chemical reaction observed by all of them, the universal viewpoint shareаble by all is that of quantum information).
That generalization implies a generalization of the periodic table including any continuous and smooth transformation between two chemical elements necessary conserving quantum information rather than energy: thus it can be called “alchemical periodic table”.
Why anything rather than nothing? The answer of quantum mechnaicsVasil Penchev
Many researchers determine the question “Why anything
rather than nothing?” to be the most ancient and fundamental philosophical problem. It is closely related to the idea of Creation shared by religion, science, and philosophy, for example in the shape of the “Big Bang”, the doctrine of first cause or causa sui, the Creation in six days in the Bible, etc. Thus, the solution of quantum mechanics, being scientific in essence, can also be interpreted philosophically, and even religiously. This paper will only discuss the philosophical interpretation. The essence of the answer of quantum mechanics is: 1.) Creation is necessary in a rigorously mathematical sense. Thus, it does not need any hoice, free will, subject, God, etc. to appear. The world exists by virtue of mathematical necessity, e.g. as any mathematical truth such as 2+2=4; and 2.) Being is less than nothing rather than ore than nothing. Thus creation is not an increase of nothing, but the decrease of nothing: it is a deficiency in relation to nothing. Time and its “arrow” form the road from that diminishment or incompleteness to nothing.
The Square of Opposition & The Concept of Infinity: The shared information s...Vasil Penchev
The power of the square of opposition has been proved during millennia, It supplies logic by the ontological language of infinity for describing anything...
6th WORLD CONGRESS ON THE SQUARE OF OPPOSITION
http://www.square-of-opposition.org/square2018.html
Mamardashvili, an Observer of the Totality. About “Symbol and Consciousness”,...Vasil Penchev
The paper discusses a few tensions “crucifying” the works and even personality of the great Georgian philosopher Merab Mamardashvili: East and West; human being and thought, symbol and consciousness, infinity and finiteness, similarity and differences. The observer can be involved as the correlative counterpart of the totality: An observer opposed to the totality externalizes an internal part outside. Thus the phenomena of an observer and the totality turn out to converge to each other or to be one and the same. In other words, the phenomenon of an observer includes the singularity of the solipsistic Self, which (or “who”) is the same as that of the totality. Furthermore, observation can be thought as that primary and initial action underlain by the phenomenon of an observer. That action of observation consists in the externalization of the solipsistic Self outside as some external reality. It is both a zero action and the singularity of the phenomenon of action. The main conclusions are: Mamardashvili’s philosophy can be thought both as the suffering effort to be a human being again and again as well as the philosophical reflection on the genesis of thought from itself by the same effort. Thus it can be recognized as a powerful tension between signs anа symbol, between conscious structures and consciousness, between the syncretism of the East and the discursiveness of the West crucifying spiritually Georgia
Completeness: From henkin's Proposition to Quantum ComputerVasil Penchev
The paper addresses Leon Henkin's proposition as a "lighthouse",
which can elucidate a vast territory of knowledge uniformly: logic, set theory,
information theory, and quantum mechanics: Two strategies to infinity are
equally relevant for it is as universal and thus complete as open and thus incomplete.
Henkin's, Godel's, Robert Jeroslow's, and Hartley Rogers'
proposition are reformulated so that both completeness and incompleteness to
be unified and thus reduced as a joint property of infinity and of all infinite sets.
However, only Henkin's proposition equivalent to an internal position to
infinity is consistent . This can be retraced back to set theory and its axioms,
where tha t of choice is a key. Quantum mechanics is forced to introduce infinity implicitly by Hilbert space, on which is founded its formalism. One can
demonstrate that some essential properties of quantum information,
entanglement, and quantum computer originate directly from infinity once it is
involved in quantum mechanics. Thus, these phenomena can be elucidated as
both complete and incomplete, after which choice is the border between them.
A special kind of invariance to the axiom of choice shared by quantum
mechanics is discussed to be involved that border between the completeness
and incompleteness of infinity in a consistent way. The so-called paradox of
Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen is interpreted entirely in
the same terms only of set theory. Quantum computer can demonstrate
especially clearly the privilege of the internal position, or "observer'' , or "user" to infinity implied by Henkin's proposition as the only consist ent ones as to infinity. An essential area of contemporary knowledge may be synthesized from a single viewpoint.
