2. Mohamed Zaitoun
Assistant Lecturer-Diagnostic Radiology
Department , Zagazig University Hospitals
Egypt
FINR (Fellowship of Interventional
Neuroradiology)-Switzerland
zaitoun82@gmail.com
3.
4.
5. Knowing as much as
possible about your enemy
precedes successful battle
and learning about the
disease process precedes
successful management
6. -Oblique view of a
normal barium
swallow shows the
normal impressions
made by the (A) aortic
arch , (B) left
mainstem bronchus
and (LA) left atrium
on the esophagus
7. Esophagus
a) Diverticulum
b) Esophageal Ulceration
c) Esophageal Tumors
d) Smooth Esophageal Strictures
e) Irregular Esophageal Strictures
f) Motility Disorders
g) Hiatus Hernia
h) Esophageal Atresia & Tracheo-Esophageal
Fistula
8. a) Pharyngeal / Esophageal Pouches &
Diverticula :
-Upper Third
-Middle Third
-Lower Third
13. a) Site :
-Pulsion diverticulum originates in the midline of
the posterior wall of the hypopharynx at an
anatomic weak point known as Killian's
dehiscence (above cricopharyngeus at fiber
divergence with inferior pharyngeal constrictor) ,
during swallowing increased intraluminal
pressure forces mucosa to herniate through the
wall
17. An air-fluid level is visible in the upper mediastinum (arrows) , the
lateral view shows anterior displacement of the trachea (arrows) by
a retrotracheal mass
19. 2-Barium Swallow :
-An (intermittent) outpouching arising from
the midline of the posterior wall of the
distal pharynx near the
pharyngoesophageal junction
-The pouch is best identified during
swallowing and is best seen on the lateral
view on which the diverticulum is typically
noted at the C5-6 level
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. 2-Lateral Pharyngeal Pouch & Diverticulum :
-Through the unsupported thyrohyoid membrane in
the anterolateral wall of the upper hypopharynx
-Pouches are common and patients are usually
asymptomatic
-Diverticula are uncommon and are seen in
patients with chronically elevated
intrapharyngeal pressure (e.g. glass blowers)
26.
27.
28. 3-Lateral Cervical Esophageal Pouch &
Diverticulum : (Killian-Jamieson)
-Through the Killian-Jamieson space
-Pouches are transient
-Diverticula are persistent
-Patients are usually asymptomatic
-The opening is below the level of
cricopharyngeus
29. AP view of barium swallow showing a small killian-
Jamieson diverticulum (arrow)
30. Left : Frontal view from a barium swallow shows an outpouching of
barium (white arrow) arising laterally from the cervical esophagus
Right : The diverticulum (yellow arrow) is anterior to the normal
esophagus
31.
32.
33. -Middle Third : (TID)
1-Traction
2-Developmental
3-Intramural
34. 1-Traction :
-At level of carina
-May be related to fibrosis after treatment for
TB
-Asymptomatic
46. 1-Reflux Esophagitis :
-With or without hiatus hernia
-Signs characteristic of reflux esophagitis :
a) A gastric fundal fold crossing the gastro-
esophageal junction
b) Erosions , clots or linear streaks of
barium in the distal esophagus
c) Ulcers , round or more commonly linear
or serpiginous
48. Air-contrast esophagram shows thick esophageal mucosal folds (arrows) and
an ulcer (arrowhead) due to GERD , single contrast esophagram shows
stricture (arrow) and sliding hiatus hernia
49. On the left Irregular stricture (arrowhead) and erosions (arrows) due to GERD
50. 2-Barrett’s Esophagus :
-Esophagus is abnormally lined with columnar
acid-secreting gastric mucosa
-It is usually due to chronic reflux esophagitis
-The diagnosis is strongly suggested by :
a) Mid or high esophageal ulcer
b) Mid or high esophageal web-like stricture
c) Reticular mucosal pattern
d) Hiatus hernia in 75-90% of patients
51. Barrett's , Upper GI swallow of patient with Barrett's esophagus , arrow
points to new transition point of squamo-columnar junction. , note
the irregularities of the mucosa inferior to transition point
52. Double-contrast esophagography shows a smooth stricture in the
midesophagus , multiple ulcerations in the region of the stricture are
seen , note the reticular mucosal appearance extending down from
the inferior aspect of the stricture
54. 3-Candida Esophagitis :
-In immunocompromised patients
-Discrete plaque-like lesions
