The document analyzes the offshore wind resource potential along the South African coastline. Four potential sites for offshore wind farms were identified based on considerations of shipping routes, proximity to the electrical grid, and offshore oil and gas exploration areas. Wind data from the Global Wind Atlas was analyzed for each site. Site 2 showed the highest power density and average wind speed within the 50m hub height, making it the best potential location for an offshore wind farm. The study found offshore wind energy to be a viable option for South Africa to increase renewable energy production.
The energy vision for the U.S. calls for dramatic increases in the use of wind power by the year 2050.
The use of offshore wind farms will play a vital role in achieving this goal. Even though there are some
challenges with implementing wind power in the Gulf of Mexico, the advantages and benefits should allow the
U.S. to overcome these challenges.
Viterbo Offshore Wind Energy In BrazilJean Viterbo
This document discusses the potential for offshore wind energy development in Brazil. It notes that Brazil has the third largest offshore wind resource in the world. While Brazil has made progress in developing onshore wind power, there is still opportunity to strengthen research and development of offshore wind energy projects, both nearshore and further offshore where oil extraction already occurs. Offshore wind energy could help meet electricity demand in coastal load centers and diversify Brazil's energy portfolio. The document argues Brazil should pursue offshore wind energy to gain strategic advantages in energy supply, industrial development, and participation in clean energy markets.
The Development of Offshore Wind Industry in Asia and the EU copyKait Siegel
The document provides an overview of the history and current state of the global offshore wind industry. It discusses how offshore wind originated in Denmark in 1991 and has since expanded, led by growth in Europe. Key points covered include:
- Europe currently has over 8 GW of installed offshore wind capacity, concentrated in the North Sea and Baltic Sea. China is the second largest market.
- Technological advances have allowed for larger turbines, farms, and development of floating and deeper water designs.
- Costs are higher than onshore but continue to decline with technology improvements and larger scale projects. Policy support and financing mechanisms have supported industry growth.
- Outlooks project continued expansion in Europe and growth in new markets like Asia,
This document discusses alternative energy sources that could help power an offshore platform in Australia. It evaluates wind (horizontal and vertical axis turbines), wave (Pelamis, PowerBuoy, Wave Dragon devices), and solar (SolarBeam dishes and SunPower photovoltaic cells) technologies. Based on the site's wind speeds, water depths, and the platform's space constraints, the document models how different configurations of technologies could contribute power. It finds that installing 15 PowerBuoy wave energy devices could generate the most power at 13 MW annually and save over $600,000 in natural gas costs compared to solely using the platform's gas turbines.
The document analyzes wind energy potential and economics of small wind pumps in northern Nigeria. Eleven years of wind data from Jos, Kano, and Sokoto were used to estimate available wind energy for pumping water. At a 9m installation height, estimated energy was 190 kWh/m2/yr for Jos, 225 kWh/m2/yr for Kano, and 348 kWh/m2/yr for Sokoto. The monetary value of this energy as fuel cost savings from diesel or petrol pumps was calculated. At current fuel prices and interest/inflation rates, wind pumps were not economically competitive without subsidies. Subsidies of 16-24% for Sokoto, 48-51%
The Water Power Program at the Department of Energy is funding research to advance hydropower and marine hydrokinetic technologies. This includes developing new technologies that can generate power from existing infrastructure like non-powered dams to tap additional untapped domestic hydropower resources. The program also supports developing marine hydrokinetic technologies like wave, tidal, and ocean current devices through testing and demonstration projects. The goal is to strengthen the domestic water power industry and increase the contribution of water power to meet 15% of US electricity needs by 2030.
This document discusses the prospects of wind power generation in Ghana. It finds that Ghana has significant untapped wind energy potential, estimated at 5,640 MW. However, only 200-300 MW of capacity is considered exploitable due to land constraints. Ghana currently has no wind power capacity and relies heavily on hydro and fossil fuels. Harnessing Ghana's wind resources could help diversify energy supply and reduce carbon emissions from the power sector. The document concludes that wind power presents one of Ghana's best options for utility-scale renewable energy development.
Integrating renewable energy technologies to reduce large ship fule consumpti...cahouser
This document analyzes renewable technology options to decrease fuel consumption on large ships. A simulation was conducted to evaluate the potential energy savings from rigid wing sails and solar panels on a 100m passenger ship. The simulation found that wind power from two 500m^2 rigid wing sails could provide an 18% reduction in annual fuel consumption. While solar panels provided minimal benefits due to intermittency, optimizing sail technologies and route selection may further reduce fuel usage and emissions. Energy storage provided only a 2% additional efficiency gain for load leveling applications.
The energy vision for the U.S. calls for dramatic increases in the use of wind power by the year 2050.
The use of offshore wind farms will play a vital role in achieving this goal. Even though there are some
challenges with implementing wind power in the Gulf of Mexico, the advantages and benefits should allow the
U.S. to overcome these challenges.
Viterbo Offshore Wind Energy In BrazilJean Viterbo
This document discusses the potential for offshore wind energy development in Brazil. It notes that Brazil has the third largest offshore wind resource in the world. While Brazil has made progress in developing onshore wind power, there is still opportunity to strengthen research and development of offshore wind energy projects, both nearshore and further offshore where oil extraction already occurs. Offshore wind energy could help meet electricity demand in coastal load centers and diversify Brazil's energy portfolio. The document argues Brazil should pursue offshore wind energy to gain strategic advantages in energy supply, industrial development, and participation in clean energy markets.
The Development of Offshore Wind Industry in Asia and the EU copyKait Siegel
The document provides an overview of the history and current state of the global offshore wind industry. It discusses how offshore wind originated in Denmark in 1991 and has since expanded, led by growth in Europe. Key points covered include:
- Europe currently has over 8 GW of installed offshore wind capacity, concentrated in the North Sea and Baltic Sea. China is the second largest market.
- Technological advances have allowed for larger turbines, farms, and development of floating and deeper water designs.
- Costs are higher than onshore but continue to decline with technology improvements and larger scale projects. Policy support and financing mechanisms have supported industry growth.
- Outlooks project continued expansion in Europe and growth in new markets like Asia,
This document discusses alternative energy sources that could help power an offshore platform in Australia. It evaluates wind (horizontal and vertical axis turbines), wave (Pelamis, PowerBuoy, Wave Dragon devices), and solar (SolarBeam dishes and SunPower photovoltaic cells) technologies. Based on the site's wind speeds, water depths, and the platform's space constraints, the document models how different configurations of technologies could contribute power. It finds that installing 15 PowerBuoy wave energy devices could generate the most power at 13 MW annually and save over $600,000 in natural gas costs compared to solely using the platform's gas turbines.
The document analyzes wind energy potential and economics of small wind pumps in northern Nigeria. Eleven years of wind data from Jos, Kano, and Sokoto were used to estimate available wind energy for pumping water. At a 9m installation height, estimated energy was 190 kWh/m2/yr for Jos, 225 kWh/m2/yr for Kano, and 348 kWh/m2/yr for Sokoto. The monetary value of this energy as fuel cost savings from diesel or petrol pumps was calculated. At current fuel prices and interest/inflation rates, wind pumps were not economically competitive without subsidies. Subsidies of 16-24% for Sokoto, 48-51%
The Water Power Program at the Department of Energy is funding research to advance hydropower and marine hydrokinetic technologies. This includes developing new technologies that can generate power from existing infrastructure like non-powered dams to tap additional untapped domestic hydropower resources. The program also supports developing marine hydrokinetic technologies like wave, tidal, and ocean current devices through testing and demonstration projects. The goal is to strengthen the domestic water power industry and increase the contribution of water power to meet 15% of US electricity needs by 2030.
This document discusses the prospects of wind power generation in Ghana. It finds that Ghana has significant untapped wind energy potential, estimated at 5,640 MW. However, only 200-300 MW of capacity is considered exploitable due to land constraints. Ghana currently has no wind power capacity and relies heavily on hydro and fossil fuels. Harnessing Ghana's wind resources could help diversify energy supply and reduce carbon emissions from the power sector. The document concludes that wind power presents one of Ghana's best options for utility-scale renewable energy development.
Integrating renewable energy technologies to reduce large ship fule consumpti...cahouser
This document analyzes renewable technology options to decrease fuel consumption on large ships. A simulation was conducted to evaluate the potential energy savings from rigid wing sails and solar panels on a 100m passenger ship. The simulation found that wind power from two 500m^2 rigid wing sails could provide an 18% reduction in annual fuel consumption. While solar panels provided minimal benefits due to intermittency, optimizing sail technologies and route selection may further reduce fuel usage and emissions. Energy storage provided only a 2% additional efficiency gain for load leveling applications.
The North Carolina General Assembly requested a coastal wind energy study. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was designated to conduct the study, examining the Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds for offshore wind development over waters less than 30 meters deep. The study evaluated the wind resource, ecological impacts, utility infrastructure, and preliminary economic analysis. It identified large areas offshore with potential for wind farms, which could meet 20% of North Carolina's power demand. A potential turbine demonstration site was identified in the Pamlico Sound.
This document provides an overview of offshore wind energy development in India. It discusses the global scenario of offshore wind, key initiatives in India, potential zones identified in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, and an outlook for 5 GW of offshore wind capacity in those states by 2032. Cost estimations are provided showing offshore wind costs in India are estimated to be between $0.13-0.19/kWh, competitive with other countries. Offshore wind represents an opportunity for India to contribute to its energy and climate goals in a cost-effective way.