Why anything rather than nothing? The answer of quantum mechanicsVasil Penchev
The state of “nothing” is not stable
❖ The physical nothing is not a general vacuum
The being is less than nothing
❖ The creation is taking away from the nothing
Time is the destruction of symmetry
❖ The creation need not any (external) cause
The state of nothing passes spontaneously (by itself) into the state of being
❖ This represents the “creation”
The transition of nothing into being is mathematically necessary
❖ The choice (which can be interpreted philosophically as “free will”) appears necessary in mathematical reasons
❖ The choice generates asymmetry, which is the beginning of time and thus, of the physical word
❖ Information is the quantity of choices and linked to time intimately
The outlined approach allows a common philosophical viewpoint to the physical world, language and some mathematical structures therefore calling for the universe to be understood as a joint physical, linguistic and mathematical universum, in which physical motion and metaphor are one and the same rather than only similar in a sense.
Hilbert Space and pseudo-Riemannian Space: The Common Base of Quantum Informa...Vasil Penchev
Hilbert space underlying quantum mechanics and pseudo-Riemannian space underlying general relativity share a common base of quantum information. Hilbert space can be interpreted as the free variable of quantum information, and any point in it, being equivalent to a wave function (and thus, to a state of a quantum system), as a value of that variable of quantum information. In turn, pseudo-Riemannian space can be interpreted as the interaction of two or more quantities of quantum information and thus, as two or more entangled quantum systems. Consequently, one can distinguish local physical interactions describable by a single Hilbert space (or by any factorizable tensor product of such ones) and non-local physical interactions describable only by means by that Hilbert space, which cannot be factorized as any tensor product of the Hilbert spaces, by means of which one can describe the interacting quantum subsystems separately. Any interaction, which can be exhaustedly described in a single Hilbert space, such as the weak, strong, and electromagnetic one, is local in terms of quantum information. Any interaction, which cannot be described thus, is nonlocal in terms of quantum information. Any interaction, which is exhaustedly describable by pseudo-Riemannian space, such as gravity, is nonlocal in this sense. Consequently all known physical interaction can be described by a single geometrical base interpreting it in terms of quantum information.
Analogia entis as analogy universalized and formalized rigorously and mathema...Vasil Penchev
THE SECOND WORLD CONGRESS ON ANALOGY, POZNAŃ, MAY 24-26, 2017
(The Venue: Sala Lubrańskiego (Lubrański’s Hall at the Collegium Minus), Adam Mickiewicz University, Address: ul. Wieniawskiego 1) The presentation: 24 May, 15:30
Ontology as a formal one. The language of ontology as the ontology itself: th...Vasil Penchev
“Formal ontology” is introduced first to programing languages in different ways. The most relevant one as to philosophy is as a generalization of “nth-order logic” and “nth-level language” for n=0. Then, the “zero-level language” is a theoretical reflection on the naïve attitude to the world: the “things and words” coincide by themselves. That approach corresponds directly to the philosophical phenomenology of Husserl or fundamental ontology of Heidegger. Ontology as the 0-level language may be researched as a formal ontology
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. Vasil Penchev
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: Institute for the Study of
Societies of Knowledge
vasildinev@gmail.com
“The Historical responsibility: from the myths of the past
to the strategies of future”
September 22-23, 2016 (22 Sep, 12:20 – 14:00)
Yekaterinburg, Russia (Lenin av. 51,Ural Federal University, Room 314)
3. Reality as chosen
• The main thesis is:
Ontological and historical responsibility refers to the choice
of reality
• Thus one should suppose many realities, each of which its
own and unique histories, and correspondingly as many
histories as realities
However, history as science recognise only a single history
and a single reality, which can be well-defined only to the
past, but not to future and even not to the present
4. Many worlds, many histories,
many realities …
• It presupposes the concept of many realities or many worlds,
one of which is chosen by the conscious or unconscious
choice of human beings
However, the science of history does not discuss any choices
as far as any choice would imply an alternative reality
together with its alternative and different history, to which
objective cognition seems to be impossible
The only thinkable way out of the contradictory between
historical responsibility and historical objectivity implies
redefinition and thus the “perestroika” of historical science
and knowledge
5. The reality as a result of decision
• Thus, reality, in which people turn out to be, is their
responsibility as far as it is a result of decision
Their decisions or at least some of them, properly “historical
choices”, presuppose ontological responsibility
• One can speak of both historical and ontological
responsibility as counterparts, each of which implies the
other
Historical responsibility is properly temporal aspect of
ontological responsibility or in other words, ontological
decision (figuratively speaking, God’s decision) as a series of
people’s historical choices
6. Realism versus historical responsibility
• If on the contrary, reality, e.g. in the framework of “realism”,
is granted as constant and given in advance, the problem of
ontological and historical responsibility cannot arise in
principle
Indeed realism needs a single reality to serve as the criterion
of truth as far as many realities would imply many truths and
alleged relativism or even nihilism
• So, the problem of historical responsibility implies a new
kind of ontology, that of many realities, many histories and
human choice between them, to be able to be questioned
7. Reality, history and objectivity
• If the case is other, reality is one single and necessary