-Larger plaques may coalesce to produce
"cobblestone" appearance
-Ulcers invariably appear only on a background of
diffuse plaque formation , not as isolated
findings
-Further coalescence produces (shaggy) contour
55. Shaggy esophagus associated with Candida infection , image "A" depicts the
longitudinally oriented plaque-like lesions visible in Candida esophagitis , image "B"
depicts the granular appearance of the esophageal mucosa secondary to edema and
inflammation
56. A double contrast esophagogram demonstrates difuse ulceration ,
thickened folds and mildly “shagy” borders in the distal esophagus
57. The esophagus is dilated and has “shagy” borders and
difuse ulceration , an area of narowing is present in the
proximal third of the esophagus
59. Numerous fine erosions and small plaques due to Candida
albicans in immunocompromised patient
60. 4-Viral :
-Herpes and CMV occurring mostly in
immunocompromised patients
-May manifest as discrete ulcers , ulcerated
plaques or mimic Candida esophagitis
-Discrete ulcers on an otherwise normal
background mucosa are strongly suggestive of a
viral etiology
-Herpes Simplex , small ulcers < 5 mm
-CMV , large ulcers
61. Herpes , double-contrast
esophagram shows small
discrete ulcers (arrows) in the
midesophagus on a normal
background mucosa , note the
radiolucent mounds of edema
surrounding the ulcers , in the
appropriate clinical setting ,
this appearance is highly
suggestive of herpes
esophagitis since ulceration in
candidiasis almost always
occurs on a background of
diffuse plaque formation
62. Cytomegalovirus
esophagitis in a
patient with AIDS
Double-contrast
esophagram shows a
large flat ulcer in
profile (large arrows)
in the midesophagus
with a cluster of small
satellite ulcers (small
arrows)
63. AIDS patient with an infectious esophagitis due to Cytomegalovirus. ,
such giant ulcers can also be due to HIV alone
64. 5-Caustic Ingestion :
a) Acute stage :
-In the first 10 days from ingestion , acute necrosis
with mucosal blurring and dilated atonic
esophagus
b) Subacute stage :
-10 to 20 days after ingestion and characterized by
esophageal ulceration
c) Chronic stage :
-Occurs after 21 days at which esophageal
inflammation healed by fibrosis resulted in
stricture
65. Image "A" and "B" both depict ulcerations of the distal esophageal
mucosa secondary to lye ingestion , image "C" depicts irregular
narrowing of the esophagus with ulcerations
66.
67. 6-Radiotherapy :
-Double contrast studies can demonstrate
superficial esophageal ulceration as shallow
irregular collections of barium within 7 to 10 days
of radiotherapy
-In severe cases , the esophagus may have an
irregular serrated contour due to ulceration and
sloughing
-After this acute phase , the most frequent finding
on contrast studies is abnormal esophageal
motility
69. Aphthous ulcers (arrows) , this is an uncommon manifestation of
Crohn's disease , the figure on the right shows the more common
colonic aphthous ulcers
70. 8-Drug Induced :
-Due to prolonged contact with tetracycline ,
quinidine and potassium supplements
9-Behcet’s Disease
10-Intramural Diverticulosis
76. 1-Barium Swallow :
-May be seen as a discrete ovoid mass that
is well outlined by barium
-Its borders form slightly obtuse angles with
the oesophageal wall
77. On the left an asymptomatic patient with a leiomyoma , on the chest
film an abnormal opacity is seen behind the heart (arrow) , the
barium study demonstrates a lobulated mass (arrow) that does not
obstruct despite its large size
78. A calcified esophageal mass is almost always a leiomyoma , on the left a
patient with a calcified esophageal lesion (arrows) protrudes into
azygoesophageal recess on radiograph , lesion (arrow) on CT and surgical
specimen radiograph showing calcification
79. The ovoid filling defects caused by the leiomyoma , the smooth surface
and obtuse angles formed are characteristic of submucosal masses
80. 2-CT :
-Ovoid intramural solitary mass with a smooth
surface
-The presence of calcification is almost
pathognomonic
-Narrowing of esophageal lumen
-May displace the esophagus
-Moderate diffuse contrast enhancement
-No signs of invasion of adjacent tissue
81.
82.