Pathways to Decarbonization & Digital Innovation in Energy: Making Better Dec...World Bank Infrastructure
The document discusses decarbonizing infrastructure and making better decisions for the energy transition. It notes that today's energy systems are undergoing major transformations leading to greater integration across sectors. A central feature is the growth in alternative technology options and increasing uncertainty, creating a complex connected solution network. The modular structure of MIT's analysis platform captures over 1000 pathways and 90% of emissions. Key opportunities for decarbonization include power, transportation, industry and buildings; carbon management; low-carbon fuels; and decarbonizing heat and power for industry and transportation.
Putting hydropower and renewables in contextCPWF Mekong
This document summarizes a project assessing the potential role of renewables in power supply in the Mekong region. It finds that renewables have significant technical potential, including over 90 GW from solar, wind, geothermal, small hydro and biomass. However, renewables face barriers to wider deployment. Hydropower currently plays a major role in centralized grid systems, while renewables are smaller-scale and connected to distribution networks. High renewable penetration will require technologies like gas or hydropower that can respond quickly to output variations. While not direct substitutes, hydropower and renewables could complement each other, with hydropower helping to integrate variable renewables. Realizing their synergies would require changes to institutional
Ocean renewable energy development in southeast asiaAraz Taeihagh
The Southeast Asian region (SEA) is surrounded by ocean space, from which there is a vast potential to harness
energy. Wave, tidal energy, and ocean thermal energy conversion could be tapped, to provide alternative sources
of clean and dependable energy in the region. This article contributes to the growing academic literature on
ocean renewable energy (ORE) in SEA by improving understanding of the opportunities and challenges of ORE
development in the region, beyond its technical aspects. It conducts a critical analysis of the socio-political aspects
of ORE development at a regional scale, which have been less studied in the existing literature. Aside from
providing a sustainable energy source, the development of the ORE sector could provide socio-economic benefits
to SEA countries through employment opportunities, inter-industry learning, inbound investments and
improving economic resilience. However, these benefits can only be maximised if the costs of deployment,
maintenance and repair are reduced, the impact to the marine environment is taken into consideration and issues
of public acceptance are addressed. Beyond a cost–benefit analysis, this study critically assesses the unintended
risks and consequences of ORE technologies and activities in the region and recommends different policy strategies
to mitigate them. It concludes that for the region to reap the benefits of ORE, a coordinated approach
among different stakeholders (technology developers, policymakers, and end-users) is needed to minimise the
risks and unintended consequences.
PRESS RELEASE
Potential of Renewable Energy Outlined in Report by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Experts Underline Significant Future Role in Cutting Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Powering Sustainable Development
Over 160 Scenarios on the Potential of six Renewable Energy Technologies Reviewed by
Global Team of Technological Experts and Scientists
11
th
Session of Working Group III
POTENTIAL OPTION FOR COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC (CFD) SCHEME IN BIODIESEL ST...IAEME Publication
Biodiesel fuel represents a unique opportunity in the current global energy
scenario owing to its sustainability, renewability and potential to be universally
accessible. Experimental and analytical works have established a mismatch between
fuel chemistry and current diesel engine design. This, to some extent, accounts for
observed challenges in performance and emissions from engines running on biodiesel.
Computational schemes have played an increasingly important role in defining the
scope of these challenges. Computational models’ reliability has improved over time
in predicting engine performance and emissions. Identifying a combustion strategy
that works best for biodiesel is a research imperative. This review presents some of
the strategies that have the potential to enhance biodiesel’s advantages and mitigate
the observed challenges
The document outlines a strategic research agenda for ocean energy in Europe put forth by the European Technology and Innovation Platform for Ocean Energy. It identifies 12 priority research areas for ocean energy and proposes €1 billion in investments over 4-5 years to fund 54 research and innovation actions. These actions aim to improve reliability and reduce costs of ocean energy technologies through increased deployment, improved materials, and developing a dedicated supply chain. The agenda seeks to position European companies and research at the forefront of developing ocean energy as a significant part of Europe's future renewable energy mix and powering regional economic growth.
A Review and Aspects of High Altitude Wind Power GenerationAyyarao T S L V
With the consciousness on green energy as well as the positive industrial growth outlook, the energy gap between the demand and supply has to be filled by renewable energy sources alone. This paved for a renewed interest in wind energy systems. Though there is a good research already been done in low altitude wind power extraction, the focus on high altitude wind energy systems is undermined. There is a tremendous scope as well as challenges associated with these systems. This paper investigates the paradigms, generator selection, generation control and transmission modes of high altitude wind energy systems. Also various aspects of feasibility, installation and control methods are critically reviewed.
Cullen reducing energy demand EST 2011morosini1952
Reducing Energy Demand: What Are the Practical Limits?
Jonathan M. Cullen, Julian M. Allwood*, and Edward H. Borgstein
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4, 1711–1718
Publication Date:January 12, 2011
https://doi.org/10.1021/es102641n
Abstract
Concern over the global energy system, whether driven by climate change, national security, or fears of shortage, is being discussed widely and in every arena but with a bias toward energy supply options. While demand reduction is often mentioned in passing, it is rarely a priority for implementation, whether through policy or through the search for innovation. This paper aims to draw attention to the opportunity for major reduction in energy demand, by presenting an analysis of how much of current global energy demand could be avoided. Previous work led to a “map” of global energy use that traces the flow of energy from primary sources (fuels or renewable sources), through fuel refinery, electricity generation, and end-use conversion devices, to passive systems and the delivery of final energy services (transport, illumination, and sustenance). The key passive systems are presented here and analyzed through simple engineering models with scalar equations using data based on current global practice. Physically credible options for change to key design parameters are identified and used to predict the energy savings possible for each system. The result demonstrates that 73% of global energy use could be saved by practically achievable design changes to passive systems. This reduction could be increased by further efficiency improvements in conversion devices. A list of the solutions required to achieve these savings is provided.
Liquid air technologies have gained recognition in 2013 as a potentially significant energy solution in the UK. It can help address challenges in electricity grid balancing, transport emissions reductions, and waste heat recovery. While liquid air shows promise, successful widespread adoption is not guaranteed and further work is needed to ensure it progresses past the demonstration phase. This includes developing technology roadmaps, exploring global market potential, identifying sources of liquid nitrogen supply, and integrating grid and transport applications through multi-purpose plants.
This interim report analyzes economics of natural gas monetization options for Cyprus following the 2011 discovery of the Aphrodite gas field. It evaluates liquefied natural gas (LNG), a submarine pipeline to Greece, compressed natural gas (CNG) marine transport, and gas-to-chemicals conversion. The full study will also include general equilibrium gas market modeling and integrated analysis of monetization options under global gas scenarios. This report focuses on the economics of different project development pathways using a discounted cash flow model.
Wind energy is natural and renewable like solar energy; it is an inexhaustible
source. Morocco, like many other countries in the world, is embarking on a new
strategy aimed at improving its production of electricity from non
In this article, we aim to evaluate the wind potential in the region of Mohammedia by
relying on statistical data of the wind, taken for several years. To achieve this goal, we
use the famous law of Weibull. The distribution parameters are determined
methods based on Support Vector Regression (SVR) method.
This document summarizes a paper on vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). It discusses that VAWTs play an important role in addressing the current energy crisis by harnessing wind power as a renewable energy source. While VAWTs have some advantages over horizontal axis wind turbines, they currently do not generate as much electricity due to technological challenges. These challenges can be addressed by adding deflector systems to guide wind towards the turbine blades to increase efficiencies. Research on improving VAWT technologies is ongoing globally, with China emerging as a leading researcher in recent years.
Pneumatic Vehicle Using Compressed Air: A Real Solution to Pollution and Fuel...paperpublications3
Abstract: Now days the world faces fuel crisis and pollution problem. Also the conventional fuels are about to end in some years. This necessitates the search for alternative fuels. Compressed air is one of the best alternative fuels which are easily available in atmosphere in abundant form. The main objective of this project is to reduce dependency of vehicle on conventional fuel. The air car is a car currently being developed which is still in the R&D stage all over the world. Compressed air is stored in storage tank with some modifications from the compressor. The pneumatic motor (vane type motor) is used to convert pressure energy into mechanical energy. The rotation of air motor is controlled by controlling the air flow with the help of air gun (flow control valve). The gear box is provided at the end of motor shaft for increasing torque capacity of vehicle. Unlike conventional transmission system includes clutch, counter shaft, flywheel, propeller shaft, differential, our pneumatic motor is coupled to the rear wheel with intermediate gear box which greatly reduces the transmission losses and weight of vehicle. The running and maintenance cost for air car is less than conventional cars. This is a revolutionary design which is not only eco friendly, pollution free but also very economical. With some modifications in storage tank, pneumatic motor, materials used for chassis it is possible to increase the performance of vehicle.
IRENA - Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2015IRENAslides
The document summarizes the benefits of renewable energy including environmental, human development, energy security, and economic growth benefits. It discusses IRENA's work tracking renewable energy jobs since 2011. Statistics are provided on renewable energy jobs in selected countries including solar PV jobs in China, the US, and Japan. The segments of the value chain that support most renewable energy jobs are manufacturing and installation. The document concludes by outlining IRENA's plans to continue assessing renewable energy employment and socioeconomic impacts, and provides examples of economic growth and job creation from renewable energy in Mexico, Japan, and China.