That case of a single reality can be considered as a particular
and degenerate case of the generalized ontology of many
realities and many histories
• It can be described also as the identity of history and
ontology where the single reality and history implies
necessity such as experimental sciences mean as to nature
Then history (as physics, for example) abstracts its
objectivity from the certain external necessity due to the
single reality and history
8. History in “conditional mood”
• In the same framework, that of the single reality, history
“does not cognise the conditional mood” for it studies only
the past as single as reality
That dogma seems to be justifiable as to the past, but
absolutely inapplicable to future and even to the past
• If one accepts it as an axiom (as the mainstream of all
historical sciences) the cognition of future and even that of
the present turns out to be forbidden in principle
The application of history needs it to be applicable
to the present at least, though
9. History, reality, and historical reality
• The past in singular seems to be the only possible subject of
that kind of realistic history being a positive science
However, the amount of facts referring to the past is so great
that any historical investigation is forced to limit itself only to a
very, very small part of all facts therefore choosing anyway
that tiny part of facts as relevant to the investigation at issue
• Thus, even the classical historical research implies an implicit
choice and interpretation of historical reality
That choice and interpretation is meant speaking that history
is written by the victors rather than by vanquished
10. The forbidden “history of future”
• Therefore and particularly, the reference or cognition of
historical science to future is forbidden in principle
However, future though being too uncertain for the
contemporary scientific and historical objectivity is an
inherent aspect, part and modus of any historical process
• Even more, many other sciences, for example those studying
nature, are much more related to future for they are able to
make absolutely exact forecasts successful for practice
On the contrary, history meaning changes in the course of
time as its subject does not possess any reliable methods for
foreseeing future events
11. Objectivity for historical sciences
• The mainstream in historical sciences prefers the objectivity of
historical descriptions of the past excluding any forms of
counterfactual, alternative, many-pathways as non- and even
antiscientific speculations in the domain of sci-fi at the best
Indeed, there are no reliable methods or criteria for estimation or
comparison for any alternative histories or realities: all of them are
considered as equally possible or equally impossible results of
imagination
• One needs certain new objectivity for historical sciences, able to
mean, describe, and eventually forecast precisely future historical
events and processes even they do no take place in our reality and
history
12. The other histories
• Counterfactual or alternative history are rather marginal
according to the absence of reliable methods and criteria for
distinguishing the different pathways of history and ways of
choice for those of them, which are true in a generalized
sense applicable to alternative histories
The philosophical and methodological problem about that
truth both conserving free will (and free choice) featuring all
historical process and objectivity is not yet resolved and
even clearly articulated
• Those difficulties hint that a fundamental and therefore
philosophical change is needed for incorporating future and
free will in historical sciences
13. Responsibility and choice
• One the contrary, responsibility needs choice and alternatives in
definition
Indeed, the problem of choice and historical responsibility might
be anyway investigated even in the too restricted framework of the
contemporary positive historical science in the special modus of
“past perfect tense” and “future tense in the past”
• Certain actions being in past perfect tense to their historical
intentions and results can be compared with those real historical
events being in future tense in the past to the made choices
However then, historical responsibility is a subject of judgement
or estimation of the past eventually punishing without direct
influence to the present historical choices and prognoses
14. The problem of historical responsibility versus
science of history
• Thus, the problem of historical responsibility cannot be
asked as to the present and future within the standard
approach of history
One should wait for decades and even centuries to be
estimated or judged a certain historical choice remaining
those people really made the choice irresponsible for their
choice for remoteness and prescription
• For example, the Nuremberg trials are an exception
confirming the above statement just for their exceptionality
and limitedness
15. History of time vs history of the past
• One needs that science of history which refers to the present
and future not less that to the past therefore unifying them in
an invariant approach
If that scientific kind of history existed, the problem of historical
responsibility would be able to be resolved in its wholeness
rather than partly as until now
• The essence of the necessary history of time consists in the
invention of how future and the past being clearly
distinguished by the “arrow of time” to be anyway described
uniformly by means of corresponding conception and notions
16. History … and quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics resolves similar problems
• It is forced to study the genesis of reality among a spectrum of
possible realities, one of which turns out to be chosen after
measurement
It might can serve as a methodological paradigm for history
• Quantum mechanics describes uniformly the past and future being
immediately forced to resolve its main problem: the unification of
discrete (quantum) motion and smooth motion in classical
mechanics
That solution implies furthermore the solution of the described
above main problem of historical science: how to be described
uniformly future (being only possible and probable) and the past
(being properly actual)