83. -Malignant :
1-Squamous cell carcinoma , 75%
2-Adenocarcinoma , 25% , usually in distal
esophagus at GEJ
3-Lymphoma
4-Leiomyosarcoma
5-Metastasis
88. Infiltrative ulcerated carcinoma , esophageal carcinoma with ulcerations
(arrows) and sharp right angle junction with esophageal wall
(arrowheads)
89. Left : Small polypoid carcinoma , right : Large polypoid lesion
90. Left : long irregular distal stricture due to carcinoma , right : distal
narrowing is not tapered and more proximal than achalasia ,
irregularity (arrow) at narrowed site is subtle but persistent
91. Varicoid carcinoma , unchanging appearance of filling defects indicate
tumor rather than varices , note sharp upper margin of lesion and
ulceration (arrows)
92. (a) AP orthostatic projection shows several filling defects in the middle and distal
segments of the esophagus , (b) Left posterior oblique projection shows sharply
marginated longitudinal and serpentine lesions that mimic varices and that did not
change in size or configuration with respiratory maneuvers or repositioning of the
patient ,esophageal peristalsis was normal
94. 1-Plain Radiography :
Many indirect signs can be sought on a chest
radiograph and these include :
-Widened azygo-oesophageal recess with
convexity toward right lung (in 30% of distal and
mid-oesophageal cancers)
-Thickening of posterior tracheal stripe and right
paratracheal stripe >4 mm (if tumor located in
upper third of esophagus)
-Widened mediastinum
-Tracheal deviation
95. -Posterior tracheal indentation / mass
-Retrocardiac mass
-Esophageal air-fluid level
-Lobulated mass extending into gastric air
bubble
-Repeated aspiration pneumonia (with
tracheo-oesophageal fistula)
96. -The azygo-esophageal
recess (AER) is a
prevertebral space
formed by the
interface of the
posteromedial right
lower lobe of the lung
and the azygos vein
and esophagus
97. Normal Widened
-The right paratracheal stripe is a normal finding on the frontal CXR and
represents the right tracheal wall , adjacent pleural surfaces and
any mediastinal fat between them , it is visible because of
the silhouette sign created by air within the trachea medially and air within
the lung laterally , It normally measures less than 4 mm
98. 2-Barium Swallow :
-Esophageal cancer may appear as an infiltrating , polypoid
, ulcerative or varicoid lesion
-Infiltrating cancers show irregular narrowing of the lumen
with an associated nodular or ulcerated mucosa with
well-defined borders
-Polypoid lesions are usually greater than 3.5 cm in
diameter and appear as lobulated or fungating
intraluminal masses with possible areas of ulceration
-Ulcerative carcinomas appear as well-defined ulcers with a
radiolucent rim of tumor surrounding the ulcer
-Varicoid carcinomas mimic esophageal varices and
therefore appear as thickened tortuous or serpiginous
filling defects because of the submucosal spread of the
cancer
100. Irregular stricture in the esophagus with ulceration of the esophageal mucosa ,
also noticed the shouldered margins of the lesions
101. Carcinoma esophagus , a barium swallow showing irregular narrowing
with "shouldered edges" suggestive of a malignant stricture
102.
103.
104. 3-CT :
-Eccentric or circumferential wall thickening > 5mm
-Peri-esophageal soft tissue and fat stranding
-Dilated fluid and debris-filled oesophageal lumen
is proximal to an obstructing lesion
-Tracheobronchial invasion appears as
displacement of the airway (usually the trachea
or left mainstem bronchus) as a result of mass
effect by the oesophageal tumor
-Aortic invasion
111. a) Incidence :
-Associated with Barrett's esophagus
-Less common than SCC
-Usually in distal esophagus at GEJ
b) Patterns :
-As before
c) Radiographic Features :
112. Image "A" the red arrows show mucosal invasion with ulceration
whereas the yellow arrow points out a stricture at the GE junction ,
in image "B“ , an irregular filling defect in the distal esophagus
associated with adenocarcinoma
116. 3-Lymphoma :
-Because the esophagus and stomach do
not normally have lymphocytes , primary
lymphoma is rare unless present from
inflammation
-Secondary metastatic lymphoma is more
common
-Radiographic Features : as before
117. (A) A barium swallow revealed a well-demarcated submucosal mass
(arrowheads) of 10×3×3 cm in size in the upper thoracic esophagus without
surface ulceration or a stalk , (B) CT showed a sharply demarcated