The document summarizes the Wave Dragon project, which aims to deploy the world's largest wave energy converter off the coast of Wales in 2007. The 7MW Wave Dragon device will be tested for 3-5 years to gain operational experience. It is planned to eventually expand the project into an 77MW wave farm. The Wave Dragon uses two large reflectors to focus waves onto a ramp, where water is stored in a reservoir above sea level before being discharged through hydro turbines to generate electricity. The Welsh government is providing £5 million in funding to support the demonstration project.
CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF CARBON FIBER COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR FIGHTER AI...msejjournal
This document summarizes the criteria for selecting carbon fiber composite materials for fighter aircraft. Carbon fiber composites offer significant weight and cost reductions compared to metal alloys and have overcome more than 15% and 50% of the structural weight of civil and military aircraft, respectively. The selection criteria are based on fighter aircraft components and consider design, manufacturing requirements. The paper compares different carbon fiber composites in terms of their chemical composition, mechanical properties and processing capabilities.
This document proposes developing offshore wind farms in the Persian Gulf, Oman Sea, and Caspian Sea based on an analysis of wind data from locations in those areas. It finds that the Persian Gulf is strongly recommended for offshore wind farms due to minimum wind speed requirements being met. The Oman Sea needs further investigation as wind speeds were slightly above minimum requirements. The Caspian Sea is not recommended due to low wind speeds below minimum requirements and high installation costs. It provides an overview of offshore wind farm components and engineering aspects like tower design and relationship between wind speed and power extraction.
A Review on Revolution of Wind Energy Conversion System and Comparisons of Va...PADMANATHAN K
The research and development carried out on wind
energy has been reviewed in different perspective. This paper is
aimed at exchanging evidence from numerous literatures based
on results and expertise review article surveyed pertaining to
wind generator development between academic communities,
industries, manufacturers, non-governmental organizations of
sustainable development, researchers, engineers, economists and
several wind energy associations. The substance contains wellinformed
new developments in the wind energy arena of
specialization thereby hurling light on the state of art research
observations and results in the field of Wind Energy Conversion
System (WECS). The study comprises of wind turbines, generator
and components. The review offers holistic approach on several
scientific and engineering factors concerned with the
advancement of wind power capture, conversion, different
generator schemes, integration methods and utilization of
technologies. Furthermore, discussion about an ancient and
forecast study of Wind Energy across the globe is presented.
The North Carolina General Assembly requested a coastal wind energy study. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was designated to conduct the study, examining the Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds for offshore wind development over waters less than 30 meters deep. The study evaluated the wind resource, ecological impacts, utility infrastructure, and preliminary economic analysis. It identified large areas offshore with potential for wind farms, which could meet 20% of North Carolina's power demand. A potential turbine demonstration site was identified in the Pamlico Sound.
This document provides an overview of offshore wind energy development in India. It discusses the global scenario of offshore wind, key initiatives in India, potential zones identified in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, and an outlook for 5 GW of offshore wind capacity in those states by 2032. Cost estimations are provided showing offshore wind costs in India are estimated to be between $0.13-0.19/kWh, competitive with other countries. Offshore wind represents an opportunity for India to contribute to its energy and climate goals in a cost-effective way.
Pathways to Decarbonization & Digital Innovation in Energy: Making Better Dec...World Bank Infrastructure
The document discusses decarbonizing infrastructure and making better decisions for the energy transition. It notes that today's energy systems are undergoing major transformations leading to greater integration across sectors. A central feature is the growth in alternative technology options and increasing uncertainty, creating a complex connected solution network. The modular structure of MIT's analysis platform captures over 1000 pathways and 90% of emissions. Key opportunities for decarbonization include power, transportation, industry and buildings; carbon management; low-carbon fuels; and decarbonizing heat and power for industry and transportation.
Putting hydropower and renewables in contextCPWF Mekong
This document summarizes a project assessing the potential role of renewables in power supply in the Mekong region. It finds that renewables have significant technical potential, including over 90 GW from solar, wind, geothermal, small hydro and biomass. However, renewables face barriers to wider deployment. Hydropower currently plays a major role in centralized grid systems, while renewables are smaller-scale and connected to distribution networks. High renewable penetration will require technologies like gas or hydropower that can respond quickly to output variations. While not direct substitutes, hydropower and renewables could complement each other, with hydropower helping to integrate variable renewables. Realizing their synergies would require changes to institutional
Ocean renewable energy development in southeast asiaAraz Taeihagh
The Southeast Asian region (SEA) is surrounded by ocean space, from which there is a vast potential to harness
energy. Wave, tidal energy, and ocean thermal energy conversion could be tapped, to provide alternative sources
of clean and dependable energy in the region. This article contributes to the growing academic literature on
ocean renewable energy (ORE) in SEA by improving understanding of the opportunities and challenges of ORE
development in the region, beyond its technical aspects. It conducts a critical analysis of the socio-political aspects
of ORE development at a regional scale, which have been less studied in the existing literature. Aside from
providing a sustainable energy source, the development of the ORE sector could provide socio-economic benefits
to SEA countries through employment opportunities, inter-industry learning, inbound investments and
improving economic resilience. However, these benefits can only be maximised if the costs of deployment,
maintenance and repair are reduced, the impact to the marine environment is taken into consideration and issues
of public acceptance are addressed. Beyond a cost–benefit analysis, this study critically assesses the unintended
risks and consequences of ORE technologies and activities in the region and recommends different policy strategies
to mitigate them. It concludes that for the region to reap the benefits of ORE, a coordinated approach
among different stakeholders (technology developers, policymakers, and end-users) is needed to minimise the
risks and unintended consequences.
PRESS RELEASE
Potential of Renewable Energy Outlined in Report by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Experts Underline Significant Future Role in Cutting Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Powering Sustainable Development
Over 160 Scenarios on the Potential of six Renewable Energy Technologies Reviewed by
Global Team of Technological Experts and Scientists
11
th
Session of Working Group III
POTENTIAL OPTION FOR COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC (CFD) SCHEME IN BIODIESEL ST...IAEME Publication
Biodiesel fuel represents a unique opportunity in the current global energy
scenario owing to its sustainability, renewability and potential to be universally
accessible. Experimental and analytical works have established a mismatch between
fuel chemistry and current diesel engine design. This, to some extent, accounts for
observed challenges in performance and emissions from engines running on biodiesel.
Computational schemes have played an increasingly important role in defining the
scope of these challenges. Computational models’ reliability has improved over time
in predicting engine performance and emissions. Identifying a combustion strategy
that works best for biodiesel is a research imperative. This review presents some of
the strategies that have the potential to enhance biodiesel’s advantages and mitigate
the observed challenges
The document outlines a strategic research agenda for ocean energy in Europe put forth by the European Technology and Innovation Platform for Ocean Energy. It identifies 12 priority research areas for ocean energy and proposes €1 billion in investments over 4-5 years to fund 54 research and innovation actions. These actions aim to improve reliability and reduce costs of ocean energy technologies through increased deployment, improved materials, and developing a dedicated supply chain. The agenda seeks to position European companies and research at the forefront of developing ocean energy as a significant part of Europe's future renewable energy mix and powering regional economic growth.
A Review and Aspects of High Altitude Wind Power GenerationAyyarao T S L V
With the consciousness on green energy as well as the positive industrial growth outlook, the energy gap between the demand and supply has to be filled by renewable energy sources alone. This paved for a renewed interest in wind energy systems. Though there is a good research already been done in low altitude wind power extraction, the focus on high altitude wind energy systems is undermined. There is a tremendous scope as well as challenges associated with these systems. This paper investigates the paradigms, generator selection, generation control and transmission modes of high altitude wind energy systems. Also various aspects of feasibility, installation and control methods are critically reviewed.
Cullen reducing energy demand EST 2011morosini1952
Reducing Energy Demand: What Are the Practical Limits?
Jonathan M. Cullen, Julian M. Allwood*, and Edward H. Borgstein
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4, 1711–1718
Publication Date:January 12, 2011
https://doi.org/10.1021/es102641n
Abstract
Concern over the global energy system, whether driven by climate change, national security, or fears of shortage, is being discussed widely and in every arena but with a bias toward energy supply options. While demand reduction is often mentioned in passing, it is rarely a priority for implementation, whether through policy or through the search for innovation. This paper aims to draw attention to the opportunity for major reduction in energy demand, by presenting an analysis of how much of current global energy demand could be avoided. Previous work led to a “map” of global energy use that traces the flow of energy from primary sources (fuels or renewable sources), through fuel refinery, electricity generation, and end-use conversion devices, to passive systems and the delivery of final energy services (transport, illumination, and sustenance). The key passive systems are presented here and analyzed through simple engineering models with scalar equations using data based on current global practice. Physically credible options for change to key design parameters are identified and used to predict the energy savings possible for each system. The result demonstrates that 73% of global energy use could be saved by practically achievable design changes to passive systems. This reduction could be increased by further efficiency improvements in conversion devices. A list of the solutions required to achieve these savings is provided.
Liquid air technologies have gained recognition in 2013 as a potentially significant energy solution in the UK. It can help address challenges in electricity grid balancing, transport emissions reductions, and waste heat recovery. While liquid air shows promise, successful widespread adoption is not guaranteed and further work is needed to ensure it progresses past the demonstration phase. This includes developing technology roadmaps, exploring global market potential, identifying sources of liquid nitrogen supply, and integrating grid and transport applications through multi-purpose plants.
