The document describes the anatomy and pathologies of the esophagus. It notes that the esophagus extends from the C6 to T11/T12 vertebrae. Common esophageal pathologies include atresia, webs, rings, achalasia, hiatal hernia, diverticula, lacerations, varices, and esophagitis. Long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease can lead to Barrett's esophagus, which increases the risk of adenocarcinoma. Esophageal cancers are usually squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. Risk factors for these cancers include smoking, alcohol, nitrosamines, and genetic conditions like tylosis.
An undergraduate lecture on Congenital Anomalies, Inflammatory & Neoplastic Disorders of Esophagus for medical students delivered by Dr Muhammad Omair Riaz
Describes the imaging diagnostic criteria of acute diverticulitis in barium studies , ultrasound , computed tomography and MRI .and the classification and complications of acute diverticulitis
An undergraduate lecture on Congenital Anomalies, Inflammatory & Neoplastic Disorders of Esophagus for medical students delivered by Dr Muhammad Omair Riaz
Describes the imaging diagnostic criteria of acute diverticulitis in barium studies , ultrasound , computed tomography and MRI .and the classification and complications of acute diverticulitis
short description of the process of deglutation with all the stages and their complete description and graphic view of all the things that are undergoing during the process of swallowing including an animated summary of whatever goes in the mouth for ease of understanding.
Pathology of gastrointestinal tract
Pathology of Oesophagus
Clinical importance on oesophagus pathology
Oesophagus
Oesophagus pathology
Pathological study of oesophagus
PowerPoint presentation on Choledochal Cysts, also known as biliary cyst, uploaded by Dr. Vaskar Humagain, first presented in 31st December, 2013. This presentation contains all the information about Choledochal Cysts, the original and revised Todani classification of choledochal cysts, pathogenesis, other associated congenital anomalies, clinical features in infant and adult, management of choledochal cysts. Comments are highly welcome :)
The cystic diseases in various organs were observed in the anatomy and OBG depaartment, in that
the polycystic disease of ovary was very common compared to all other organs cystic diseases.
6. i) at squamocolumnar junction of lower esophagus Schatzki ring or “B” ring. www.freelivedoctor.com
7. d) encountered most often in women > 40 yrs. i) etiology unknown ii) episodic dysphagia with solid food iii) pain infrequent www.freelivedoctor.com
8. MOTOR DYSFUNCTION 1. Achalasia a) “failure to relax” i) aperistalsis ii) incomplete relaxation of LES with swallowing iii) resting tone of LES b) 1 o - etiology poorly understood i) dysfunction of inhibitory neurons in distal esophagus - NO - VIP www.freelivedoctor.com
11. ii) degenerative changes in neural innervation - extraesophageal vagal - dorsal motor nucleus c) 2 o – Chagas disease i) Trypanosoma cruzi www.freelivedoctor.com
12. ii) destruction of myenteric plexus of esophagus, duodenum, colon, ureter dilation of the structures d) most cases present as 1 o achalasia e) diabetic neuropathy, infiltrative disorders, etc. f) young adulthood g) Clinical: i) progressive dysphagia ii) nocturnal aspiration iii) 5% incidence of CA www.freelivedoctor.com
13. 2. Hiatal Hernia a) sliding (~ 95% of cases) i) protrusion of stomach above diaphragm bell shaped dilation ii) ~ 10% suffer from reflux b) paraesophageal i) separate portion of stomach enters thorax c) etiology unknown d) Clinical: i) strangulation (b) ; ulceration www.freelivedoctor.com
14. 3. Diverticula a) “outpouching” of all visceral layers i) false – only mucosa and sub - mucosa b) types: i) Zenker - above UES ii) traction - midpoint of esophagus iii) epiphrenic - above LES www.freelivedoctor.com
17. 4. Lacerations (Mallory-Weiss syndrome) a) longitudinal tears i) esophagogastric junction b) severe retching and vomiting i) commonly seen in alcoholics ii) massive dilation with tearing c) underlying hiatal hernia is also known factor d) 5-10 % of upper GI bleeds i) easily treated ii) rare rupture “Boerhaave” www.freelivedoctor.com
35. c) Squamous cell CA i) most common type (Worldwide) ii) adults > 50 yrs iii) Iran, China, South Africa and Brazil have incidence iv) in USA mainly adult males (4:1); blacks 4x higher v) diet and environmental factors (see table 17-1) - nitrosamines (p53) China! - in USA, alcohol and tobacco use www.freelivedoctor.com
36. TYLOSIS A genetic disorder characterized by thickening (hyperkeratosis) of the palms and soles, white patches in the mouth (oral leukoplakia ), and risk of esophageal cancer . Only genetic syndrome known to predispose to squamous cell carcinoma . Autosomal dominant inheritance. The gene has been mapped to chromosome 17q25 but has not been identified. The syndrome is also called nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma. www.freelivedoctor.com
37. vi) insidious onset - dysphagia - obstruction - aspiration via fistula - recurrence (local and distant) is common following surgery d) adenocarcinoma i) most arise from the Barrett mucosa (NOT gastric mucosa) ii) white men, > 40 yrs - more common in USA www.freelivedoctor.com
38. iii) clinical: patient usually present with the following - dysphagia - bleeding - weight loss - GERD - sliding hiatal hernia - poor prognosis - elimination of Barrett esophagus NOT yet shown to prevent adenocarcinoma www.freelivedoctor.com
39. e) benign i) Leiomyoma is most common - Usually asymptomatic - May produce dysphagia or hematemesis if large - typically occurs in young males - Found most often in distal third of esophagus - Usually solitary, but may be multiple (3%) www.freelivedoctor.com
40. Large filling defect with sharply-marginated border is seen in distal esophagus. www.freelivedoctor.com