homogeneous mass within the esophagus , note the eccentric location ,
crescent-shape esophageal lumen (compressed by the mass) and the
laterally displaced trachea
122. -Left : normal esophagus , Right : Mediastinal nodes (arrows) displace
esophagus to right
-The esophagus (arrow) protrudes under aortic arch into right side of AP
window , next to it mediastinal nodes (arrows) that displace the esophagus
to right in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma
125. a) Peptic :
-The stricture develops relatively late
-Most frequently at the GEJ and associated
with reflux and a hiatus hernia
-Less commonly , more proximal in the
esophagus and associated with
heterotopic gastric mucosa (Barrett's
esophagus) ± Ulceration
140. 1-Tertiary Contractions :
-Normally , there is a wave of relaxation
precedes a contractile wave propelling the
bolus along the esophagus
-Tertiary contractions , uncoordinated non-
propulsive contractions , asymptomatic
-Seen in : elderly , alcoholics , GERD & HH
141. -Causes of tertiary contractions in the esophagus :
1-Reflux esophagitis
2-Presbyoesophagus (impaired motor function due to
muscle atrophy in the elderly , occurs in 25% of people >
60 years)
3-Obstruction at the cardia
4-Neuropathy :
-Early achalasia (before dilatation occurs)
-DM
-Alcoholism
-Malignant infiltration
-Chaga’s disease
142. 2-Diffuse Esophageal Spasms (DES) ,
Cork-Screw , Nutcracker :
-Symptoms include chest pain , dysphagia
and gastro-oesophageal regurgitation
disease
-Barium swallow shows diffuse oesophageal
spasm with simultaneous and
uncoordinated contractions
146. a) Etiology :
-Failure of relaxation of GOJ when the
contractile wave arrives , the esophagus
retains much of its contents then dilates
progressively
148. 1-Plain Radiography :
-Dilated esophagus with air-fluid level ,
characteristic linear shadow extends along the
right side of mediastinum
-Mottled appearance in superior mediastinum (due
to mixture of air & retained fluid in the dilated
esophagus)
-Superior mediastinum air-fluid level
-Small / absent of gastric air bubbles
-Anterior displacement and bowing of trachea on
the lateral view
-Pneumonia & basal fibrosis
149.
150.
151.
152.
153. 2-Barium Swallow :
-Two diagnostic criteria must be met :
*Primary and secondary peristalsis absent
throughout esophagus
*LES fails to relax in response to swallowing
-Tertiary waves
-Beaked tapering at GEJ
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159. 4-Chalasia :
-GOJ is lax and widely patent
5-Scleroderma :
-See before
6-Chaga’s Disease :
-Megaesophagus , aperistalsis & bird's beak
appearance at GEJ (achalasia look-alike)
163. a) Sliding Hernia :
-This is the most common type of hiatus
hernia (95%)
-The gastro-esophageal junction (GOJ) is
usually displaced by more than 1cm above
the hiatus
-The oesophageal hiatus is often abnormally
widened to 3-4cm
164. b) Paraesophageal (Rolling) Hernia :
-The rolling (paraesophageal) hiatus hernia
is much less common than the sliding type
-The GOJ remains in its normal location
while a portion of the stomach herniates
above the diaphragm
165. c) Mixed Type :
-The mixed or compound hiatal hernia is the most
commonest type of paraesophageal hernia
-The GOJ is displaced into the thorax with a large
portion of the stomach which is usually
abnormally rotated , in these hernias where
large portions of the stomach may be contained
within the thoracic cavity , there are
significant risks for volvulus , obstruction and
ischemia
176. 1-Definition :
-Esophageal Atresia :
Absence in contiguity of the esophagus due to an
inappropriate division of the primitive foregut into
the trachea and esophagus
-TOF :
Congenital pathological communication between
the trachea and esophagus
181. a) Antenatal U/S :
-Antenatal ultrasound may shows
polyhydramnios or even in some cases a
distended proximal blind ending
esophagus
182. b) Plain Radiography :
-Demonstration of the nasogastric tube curled in
the proximal esophagus in a child where
passage of the tube has been unsuccessful is
usually sufficient for diagnosis
-The presence of air in the stomach and bowel in
the setting of oesophageal atresia implies that
there is a distal fistula
-Often the lungs demonstrate areas of
consolidation / atelectasis due to recurrent
aspiration
185. c) Barium Swallow :
-H-type fistulas can be difficult to diagnose
and may require contrast studies , looking
for contrast passing into the tracheo-
bronchial tree