This interim report analyzes economics of natural gas monetization options for Cyprus following the 2011 discovery of the Aphrodite gas field. It evaluates liquefied natural gas (LNG), a submarine pipeline to Greece, compressed natural gas (CNG) marine transport, and gas-to-chemicals conversion. The full study will also include general equilibrium gas market modeling and integrated analysis of monetization options under global gas scenarios. This report focuses on the economics of different project development pathways using a discounted cash flow model.
Wind energy is natural and renewable like solar energy; it is an inexhaustible
source. Morocco, like many other countries in the world, is embarking on a new
strategy aimed at improving its production of electricity from non
In this article, we aim to evaluate the wind potential in the region of Mohammedia by
relying on statistical data of the wind, taken for several years. To achieve this goal, we
use the famous law of Weibull. The distribution parameters are determined
methods based on Support Vector Regression (SVR) method.
This document summarizes a paper on vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). It discusses that VAWTs play an important role in addressing the current energy crisis by harnessing wind power as a renewable energy source. While VAWTs have some advantages over horizontal axis wind turbines, they currently do not generate as much electricity due to technological challenges. These challenges can be addressed by adding deflector systems to guide wind towards the turbine blades to increase efficiencies. Research on improving VAWT technologies is ongoing globally, with China emerging as a leading researcher in recent years.
Pneumatic Vehicle Using Compressed Air: A Real Solution to Pollution and Fuel...paperpublications3
Abstract: Now days the world faces fuel crisis and pollution problem. Also the conventional fuels are about to end in some years. This necessitates the search for alternative fuels. Compressed air is one of the best alternative fuels which are easily available in atmosphere in abundant form. The main objective of this project is to reduce dependency of vehicle on conventional fuel. The air car is a car currently being developed which is still in the R&D stage all over the world. Compressed air is stored in storage tank with some modifications from the compressor. The pneumatic motor (vane type motor) is used to convert pressure energy into mechanical energy. The rotation of air motor is controlled by controlling the air flow with the help of air gun (flow control valve). The gear box is provided at the end of motor shaft for increasing torque capacity of vehicle. Unlike conventional transmission system includes clutch, counter shaft, flywheel, propeller shaft, differential, our pneumatic motor is coupled to the rear wheel with intermediate gear box which greatly reduces the transmission losses and weight of vehicle. The running and maintenance cost for air car is less than conventional cars. This is a revolutionary design which is not only eco friendly, pollution free but also very economical. With some modifications in storage tank, pneumatic motor, materials used for chassis it is possible to increase the performance of vehicle.
IRENA - Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2015IRENAslides
The document summarizes the benefits of renewable energy including environmental, human development, energy security, and economic growth benefits. It discusses IRENA's work tracking renewable energy jobs since 2011. Statistics are provided on renewable energy jobs in selected countries including solar PV jobs in China, the US, and Japan. The segments of the value chain that support most renewable energy jobs are manufacturing and installation. The document concludes by outlining IRENA's plans to continue assessing renewable energy employment and socioeconomic impacts, and provides examples of economic growth and job creation from renewable energy in Mexico, Japan, and China.
The document summarizes the Wave Dragon project, which aims to deploy the world's largest wave energy converter off the coast of Wales in 2007. The 7MW Wave Dragon device will be tested for 3-5 years to gain operational experience. It is planned to eventually expand the project into an 77MW wave farm. The Wave Dragon uses two large reflectors to focus waves onto a ramp, where water is stored in a reservoir above sea level before being discharged through hydro turbines to generate electricity. The Welsh government is providing £5 million in funding to support the demonstration project.
CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF CARBON FIBER COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR FIGHTER AI...msejjournal
This document summarizes the criteria for selecting carbon fiber composite materials for fighter aircraft. Carbon fiber composites offer significant weight and cost reductions compared to metal alloys and have overcome more than 15% and 50% of the structural weight of civil and military aircraft, respectively. The selection criteria are based on fighter aircraft components and consider design, manufacturing requirements. The paper compares different carbon fiber composites in terms of their chemical composition, mechanical properties and processing capabilities.
This document proposes developing offshore wind farms in the Persian Gulf, Oman Sea, and Caspian Sea based on an analysis of wind data from locations in those areas. It finds that the Persian Gulf is strongly recommended for offshore wind farms due to minimum wind speed requirements being met. The Oman Sea needs further investigation as wind speeds were slightly above minimum requirements. The Caspian Sea is not recommended due to low wind speeds below minimum requirements and high installation costs. It provides an overview of offshore wind farm components and engineering aspects like tower design and relationship between wind speed and power extraction.
A Review on Revolution of Wind Energy Conversion System and Comparisons of Va...PADMANATHAN K
The research and development carried out on wind
energy has been reviewed in different perspective. This paper is
aimed at exchanging evidence from numerous literatures based
on results and expertise review article surveyed pertaining to
wind generator development between academic communities,
industries, manufacturers, non-governmental organizations of
sustainable development, researchers, engineers, economists and
several wind energy associations. The substance contains wellinformed
new developments in the wind energy arena of
specialization thereby hurling light on the state of art research
observations and results in the field of Wind Energy Conversion
System (WECS). The study comprises of wind turbines, generator
and components. The review offers holistic approach on several
scientific and engineering factors concerned with the
advancement of wind power capture, conversion, different
generator schemes, integration methods and utilization of
technologies. Furthermore, discussion about an ancient and
forecast study of Wind Energy across the globe is presented.
IRJET- A Revieiw of Wind Energy Potential in Kano State, Nigeria for the ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the wind energy potential in Kano State, Nigeria for electricity generation. It summarizes previous studies that found average wind speeds in Kano ranging from 4.3 to 9.39 m/s, indicating potential for wind energy. The document outlines methods for estimating wind energy potential based on wind speed data, height variations, power density functions, and Weibull distribution analysis. It provides context on wind turbines and the conversion of kinetic wind energy to electrical energy.
SMALL HYDROPOWER RELEVANCE FOR BASIC ENERGY NEED IN AFRICAIAEME Publication
Africa has abundance of various resources to make it a giant continent but due to
inadequate energy generation, full exploration of all these resources is continuously
hindered leading to inability to meet up to her full status. Hydropower (HP) is one the
energy sources that is available, renewable and sustainable but has been experiencing
low patronage. Many researchers have reported the abundance of potential sites in Africa
suitable for small hydro-utilization below 100 megawatts which can serve as isolated
systems or supply national grids. Small hydro-power (SHP) generates clean and
renewable electrical energy and is one of the most cost effective and environmental
friendly energy generation technologies available. This paper reviews the distribution of
hydro-power in Africa, its advantages, and some of the technologies involved in bringing
power through SHP to all including rural dwellers.
This document discusses using wind energy for irrigation in Iraq. It analyzes wind speed data from meteorological stations in Iraq to determine suitable locations for wind energy irrigation projects. Calculations are shown to determine the water requirements for different crops, livestock, and people. Equations are provided to calculate the pumping power required based on water needs, wind speed, and turbine characteristics. The results can help identify areas of Iraq with sufficient wind resources to power irrigation using wind energy, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and electricity.
This document discusses using wind energy for irrigation in Iraq. It analyzes wind speed data from various locations in Iraq to determine suitability for wind power. The document calculates average wind speed, wind power density, and the efficiency of converting wind to mechanical power. It also discusses techniques for extrapolating wind speed measurements to hub heights for wind turbines. The water requirements for different crops are considered to estimate irrigation needs. The goal is to use wind energy to power irrigation pumps in remote areas of Iraq and demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of wind energy systems for agriculture.
FEASIBILITY OF USING WIND ENERGY FOR IRRIGATION IN IRAQ IAEME Publication
The possibility of using the wind energy for pumping in Iraq has been discussed and evaluated. This research includes a theoretical assessment in order to find solution for the technical and economic problems of water pumping from wells and explain the field of utilization this energy.Wind speed for different sites in Iraq which used to calculate the amount of water required for each crop. The energy needed by each location, its characteristics, and usage are determined by studying the results of the field investigations related to water requirements and wind characteristics at each location.
The possibility of using the wind energy for pumping in Iraq has been discussed and
evaluated. This research includes a theoretical assessment in order to find solution for the technical
and economic problems of water pumping from wells and explain the field of utilization this energy.
Wind speed for different sites in Iraq which used to calculate the amount of water required for each
crop. The energy needed by each location, its characteristics, and usage are determined by studying
the results of the field investigations related to water requirements and wind characteristics at each
location.
The document establishes a comprehensive evaluation index system to assess wind power utilization levels in wind farms in China. It considers factors like wind resources, wind turbine types, wind power output, curtailment levels, grid technology, and operational management. It applies an improved analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the Hami wind farm in Xinjiang province. The results can help identify issues affecting utilization and guide wind farm planning and grid integration to improve the industry.
Design And Analysis of Buoyant Wind TurbineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a buoyant air turbine (BAT), a type of airborne wind energy system. The BAT differs from a traditional wind turbine in that it floats in the air, anchored to the ground by cables. CFD analysis is performed on a BAT model designed in CREO software to analyze pressure, velocity, lift and drag forces at wind velocities of 3-6 m/s. Results show that maximum pressure, outlet velocity, drag force, and lift force all increase with higher wind velocity. The analysis demonstrates the BAT concept and evaluates its performance under different wind conditions.