29. One can guess at least a few directions of historical time for its “end” is
nonsense: to space, to children, to higher mammals extensively or to
“super-humans” intensively
34. Still one additional thesis:
• The establishment of universal history requires to be
understood what time is
Time is the transformation of the future into past by
the choices in the present
• History should be grounded on that understanding of
historical time, which would include the present and
future rather than only the past
35. History in tradition and universal history
• History refers to the past in tradition,
i.e. to a limited and finite part of time, which is past
Thus history refers immediately both to time and more
exactly to the past
• What is past can be even neglected speaking of the history of
anything as some genus
Universal history can be understood as that genus
36. The well-distinguished entities of the past
• In the past, there are a variety of well-distinguished entities such
as states, peoples, civilizations and anything else
Each of them can possesses a proper history often inconsistent
or partly consistent to all the rest
• So, the past seems to be irrelevant as the medium of universality
for it is particular as to any item therefore suggesting that its
history is particular and different from that of anything else
37. A set of histories instead a single one
• So the cherished universal history turns out to be a set of
histories
That set of histories can be defined both by some common
property and by the description of all unique histories one by
one
• History in tradition describes a set of unique histories of states
or nations slightly linked to each other
One interpretation of universal history is it to understood as the
set of all those descriptions
38. The universal laws of history as
the common property of all histories
• One can research that set for universal or general laws
instead of some collection of descriptions hardly linked to
each other
Those laws can be in turn understood as the property
featuring all members of the family implicitly meant as
participants in universal history
• Consequently, universal history can be understood as some
theoretical research of history finding a few fundamental
laws or principles
39. Logic of history and Reason in history
• Thus history can be represented more or less
as some logic of history or even as
Reason in history after Hegel
Indeed all histories referring only to the past can be seen as a
collection of well-orderings and thus as some general logic of
historical processes
• Hegel introduced the term of Reason in history to designate
that logical and rational form of universal history suggesting
action of some Reason in history
40. The common future of all historical entities
• In fact, all entities such as states, nations,
civilizations and all the rest is unified by their
common present and future and distinguished
by unique and single past
All this does not allow of other universal
viewpoint than the logical one as above if
history refers only to the past
• The viewpoint to time as an unlimitedly
extendable past supports the understanding of
universal history or even of history as logic
41. Time at all instead of only the past
• Furthermore history can be seen as underlain by
another understanding of time
It allows of generalizing the history from only the
past to all time including the present and future
• Then universal history can be naturally defined as
the history referring to the present and future not
less than to the past
Its core is the present, only in which any choice
can take place
• The past is the result of those choices: One can say
that the present is the cause of the past
42. What is time?
• History as the ontology of time requires to be
understood what time is
In turn time should be understand as a way
relevant to history
• In fact history happens only now,
in the present, but it is always described as a past
Then time should be understand as a collision of
two quite different media, future and past
• That collision is the present, which manages to
agree both different media to each other
43. What time is
• Time is the transformation of the future into past
by the choices in the present
In fact, the future is absolute unorderable and
unforecastable both in principle and in general
• On the contrary, the past is absolute ordered,
more exactly well-ordered as well as absolute and
even trivially forecastable as being unchangeable
and known
• The one, which is able to agree them to each
other is the choices of the present
44. Historical time
• History should be grounded on that understanding
of historical time, which would include the present
and future rather than only the past
Indeed historical time should be understood as
