Occupational health aims to promote workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. It addresses occupational hazards like physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychological hazards that can endanger health. Physical hazards include heat, cold, light, noise, vibration, and electricity that can cause injuries, illnesses, or reduce efficiency. Chemical hazards consist of dusts, gases, and metals from inhalation or ingestion. Biological hazards arise from infectious agents. Mechanical and psychological hazards stem from unguarded machinery, job dissatisfaction, and musculoskeletal issues. The document provides examples of different occupational diseases caused by each type of hazard.
Occupational health:The objective of an occupational health .LalrinchhaniSailo
Occupational health is essentially preventive medicine.The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, in the course of its first session, held in 1950, gave the following definition: "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job (1).
ERGONOMICS: The term "ergonomics" is derived from the Greek ergon, meaning work and nomos, meaning law. It simply means: "fitting the job to the worker". The object of ergonomics is "to achieve the best mutual adjustment of man and his work, for the improvement of human efficiency and well-being".
HEALTH OF THE WORKER
One of the declared aims of occupational health is to provide a safe occupational environment' in order to safeguard the health of the workers and to step up industrial production.
Occupational environment
By occupational environment is meant the sum or external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the Working population. Basically, there are three types of interaction in a working environment.
a) Man and physical, chemical and biological agents.
b) Man and machine.
c) Man and man.
MAN AND PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
(1) Physical agents
(2) Chemical agents
MAN AND MACHINE
An industry or factory implies the use of machines driven by power with emphasis on mass production. The
unguarded machines, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of the plant, lack of safety measures are the causes of accidents which is a major problem in industries.
Working for long hours in unphysiological postures is the cause of fatigue, backache, diseases of joints and muscles and impairment of the worker's health and efficiency.
MAN AND MAN
There are numerous psychosocial factors which operate at the place of work. These are the human relationships amongst workers themselves on the one hand, and those in authority over them on the other. In modern occupational health, the emphasis is upon the people, the conditions in which they live and work, their hopes and fears and their attitudes towards their job, their fellow-workers and employers (2).
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
An industrial worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his occupation:
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Mechanical hazards
5. Psychosocial hazards.
Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
Occupational health:The objective of an occupational health .LalrinchhaniSailo
Occupational health is essentially preventive medicine.The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, in the course of its first session, held in 1950, gave the following definition: "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job (1).
ERGONOMICS: The term "ergonomics" is derived from the Greek ergon, meaning work and nomos, meaning law. It simply means: "fitting the job to the worker". The object of ergonomics is "to achieve the best mutual adjustment of man and his work, for the improvement of human efficiency and well-being".
HEALTH OF THE WORKER
One of the declared aims of occupational health is to provide a safe occupational environment' in order to safeguard the health of the workers and to step up industrial production.
Occupational environment
By occupational environment is meant the sum or external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the Working population. Basically, there are three types of interaction in a working environment.
a) Man and physical, chemical and biological agents.
b) Man and machine.
c) Man and man.
MAN AND PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
(1) Physical agents
(2) Chemical agents
MAN AND MACHINE
An industry or factory implies the use of machines driven by power with emphasis on mass production. The
unguarded machines, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of the plant, lack of safety measures are the causes of accidents which is a major problem in industries.
Working for long hours in unphysiological postures is the cause of fatigue, backache, diseases of joints and muscles and impairment of the worker's health and efficiency.
MAN AND MAN
There are numerous psychosocial factors which operate at the place of work. These are the human relationships amongst workers themselves on the one hand, and those in authority over them on the other. In modern occupational health, the emphasis is upon the people, the conditions in which they live and work, their hopes and fears and their attitudes towards their job, their fellow-workers and employers (2).
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
An industrial worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his occupation:
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Mechanical hazards
5. Psychosocial hazards.
Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
Occupational hazards, occupational health
Occupational safety and health should not be sidelined as a service delivery issue. Health worker health and well-being is an important aspect of workers’ motivation and job satisfaction, which influence productivity as well as retention. Health worker safety also affects the quality of care; caring for the caregiver should be a priority area of concern for the health system’s performance.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Occupational hazards, occupational health
Occupational safety and health should not be sidelined as a service delivery issue. Health worker health and well-being is an important aspect of workers’ motivation and job satisfaction, which influence productivity as well as retention. Health worker safety also affects the quality of care; caring for the caregiver should be a priority area of concern for the health system’s performance.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. Occupational Health
• Health Work
(medical fitness for work)
• Work Health
(occupational disease/work related ill health)
3. Aim of Occupational Health
• Promotion & maintenance of highest degree of
physical, mental & social well-being of workers
3
4. Ergonomics
Fitting the job to the worker
• To achieve best mutual adjustment of man and his environment
• To reduce industrial accidents and improve overall health and
efficiency of workers
• For prevention of occupational diseases
• For reduction of sickness absenteeism
• To achieve greater efficiency of man and machine
• It Involves
– Right person in right job
– Designing machines, tools, equipment, manufacturing
processes
– Layout of work place 4
12. • Noise
– Occupational deafness (Temporary or permanent
hearing loss)
– Nervousness
– Fatigue
– Interference with communication by speech
– Decreased efficiency
– Annoyance
12
13. • Vibration
– Drills and hammers user
– Fine blood vessels of the fingers may increasingly
sensitive to spasm (white fingers)
– Injuries of the joints of the hands, elbows and
shoulders
13
14. • Ultraviolet radiation
– In arc welding
– Intense conjunctivitis
– Keratitis (welder’s flash): redness of the eyes and
pain
14
15. • Ionizing Radiation
– X rays and radio active isotopes in medicines and
industry
– Genetic changes, malformation, cancer, leukemia,
depilation, Aplastic anaemia, pancytopeia,
ulceration, sterility, death
15
18. • Inhalation:-
• DUSTS : finely divided solid particles with size ranging
from 0.1 to 150 microns which are released into
atmosphere during crushing, grinding, abrading, loading
and uploading operations.
– Industries that produce dust are mines, foundry, pottery,
textiles, wood, stone etc.
• particles >10micron – settle down from air rapidly
• <10micron – suspended
• <5 micron – inhaled into lungs. This fraction of air is
called “RESPIRABLE DUST” – PNEUMOCOINOSIS.
19. • DUST can be classified as inorganic/organic,
soluble/insoluble
– Inorganic dust:- silica, mica, coal, asbestos etc.
– Organic dust:- cotton, wool, jute, etc.
– Soluble dust:- slowly enters the systemic
circulation and eventually eliminated by body
metabolism.
– Insoluble dust:- gets settled in lungs –
pneumoconiosis
19
21. • GASES : exposure to gases is a common hazard in
industries. They are classified into
– Simple gases : oxygen, hydrogen etc
– Asphyxiating : CO, cyanide gas, SO2 etc
– Anesthetic : chloroform, ether.
21
22. • METALS & THEIR COMPOUNDS :
– Their main entry is by inhalation as dust/fumes. They
include lead, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, etc.
– Ill effects depends upon :- duration of exposure
dose/conc. of exposure.
– Most of the chemical intoxication respond favorably to
cessation of exposure & medical treatment.
23. • Ingestion:
– not only inhalation, ingestion of chemical substances such
as lead, mercury, arsenic, Zinc, Chromium, phosphorus etc
also produce diseases
– Through contaminated hands, food or cigarettes
23
24. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Persons working among animal products (e.g.: hair,
wool, hides) & agricultural workers are specially
exposed to biological hazards
• Workers may be exposed to infective and parasitic
agents at place of work
• Occupational diseases in this category are:-
Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Anthrax, Hydatidosis,
Psittacosis, Tetanus, Encephalitis, Fungal infections
etc
25. MECHANICAL HAZARDS
• About 10% of accidents in industry are said to be due
to mechanical causes.
• because of unguarded machinery, moving parts,
protruding parts, poor installation, lack of safety
measure.
26. PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Arise because workers fail to adopt to psychological
social environment.
• Psychological factors: frustration, lack of job
satisfaction, insecurity, poor human relationship,
emotional tensions etc.
• Capacity to adopt is influenced by factors like
:educational, cultural background, family life, social
habits & what the worker expects from employment.
27. • Psychological & behavioral changes :
– hostility, aggressiveness, anxiety, tiredness,
alcoholism, drug abuse, sickness absenteeism.
• Psychosomatic ill health :
– fatigue, headache, pain in the shoulders, neck &
back, propensity to peptic ulcer, Hypertension,
heart disease & rapid aging.
28. Musculo-skeletal problems
• Due to Excessive load on the muscles, ligaments,
tendons and bone.
• Due to Insufficient circulation to the Musculoskeletal
system.
• Work that requires activity of a small group of relatively
weak muscles (such as continuous use of fingers of the
dominant hand in data entry).
29. Common sites for Musculo-skeletal problems
• Neck
• Forearm
• Wrist
• Fingers
• Back
• Knee