Evaluation of Wind Power for Electrical Energy Generation in the Mediterranea...IJECEIAES
The generation, distributionand transmission of electricity in Palestine have recently emerged as major issues. This study comprehensively assesses the production of wind energy and the estimation of wind energy potential in Palestine’s south coastal plain. The goal is to evaluate Palestine’s wind energy production by studying wind data and calculating energy and power. This study analyses two actual time series datasets. Findings are elaborated to determine the wind energy conversion per 1 m2. The wind speed data from January 1996 to December 2006 in Gaza and from January 2012 to December 2015 in Ashqelon are selected as the data sample. This study is crucial given the need for clean and renewable energy, the power shortage in the Gaza Strip and the limited number of wind energy studies conducted in the south coastal plain of Palestine, especially Gaza Strip. This study estimates the wind energy potential of the Gaza Strip to determine the wind potential. The annual mean wind speed and power are 4.11 ms-1 and 903.4 Wm-2, respectively. Moreover, the study clarifies the electrical energy generation in the Gaza Strip using small-scale turbines and offers a feasible alternative to existing schemes.
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) published a report suggesting that Africa could produce nearly a quarter of its total energy from renewable sources by 2030. The report outlines Africa's abundant renewable energy potential from solar, wind, hydroelectric, and other sources. It discusses scaling up solar power plants to 20 gigawatts and making renewables more competitive through reduced costs and new technologies. By developing renewable energy, the report says Africa could reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by over 310 megatonnes in 15 years and help address climate change caused by fossil fuel use.
Wind energy is a form of solar energy that is converted into electrical or mechanical energy using wind turbines. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical power using rotating blades, which then turn a generator to produce electricity. The amount of energy wind turbines can capture depends on three main factors: wind speed, air density, and the swept area of the turbine's blades. Government agencies and programs aim to improve wind power technologies and increase their adoption in the United States.
IRJET Wind Data Estimation of Kolhapur District using Improved Hybrid Opt...IRJET Journal
This document compares wind data for Kolhapur district in India obtained from the iHOGA and NASA POWER software programs. The iHOGA program was developed in C++ for optimizing hybrid renewable energy systems, while NASA POWER provides satellite-derived data on renewable resources. Both programs estimate the average wind speed at various locations in Kolhapur. The results show that locations like Hatkangale, Karveer and Shirol have the highest average wind speeds of around 5.5-6 m/s based on both models. Locations like Chandhgad, Shahuwadi and Radhanagari showed the lowest speeds of around 4.5-5 m/s. In general, the results from both
Wind-Solar Hybrid Power Project Investigation for Theme Parks - A Case StudyGovindarajan Chittaranjan
The document investigates the feasibility of a wind-solar hybrid power project for a theme park in California. Based on wind maps, the site has average wind speeds of 6-7.5 m/s suitable for 1.5-1.65 MW wind turbines that could generate 3.14-5.64 GWh annually. Available land could accommodate a 112 kW solar farm estimated to generate 176 MWh annually.
A hybrid system with two 1.5 MW turbines and 112 kW solar is recommended. Further technical studies are required to obtain permits, which can take 3-18 months. Both wind and solar show good commercial potential, but detailed cost-benefit analyses are needed. The hybrid
Wind Solar Hybrid Power Project Investigation For Theme Parks A Case Studychittaranjang
The document investigates the feasibility of a wind-solar hybrid power project for a theme park in California. Based on wind maps, the site has average wind speeds of 6-7.5 m/s suitable for 1.5-1.65 MW wind turbines that could generate 3.14-5.64 GWh annually. Available land could accommodate a 112 kW solar farm estimated to generate 176 MWh annually.
A hybrid system with two 1.5 MW turbines and 112 kW solar is recommended. Further technical studies are required to obtain permits, which can take 3-18 months. The project has potential but detailed commercial assessments are needed regarding costs, expenses, and power purchase agreements.
DETERMINATION OF KWAZULU-NATAL SEA STATE PARAMETERS FOR THE SPECTRAL FUNCTIONSIAEME Publication
1. The study analyzed ocean wave data from KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa to determine typical sea state parameters for use in ocean wave energy assessments.
2. The analysis found that the most probable significant wave height is between 3.75m and 4.015m, with an average peak period between 9.807 seconds and 10.36 seconds.
3. Based on this, the study defined the sea state for KwaZulu-Natal as having a significant wave height of 3.854m and peak period of 9.807 seconds, which can be used to characterize the sea state using the Pierson-Moskowitz and JONSWAP spectral models.
Suitable Wind Turbine Selection using Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential in ...IJCI JOURNAL
Nowadays, low environmental impact of wind energy is attractive. This paper aims to investigate the wind-power production potential of sites in North of Iran. Analysis of the wind speed of one city in the province of MAZANDARAN which is located in north of Iran is performed in this paper. The class of this site is a class one wind power site and the annual average wind speed is 3.58 m/s. The power density of this site is 99 W/m2 at 50 m height. Wind speed data measured over a five-year period at a typical site on the north coast of Iran are presented. The annual wind speeds at different heights have been studied to make optimum selection of wind turbine installation among three commercial turbines
The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case o...IJERA Editor
The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
Similar to OFFSHORE WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OFF THE SOUTH AFRICAN COASTLINE (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
2. Freddie L. Inambao and Kumaresan Cunden
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 96 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The world is undergoing a paradigm shift as more people are becoming aware of energy
consumption patterns, reinforcing the need for cleaner ways to generate electrical energy. The
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation which
supports countries in their efforts to attain a more sustainable energy future. Figure 1 was
constructed using IRENA’s Renewable Energy Statistics databases [1]. The trend in Figure 1
indicates rapid growth in the installed renewable energy capacity over the past decade across
all renewable resources.
Figure 1 Total global renewable energy installed capacity
During the first five years of the millennium the European market dominated the renewable
energy portfolio. However, the Asian and the North American markets have now gained
significant market share. Figure 2 depicts the evolution of the renewable energy capacity market
share across the major continents of the world. Asia has now taken the lead with the most
installed renewable capacity comprising 39.85 % (204.6 GW) of the market in comparison to
the Europeans with 33.2 % (170.6 GW) [1].
Figure 2 Market share of renewable capacity 2000-2016
Onshore wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies have experienced the largest
amount of growth over the last decade in relation to other renewable technologies, as seen in
Figure 3 [1]. This can be attributed to the maturity of technologies and rapid advancements in
the respective fields of study, as well as the ease of deployment in comparison to larger thermal
plants such as bioenergy and geothermal power plants.
3. Offshore Wind Resource Assessment Off the South African Coastline
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Figure 3 Renewable energy technology growth
In many regions of the world, the development of onshore wind farms are sometimes
impeded by factors such as visual impact, acceptance by the public, threats to the surrounding
biodiversity, noise from the power plant and possible land use conflicts [2]. The multiple
permutations of these conflicts are likely to hinder the future development of onshore wind
farms. Due to these possible future impacts, as well as the added benefit of increased specific
production (1) (kWh/kWP), major developments in the world are moving towards offshore wind
farms [3, 4].
The potential of offshore wind energy is greater than that of onshore wind energy. This is
because the wind speeds found offshore are generally higher and more constant with less
obstructions to the wind resource. Added to this, there are the fewer concerns regarding noise
pollution, aesthetic imact and most other types of land-based turbine restrictions [5]. The
development of offshore windfarms has led to an increase in turbine swept areas from larger
turbine blades resulting in an increase in generator capacity harvesting more energy per square
meter. Though the advantages are numerous, some of the disadvantages of offshore wind
energy development include expensive marine foundations and the high costs of onshore
electrical grid integration [3]. For the purpose of comparison, Figure 4 shows the contribution
of energy produced by both areas of supply, normalised by the installed capacity during that
period.
Europe contributes a large amount to the growth of offshore wind installations because of
limited land area available for onshore developments [6], [7]. The largest offshore wind farm
in the United Kingdom was commissioned in 2012 and is the London Array, consisting of a
total of 630 MW of generation capacity. A further 370 MW is planned for phase 2 development
[8]. China’s first commercial offshore wind project is located close to the Donghai Bridge in
Shanghai totalling 102 MW in capacity with grid supply since June 2010 [9], [10].
4. Freddie L. Inambao and Kumaresan Cunden
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 98 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 4 (a) Installed capacity; (b) Normalised production
This paper aims to evaluate offshore wind energy potential for the development of a
conceptual offshore wind energy power plant facility off the South African coast. The
investigation aims to understand the average wind speed, dominant wind direction and wind
shear effects of particular locations in the region. Shipping routes and relevant bathymetry will
be investigated to better understand the environmental conditions which need to be overcome
before development of an offshore wind farm.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Before developing the methodology for the offshore wind resource evaluation, an
understanding of best practice was required. Murthy and Rahi [11] conducted a review of
offshore wind energy assessments regarding the main characteristics required for a resource
assessment. Their work outlined the various methodologies used for wind power projects and
the uncertainties associated with wind energy assessments. The paper gave a basic
understanding of wind behaviour through periods of change (diurnal, seasonal, monthly and
annual). The authors state that a minimum data log of 1 meteorological year is required for an
assessment, however, more data would lead to a more accurate estimation of energy potential
for the given region.
Sharma and Ahmed [12] conducted research on the wind energy potential for the Fiji islands
of Kadavu and the Suva Peninsula. The authors gathered mean wind speeds and predominant
wind directions for each site based on 18 month and 12 month investigation periods
respectively. Wind shear effects were also investigated to understand the variation of shear
5. Offshore Wind Resource Assessment Off the South African Coastline
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 99 editor@iaeme.com
force with respect to height. The authors utilised the WAsP simulation tool to simulate a high
resolution (5 km2
) resource map for both regions. The result of the simulations showed a good
potential for wind energy production.