way of making history rather that historiographic
time ascribing simply a certain date to any
historical event
• Consequently, historical time is agrees and thus
generalizes future and the past in the present
Thus it essence is choice, i.e. the choices in the
present
45. Historical time vs. physical time
• One can distinguish historical time from physical
time in the base of their relation to each other
and to the time itself
Historical time agrees future and the past by the
mediation of the choices made in the present
• Instead of that, the past is what grounds physical
time
Physical time extrapolates the modus of the past
time as all time including furthermore the present
and future
46. Opposed features of the two times
• Historical time unlike physical time is not
continuous, homogenous, even, or uniform
Even more, it does not include all choices, but a
very, very small part of them, only crucial
historical choice
• However the criterion for a choice to be defined
as a crucial historical one needs some
clarification
It should support the unity of future and the
past linking them in continuous way
47. The points of historical choice
• Historical time consists of the separate points of
crucial historical choice
Consequently that “ crucial historical choice”
should represents the wholeness of the historical
process embodied in a single point
• In fact the alternatives of the choice claiming to be
both crucial and historical do not link the
wholeness of the historical process in one and the
same degree
One of them, maybe different from the chosen
one can support the “continuity of times”
48. The wholeness of historical process and
historical choice
• Any single choice of those concentrates the
wholeness of the historical process in order to
be able to be chosen just that historical
pathway, which conserves that wholeness
Nevertheless, this does not limit the made
choice:
• It can be historically wrong “tearing the times”
and thus breaking this thread of history
whether early or late
49. Paul Tillich’s Kairos and Chronos
• Paul Tillich has coined the term of Kairos for that
ontological and historical time being opposed to
“chronos” associated with physical time
Kairos is also the wholeness of theological time:
• Thus Kairos means initially a fundamental choice,
which is able to ground both the wholeness of being
and any crucial historical choice of peoples
On the contrary, chronos means the “automatic
continuity” of time independent of human choices
and thus implied immediately on that single and
fundamental choice of Kairos
50. Between two choices ...
• The discrete points of crucial choice are connected
to each other by longer or shorter periods of
continuous historical motion
The historical and physical time can be identified
as coinciding in those periods:
• Then both continuity and wholeness of the times
are supported in an almost or rather automatic
way not including crucial historical choices
History is identifiable as historiography, but this is
not ontology
51. Longue durée
• The discreteness of historical time generates
“waves” of long runs (Charles Pierce) or “longue
durées” (Fernand Braudel and the Analles school)
The period of each of them is different, but much
longer than the duration of human life
• That “longue durée” should be categorically
distinguished from the long periods between two
historical choices
The “longue durée” originates from the
discontinuity of historical choice
• The long periods between two historical choices
mean only their absence
52. Conclusions about Part 3:
• History as the ontology of time: History as the
ontology of the past time turns out to be a set of
histories
In fact, all entities such as states, nations,
civilizations and all the rest is unified by their
common present and future and distinguished by
unique and single past
• The Hegel logical viewpoint to history: All this
does not allow of other universal viewpoint than
the logical one as in Hegel
53. Conclusions about part 3:
• History of choice versus history of fact:
History can be underlain by that
understanding of time, which allows of
generalizing the history from only the past to
all time including the present and future
• Then history as the ontology of time can be
naturally defined as the history referring to the
present and future not less than to the past
That kind of history can be defined both as
history of choice as the ontology of time
54. References:
• Braudel, F (1969) “Histoire et sciences socials. La longue
durée (1),” in: Braudel, F. Ecrits sur l’histoire. Paris:
Flamarion, 41—82.
• Hegel, G. W. F. (1837) Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der
Weltgeschichte. Hamburg:
F. Meiner, 1968.
• Tillich, P. (1948) “Kairos,” in Hauptwerke,
Bd. 4, Berlin – New York: De Gruyter, 1987, 327-341.