Lima et al. [13] sought to estimate the offshore wind energy potential for Ceara in Brazil in
an effort to increase the maturity of the offshore wind energy sector. The study utilised the
Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) to estimate the average wind speed, direction
and power density for the area. The study considered the bathymetry and the shipping traffic
for the Ceara region. The authors evaluated the average wind speed for three periods consisting
of El Nina, El Ninõ and Neutral years, each of which were evaluated through seasonal changes.
The results showed an average wind speed of 8 m/s and a power density of roughly 720 W/m2
no matter what the period.
Werapun et al. [5] conducted an offshore energy potential study for southern Thailand. The
study followed a similar methodology to the previous authors’ utilising a 120m high
meteorological mast measuring data at different heights along the mast. The average wind speed
was seemingly low (4.28 m/s) with the dominant wind direction stemming from the North
which resulted in wind power density being 85 W/m2
. The area was simulated using the WAsP
simulation tool for nine base cases for wind farm layout and the authors found that the capacity
factors of the simulation ranged from 0.98 % to 2.68 %.
Kim et al. [14] investigated the potential for offshore wind farm site selection aimed at
finding the feasibility of an offshore wind farm site around the coastal regions of the Jeju
islands, South Korea. The evaluation categories in this study were: energy production and
economics, protected areas, human marine activities, and the marine ecology of the area. The
researchers concluded that the number of feasible areas for offshore deployment was low when
utilising all factors of all the categories in comparison to just using the energy potential and
economics of the region alone.
Mahdy and Bahaj [15] identified that there is a global gap regarding the assessment of
offshore wind potential sites and thus proposed a new methodology of assessment for potential
offshore sites. The methodology was based on the analytical hierarchy process in conjunction
with spatial assessment within a GIS domain. The methodology was developed with the aim of
assisting the scaling up of renewable energy from 1 GW to 7.5 GW in Egypt by 2020. The
authors hypothesised that the increase in renewable energy would come from larger offshore
wind installed capacity. Areas identified were potential sites around the Red Sea which was
duly estimated to be able to accommodate 33 GW of installed capacity. The researchers
concluded that the methodology which was developed could be applicable globally to produce
adequate offshore wind suitability maps for potential wind power locations.
3. METHODOLOGY
The main aim of this study was to identify an ideal offshore location to situate a large floating
offshore wind farm to supply coastal regions of South Africa with clean renewable energy. The
conceptual assessment of this task was conducted based on methodologies found in the
literature. The methodology was governed by three criteria for site selection: impact on shipping
routes, spatial proximity to the electrical grid, and possible impact on future offshore oil and
gas exploration.
Meteorological data set was obtained from the Global Wind Atlas which was developed by
the Technical University of Denmark, Department of Wind Energy [16], in WAsP data file
format. The data set consisted of 624 individual meteorological points containing wind resource
data (Figure 5). The wind resource data was interpreted using WAsP simulation software. The
data set contained wind resource data for 12 sectored wind roses at each location and associated
wind profile frequency distributions at 3 hub heights of 0 m, 50 m and 200 m respectively.
6. Freddie L. Inambao and Kumaresan Cunden
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 100 editor@iaeme.com
The analysis of the wind vector data was first filtered by understanding the prevalent wind
direction through evaluating the wind rose generated for the dataset. The wind rose along the
eastern coastline of the country exhibited two distinct wind directions – either stemming from
the north north east or from the south south west.
Figure 5 Meteorological data points
Once the resource data was obtained, the shipping routes were overlaid to gauge high and
low-density shipping paths (Figure 6). The potential sites were located in positions where there
was little to no marine traffic. The shipping routes were constructed using images obtained from
the Marine Traffic website [17]. It is evident that the South African coast line experiences a
high volume of marine traffic.
Figure 6 Shipping routes [17]
The second criterion was spatial proximity to the national electrical grid. The transmission
electrical grid was sourced from the Africa Electrical Transmission Network (AICD) and
implemented in Google Earth as shown in Figure 7 [18]. The coastal ports of South Africa are
located at points a, b and c which represent the KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape and Western
Cape provinces respectively [19].
7. Offshore Wind Resource Assessment Off the South African Coastline
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Figure 7 Transmission electrical grid South Africa [18]
From the Eskom transmission expansion plan 2016 to 2025 [19] it was found that point
KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces in Figure 7 would increase by 841
MW, 609 MW and 656 MW respectively over the 10-year period. As the bulk of the power
stations supplying the country are located inland, the transmission losses incurred while
transmitting energy to coastal regions are high. It was hypothesised that an offshore wind farm
would be able to minimise transmission losses by supplying energy to coastal regions. Added
to this was the resultant decrease in the loading on the onshore electrical grid. This may allow
for future capital to be transferred from many smaller distribution scale grid upgrades to
prioritised transmission upgrades so as to address unserved customers or planned grid
expansion.
The third criterion was the location of offshore oil and gas fields. Although countries are
reforming to move away from fossil fuels, the commodity trading business around oil and gas
of any particular country has significant benefit to that country’s economy. Potential sites were
identified in areas where there would be minimal impact on exploration of the area by interested
organisations / companies. Figure 8 depicts the offshore oil and gas identified sites within the
coastal region of South Africa [20].
Figure 8 Offshore oil and gas – identified sites [20]
8. Freddie L. Inambao and Kumaresan Cunden
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 102 editor@iaeme.com
Potential sites for offshore wind farms were assessed based on all the above-mentioned
criteria. Figure 9 shows the identified potential offshore sites. The meteorological points have
a spatial resolution of roughly 50 km x 60 km. Site 1 and 2 slightly overlap with two of the
identified oil and gas areas, however, this was only due to the nature of the resolution of
meteorological data.
Figure 9 Identified potential sites
Once each site’s simulated wind data was analysed from each of the meteorological points
within the selected boundaries, an average wind speed for hub heights 50 m, 100 m and 200 m
was calculated. Wind speed is a key factor in site analysis as it is indicative of the potential
within the region for energy extraction.
4. SITE INVESTIGATION & ANALYSIS
This section of the investigation analyses each of the potential sites which were assumed based
on the above methodology and depicted in Figure 9 above. Wind resource data was difficult to
acquire. The use of satellite imagery tools (ASCAT, QuickSCAT, RapidSCAT etc.) did not
contain relevant data which could be readily used for the analysis of the wind potential at the
chosen sites. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) data was more suitable.
Irena is a free, online portal for the high-level assessment of renewable energy resource
potential at a chosen location / site [21].
The wind resource data was obtained from the Technical University of Denmark’s (DTU)
Global Wind Atlas portal which uses data from IRENA [16]. Data from this source was also
used to develop the Wind Atlas of South Africa – WASA [16] which was developed for onshore
wind analysis of the South African coastline by various South African research bodies such as
the CSIR, South African Weather Services, University of Cape Town and the DTU Department
of Wind Energy. The wind atlas was constructed using various onshore meteorological sites in
conjunction with conventional forecasting tools such as the WAsP wind simulator.
The online portal allows for the rough selection of points for data collection. The potential
sites were mapped as estimated polygon shapes based on the co-ordinates of each of the
boundary points. The resultant wind statistical data was downloaded in WAsP format to be
analysed further. Wind speed and wind direction were analysed for each of the sites depicted in
Figure 9.
9. Offshore Wind Resource Assessment Off the South African Coastline
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4.1. Wind Direction
4.1.1. Site 1
Site 1 is located off the eastern coast of Durban, roughly 200 km offshore from the Durban
harbour in a south east direction or 115º bearing. The site has an estimated perimeter of 600 km
and an estimated surface area of ± 21 000 km2
. Figure 10 is a graphical representation of Site
1. The site encompassed 11 of the meteorological data points obtained from DTU Global Wind
Atlas [16].
Figure 10 Potential – Site 1
A wind rose is a vector plot which denotes direction and frequency respectively. A wind
rose developed from the wind resource data comprises 12 sectors where Sector 1 encompasses
a bearing of 345º to 15º and thus the midpoint for Sector 1 of the wind rose plots was 0º with a
15º arc span on either side (Figure 11). Once a common understanding of the demarcation of
the sector boundaries was developed, the sectors within the wind rose were utilised as means
of reference to establish which direction the wind stemmed from for all the potential sites under
investigation.
Figure 11 Site 1 – Wind rose plots
10. Freddie L. Inambao and Kumaresan Cunden
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 104 editor@iaeme.com
The most predominant wind directions were found to be Sectors 2 and 8 of each of the wind
roses for Site 1. The average wind speed for the area was calculated based on the mean wind
speeds of each of the meteorological stations analysed. The average wind speed for hub heights
50 m, 100 m and 200 m were 9.19 m/s, 9.25 m/s and 9.34 m/s respectively.
4.1.2. Site 2
Site 2 is a larger site than Site 1. It is located roughly 300 km south of Port Elizabeth. It has an
estimated perimeter reading of 1 250 km and an estimated surface area of ± 79 000 km2
. The
site is located in a potential retroflection zone (2) for ocean currents as found by Cunden [22].
Figure 12 is a graphic representation of the potential of Site 2. As seen in Figure 9, Site 2 has
minimum shipping route impacts but may lie on a possible potential oil and gas field. From the
meteorological data collected, the site comprised 36 individual meteorological data points
which were analysed at various hub heights.
Figure 12 Potential – Site 2
Within Site 2, the prevailing wind direction was found to be in Sectors 3, 4, 9, 10, and 11
(Figure 13). This indicates that the wind direction changes through an annual cycle. The average
wind speed for hub heights 50 m, 100 m and 200 m were 9.47 m/s, 9.55 m/s and 9.68 m/s
respectively.
Figure 13 Site 2 – Wind rose plots
11. Offshore Wind Resource Assessment Off the South African Coastline
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4.1.3. Site 3
Site 3 is located roughly 290 km south (± 188º bearing) of Cape Town (Figure 14). The site has
an estimated perimeter of 463 km and an estimated surface area of ± 13 332 km2
. The site is
the smallest of the four identified potential wind farm sites.
Figure 14 Potential – Site 3
At Site 3 the prevailing wind directions were in Sectors 5 to 11, with the highest occurring
in Sectors 9, 10 and 11 (Figure 15). The distribution of wind over a span of 180º may be
attributed to the convergence of two significant climate zones, namely, the Atlantic and Indian
ocean zones, mixing in South Africa’s southernmost region. The average wind speed for hub
heights 50 m, 100 m and 200 m were 9.12 m/s, 9.12 m/s and 9.27 m/s respectively.
Figure 15 Site 3 – wind rose plots
4.1.4. Site 4
Site 4 is located an estimated 570 km north west (± 298º bearing) of Saldanha Bay and is the
furthest potential site out of the four. The site has an estimated perimeter of 807 km and an
estimated surface area of ± 37 419 km2
. The site has a minimum impact on oil and gas
exploration sites and shipping routes as seen in Figure 16.
12. Freddie L. Inambao and Kumaresan Cunden
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 106 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 16 Potential – Site 4
Site 4’s wind rose plot is depicted in Figure 17 where it can be seen that the predominant
wind direction is south easterly (Sectors 6 and 7). This may be a result of the mixing climatic
conditions further south leading to a retroflected mass of wind moving towards the north from
the Cape peninsula region.
Figure 17 Site 4 - wind rose plots
4.2. Wind Speed
To gauge the wind speed potential in each of the site areas, each of the meteorological points
were mapped for hub heights of 50 m, 100 m and 200 m and an average wind speed was
calculated for each hub height respectively. It is known that wind shear profile has a logarithmic
nature and may be approximated in mathematics by means of the log wind profile equation
which takes into account factors such as surface roughness and atmospheric stability. The
equation which governs the logarithmic nature of the wind profile is as follows:
𝑈 =
𝑢∗
𝑘
[ln (
𝑧
𝑧0
) − 𝜓(𝜁)] (1)
Where:
𝑈 Mean wind speed (m/s)
𝑧 Height at which mean wind speed is located (m)
13. Offshore Wind Resource Assessment Off the South African Coastline
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𝑢∗ Frictional velocity (m/s)
𝑧0 Surface roughness (-)
𝜓(𝜁) Integrated stability function governing momentum (-)
The integrated stability function comprises the Obukhov Length Scale which includes
further parameters such as sea surface temperature, kinematic heat flux over the surface body
as well as the cube of the frictional velocity [24]. However, these factors are not easily found
in literature or readily available and for the analysis being conducted a more simplified version
of the above was utilised in order to obtain a plausible understanding of the wind shear profile
for the site areas.
To extrapolate the wind shear profile the more common Wind Power Law was used [25]:
𝑈 = 𝑈 𝑅 (
𝑧
𝑧 𝑅
)
𝛼
(2)
Where:
𝑈 Mean wind speed (m/s)
𝑈 𝑅 Reference wins speed (m/s)
𝑧 Height at the mean wind speed (m)
𝑧 𝑅 Reference height (m)
𝛼 Empirical Coefficient accounting for the atmospheric stability (-)
Equation 2 has been found to be suitable to extrapolate wind shear for hub heights less than
100 m [23]. The 50 m hub height measurement was used as the first basis for extrapolation for
each of the sites. An iterative solver was used to extract the atmospheric coefficient required.
Figure 18 depicts a possible representation of the different wind shear profiles for each of
the sites. The extrapolation shows the changing wind shear at various hub heights below 100 m
based on the arithmetic average of mean wind speeds located within the boundaries of each site.
As expected, the mean wind speed located offshore is significantly higher that onshore with a
gradual increase in wind shear gradient.
Figure 18 Extrapolated wind shear profiles
Wind resource is relatively unpredictable and erratic by nature; however, on consistent
monitoring and investigation of terrestrial based meteorological stations, a best fit curve was
found to adequately describe the wind resource which is based on the 2-parameter Weibull
14. Freddie L. Inambao and Kumaresan Cunden
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distribution. As shown in literature, the 2-parameter Weibull statistical distribution is the most
common way of understanding wind potential [26−28].
The Weibull distribution gives one an appreciation of the probability of wind speed
occurrences at a chosen site. The function requires three parameter inputs, one being a variable
and the two other parameters being static which define the distribution. The Weibull distribution
is defined as follows:
𝑃(𝑈, 𝑘, 𝑐) =
𝑘
𝑐
(
𝑈
𝑐
)
𝑘−1
𝑒
−(
𝑈
𝑐
)
𝑘−1
(3)
Where:
𝑈 Wind speed (m/s)
𝑘 Shape parameter (-)
𝑐 Scale parameter (m/s)
The shape parameter of the distribution defines how the probabilities of wind speed are
spread throughout the distribution. It is generally found that the larger the shape parameter the
closer the distribution tends towards becoming Gaussian in shape. The shape parameter for
wind distributions is usually near 2 [29]. The scale parameter defines the most probable speed
in the distribution (the mode value). Traditionally with regards to wind resource analysis, the
larger the scale parameter is in value, the higher the mode of the distribution, which basically
means that the probability of a random wind speed value is less likely to be lower than the mode
of the distribution [29], [30].
In relation to the four offshore sites, the WAsP forecasted statistical parameters were used
as a basis for defining wind resource dispersion over the site area. Each of the meteorological
points from each site, as depicted in figures’ 11; 13; 15 and 17, were analysed. WAsP gives an
empirical relationship of roughness length and roughness elements taken from the description
given by Lettau [31]. The simple description is given as follows [31]:
𝑧0 = 0.5
(ℎ. 𝑆)
𝐴 𝐻
(4)
Where:
𝑧0 Roughness length (m)
ℎ Element height (m)
𝑆 Cross-sectional surface facing the wind (m2
)
𝐴 𝐻 Average element horizontal area (m2
)
The above is more suited for terrestrial based applications as it considers various vegetation
and foliage effects in relation to the wind flow. Charnock [32] provides a description of surface
roughness phenomena over water bodies and explains that the roughness length of different
surfaces directly affects the wind speed which WAsP further defines as roughness classes. A
full list of surface roughness guidelines is illustrated in Appendix A. Charnock [32] developed
an equation which ignored the viscous effects and the surface tension of the water are ignored,
as follows:
𝑧0 = 𝑏
𝑈∗
2
𝑔
(5)
Where:
𝑧0 Roughness length (m)
𝑏 Constant (-)
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𝑈∗ Frictional Velocity (m/s)
𝑔 Gravitational acceleration (m/s2
)
The WAsP tool has defined a constant roughness length of 0.0002 m for wind resource over
water bodies. During the development of the software both a constant value and equation 5 was
used. The resultant constant value proved to give good results in comparison to equation 5 and
hence maintained the constant roughness value over water bodies. The DTU Wind Energy
project [33] used onshore high-resolution meteorological measurements taken over extensive
periods to establish and develop WASA. The interpolation of results to offshore water bodies
was conducted within the WAsP software based on the onshore readings and respective surface
roughness in relation to water bodies. For the identified offshore sites, these results were used
to determine the probability distribution of the resource based on the statistical parameters
obtained from the data.
4.2.1. Site 1
Figure 19 shows the general wind characteristics for Site 1. The Weibull distribution for the
two dominant sectors of the site’s general wind direction was constructed using the wind
statistic parameters obtained via the online wind atlas synthetic data. Sectors 2 and 8 proved to
have the highest frequency and were analysed. It can be seen that Sector 2’s distribution is more
Gaussian in shape due to the k-shape factor being closer to 3. The skewness (close to 0) of
both data sets indicates a more normally distributed dataset. The mean wind speed for both the
sectors is 10.5 m/s at a 50 m hub height. It may be noted that Sector 2’s probability density
distribution depicts more probable wind speeds between 6 m/s and 15 m/s in comparison to
Sector 8’s distribution which depicts a higher probability of higher wind speeds over 15 m/s.
Figure 19 General wind characteristics – Site 1
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4.2.2. Site 2
The general wind characteristics for Site 2 are shown in Figure 20. It was found that Sectors 3
and 10 were the dominant wind directions for the site. The Weibull distributions of these sectors
are shown. Sector 3 has a higher density for wind speeds of 5 m/s to 14 m/s and lower
probabilities of higher wind speeds. The distribution of wind speed in Sector 10 shows a lower
peak but higher density of probabilities between 6 m/s to 16 m/s, including higher probabilities
of wind speeds greater than 15 m/s. The mean wind speed for Sectors 3 and 10 are 9.7 m/s and
11.1 m/s respectively at a 50 m hub height.
Figure 20 General wind characteristics – Site 2
4.2.3. Site 3
Site 3 is unique as it is located at the southern tip of the country. This region is known to have
mixing of the warm Agulhas current (east coast) and the cold Benguela current (west coast).
Along with the trade winds stemming from the South Pole towards the equator and the Coriolis
effect from the planet’s rotation, Site 3 would be expected to have cross-cutting winds. The
wind rose shown in Figure 21 shows that the most frequent directions are from Sectors 9 and
10, although the span of wind directions in comparison to the other three sites is much larger
with relatively equal frequencies which is assumed to possibly be due to the cross-winds
occurring at the site’s location. Sectors 6 and 9 were chosen for analysis. The mean wind speed
for both sectors was relatively similar with Sector 6 having a mean value of 8.22 m/s and Sector
9 having a mean value of 9.2 m/s. Comparing the two probability distributions it can be seen
that Sector 9 has higher probabilities of higher wind speeds especially between wind speeds of
12 m/s to 20 m/s, in relation to Sector 6.
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Figure 21 General wind characteristics – Site 3
4.2.4. Site 4
Figure 22 illustrates the general wind characteristics for Site 4 located west of the Northern
Cape. The dominant wind directions are Sectors 6 and 7. Comparing the two probability density
distributions, it is evident that Sector 6 experiences higher valued wind speeds compared to
Sector 7. Both sectors have shape factors greater than 3 leading to the Gaussian shape of both
distributions. The mean wind speed for Sector 6 is 9.8 m/s and Sector 7 is 7.8 m/s at 50 m hub
height. In comparison to the previous sites, Sites 4 and 3 have lower mean wind speed values
than Sites 2 and 1.
Figure 22 General wind characteristics – Site 4
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Each of the above sites were evaluated and Table 1 below encapsulates each of the sites’
wind mean speed and power density characteristics. It can be seen by evaluation of the data
table that Sites 2 and 3 have good mean wind speeds and encapsulate the most power density
of the four sites. There is a need to analyse each of the meteorological points within the area
chosen as the mean wind speed and power density varies over large areas.
Table 1 Site wind and power characteristics
4.3. Site Geographical Analysis
It is visualised that the energy which is produced offshore from any of the potential sites will
be fed to the coastal regions. In order to be as cost effective as possible, utilisation of existing
electrical integration points is advised initially (unless specific assets are required) for the most
optimum power transfer to shore. To gauge this, the distance to the site sub-integration point
(assumed to be the site central location) from the main feeder was investigated with regards to
surface elevation in respect to the standard sea surface level.
4.3.1. Site 1
Site 1 is based off the coast of Durban and has an area of 21 000 km2
as previously stated. There
are two main power incomers as shown in Figure 23, namely, Klaarwater (a) and Illovo (b) with
each having 275 kV lines respectively [18]. Figure 23 shows that the distance to the different
tie in points is roughly 200 km with the elevation level to the centroid of the site area also
included. It is noted that the deepest point is roughly 3 000 m from the ocean surface.
Figure 23 Location of possible points of connection – Site 1
Height Parameter Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4
Mean speed [m/s] 9.19 9.48 9.12 8.42
Power density [W/m²] 795.09 939.11 808.11 550.71
Mean speed [m/s] 9.25 9.55 9.11 8.50
Power density [W/m²] 852.00 1017.03 875.56 591.00
Mean speed [m/s] 9.34 9.68 9.27 8.65
Power density [W/m²] 982.27 1201.31 1032.78 684.88
50 m
100 m
200 m
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4.3.2. Site 2
Figure 24 shows the distance from the various possible onshore connection points to the centre
of Site 2 which is assumed to be the central integration point of harvested offshore wind energy
for the site. The three potential connection points are Leeches Bay (132 kV), Poseidon (220
kV) and Proteus (400 kV), all of which are in the Eastern Cape. On average, the distance to
onshore connections is 409 km with the shortest distance being in relation to the Poseidon
substation. There is a distinct steep shelf drop off the Eastern Cape coastline.
Figure 24 Location of possible points of connection – Site 2
4.3.3. Site 3
Figure 25 shows the two closest transmission substations, either of which could function as an
integration point for Site 3, namely, Acacia (400 kV) and Palmeit (400 kV). On average the
distance to an onshore integration point is 280 km with Palmeit being the closest at a distance
of 275 km offshore. The diagram also indicates the coastal shelf declination which extends
further out than the previous site declinations.
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Figure 25 Location of possible points of connection – Site 3
4.3.4. Site 4
Site 4, as seen in Figure 26, is located 527 km on average from the western coastline of South
Africa. The province/state which is closest to the site is the Northern Cape. The province is the
largest in the country but has the lowest population in the country. Limited connection points
are located along the western coast. Only two transmission connection points could be located
but there may be smaller coastal distribution feeders where connection may be possible. The
two transmission substations are Gromis (400 kV) and Juno (400 kV), each having a distance
to site of over 450 km.
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Figure 26 Location of possible points of connection – Site 4
The gradual evolution of offshore wind farms are a result of most regions already utilising
most of the space onshore zoned for energy production structures as well as the higher resource
potential located offshore [6]. As shown above, the depths at each of the sites are far deeper
than what traditional offshore wind turbines are subjected to. For this reason, most of the wind
farms located at such distances offshore would require a floating structure as depths in these
regions are beyond conventional anchoring.
5. CONCLUSION
This article aimed to investigate the offshore wind potential for the South African coast. Various
factors were taken into consideration before demarcating potential sites for investigation, such
as shipping routes, potential exploration oil and gas fields and possible transmission connection
points. Utilising this methodology, four potential sites were identified. The predominant wind
direction, mean wind speed, wind shear and spatial geographic information was analysed for
each site.
The wind direction for each of the sites were dependent on many factors which influence
the wind resource such as cross-wind interference and ocean currents. The wind direction did
not have any similarities between sites, with each site having its own predominant wind
directions. Site 1 had a dominant wind direction from a north easterly direction and the polar
opposite as well. Site 2’s prevailing wind direction was from the west and occasionally from a
22. Freddie L. Inambao and Kumaresan Cunden
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north easterly direction. Site 3 had a large span of wind direction as it is located in a high mixing
zone of various strong wind forces. Site 4’s principle wind direction was from the south east
along the western coastline of the Northern Cape province.
Within the 50 m hub height, Site 2 showed the best potential based on the power density.
In comparison, Site 1 and Site 3 showed similar power densities to each other and Site 4
depicted the lowest power density. The general wind speed characteristics were analysed for
each of the sites and the average wind speed (taking into consideration all of the sites identified)
was 9.5 m/s with large power densities between 500 W/m2 to over 1 000 W/m2.
The distance to shore ranged from 200 km to 500 km with a steep continental shelf drop to
approximately 3 000 m deep. This means that the traditional means of offshore wind platforms
would not be adequate for anchoring the plant, and a floating offshore structure would be more
suitable. The use of a centrally located electrical energy collector hub within each site, with
possibly N – 2 contingency measures, could be useful to connect to fewer feeder bays within
the closest transmission substation onshore. This could also allow for the filtering out the power
variations from widely spaced turbines.
The study conducted shows that there is offshore wind potential off the coast of South
Africa. Energy generated by this method could assist South Africa to increase access to energy,
reduce expensive transmission line losses to coastal provinces, and assist the country transition
towards a more sustainable future energy mix in line with developed nations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to acknowledge the assistance of government institutions for the assistance in
information as well as our colleagues at the university for providing direction to research.
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APPENDIX
Appendix A
Physical z0
[m]
Terrain surface characteristics
Roughness
Class
z0 specified in WAsP
[m]
1.5 4 (1.5 m) 1.5
> 1 tall forest > 1
1.00 city 1.00
0.80 forest 0.80
0.50 suburbs 0.50
0.40 3 (0.40 m) 0.40
0.30 shelter belts 0.30
0.20 many trees and/or bushes 0.20
0.10 farmland with closed appearance 2 (0.10 m) 0.10
0.05 farmland with open appearance 0.05
0.03
farmland with very few
buildings/trees
1 (0.03 m) 0.03
0.02 airport areas with buildings and trees 0.02
0.01 airport runway areas 0.01
0.008 mown grass 0.008
0.005 bare soil (smooth) 0.005
0.001 snow surfaces (smooth) 0.003
0.0003 sand surfaces (smooth) 0.003
0.0002 (used for water surfaces in the Atlas) 0 (0.0002 m) 0.0
0.0001 water areas (lakes, fjords, open sea) 0.0
“It should be noted, that in general the roughness length as applied in WAsP has to be
considered as a climatological parameter because the roughness of an area changes with
foliation, vegetation, snow cover and so on. The energy production of a wind turbine must be
determined on the basis of climatology, primarily because of the variations of the weather;
however, the seasonal variations in the local terrain characteristics can also have a profound
influence.
It is recommended that land surfaces are not assigned roughness lengths smaller than 0.003
m (3 mm); this is especially important when met. masts, reference masts or turbines are located
in such terrain with anemometer heights / heights / hub-heights more than 80 m.”
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NOTES
(1) Specific production is a factor which normalises an electrical generation plant’s
production by comparing the actual generated energy with that of the installed
nameplate capacity of the generator(s). The units of measurement are kWh/kWP.
(2) A retroflection zone is an area in which the flow in question encounters specific
obstacles which cause the flow to diverge from the original path and turn on itself, either
clockwise or anticlockwise in direction.