1. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted and intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety.
2. OCD affects 1-2% of the population and commonly involves obsessions around contamination, doubts, and symmetry as well as compulsions like cleaning, checking, and ordering.
3. Cognitive behavioral therapy, specifically exposure and response prevention is the most effective treatment where patients are exposed to anxiety-provoking triggers while resisting compulsions. Medications like SSRIs are also used but may not be as long lasting.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
Symptoms: Compulsive behavior
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviours.
OCD often centres on themes such as a fear of germs or the need to arrange objects in a specific manner. Symptoms usually begin gradually and vary throughout life.
Treatment includes talk therapy, medication or both.
Consult a doctor for medical advice.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
Symptoms: Compulsive behavior
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviours.
OCD often centres on themes such as a fear of germs or the need to arrange objects in a specific manner. Symptoms usually begin gradually and vary throughout life.
Treatment includes talk therapy, medication or both.
Consult a doctor for medical advice.
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
Borderline Personality Disorder Presentation given in Psychopathology II class.
Summer 2010 Argosy University San Francisco
By Lucia Merino, Psychology Doctor Candidate
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
TREATMENT RESISTANT DEPRESSION IS A AREA THAT IS NOT EXPLORED MUCH, BUT IT REALLY NEEDS LOT OF ATTENTION AS IT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON OBSTACLE IN ACHIEVING COMPLETE REMISSION IN DEPRESSION
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
Borderline Personality Disorder Presentation given in Psychopathology II class.
Summer 2010 Argosy University San Francisco
By Lucia Merino, Psychology Doctor Candidate
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
TREATMENT RESISTANT DEPRESSION IS A AREA THAT IS NOT EXPLORED MUCH, BUT IT REALLY NEEDS LOT OF ATTENTION AS IT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON OBSTACLE IN ACHIEVING COMPLETE REMISSION IN DEPRESSION
In this presentation I have tried to discuss in brief about obsessive compulsive disorder and its treatment both pharmacological and non pharmacological.
An amateur PowerPoint Presentation prepared by me as an activity for work. It was not a challenge yet a challenge as this was my first ever presentation. The content of the PPT has been collected from the internet and is for basic knowledge and reference only. If anyone is indeed suffering from OCD they should consult a medicine expert right away.
Obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD)
Characterized by obsessional thoughts and compulsive rituals.
Secondary to both depressive illness and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.
OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness, apprehension, fear or worry; by repetitive behaviours aimed at reducing the associated anxiety; or by a combination of such obsessions and compulsions
Anxiety, defined as dread or apprehension, is not considered pathologic, is seen across the life span, and can be adaptive (e.g. the anxiety one might feel during an automobile crash).
Anxiety becomes disabling.
Interfering with social interactions, development.
Achievement of goals or quality of life.
Can lead to slow self esteem, social withdrawal.
Academic underachievement.
The average age of onset of anxiety disorder is 11 years.
This is the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood.
Occurs in 5-18% of all children and adolescents.
Prevalence rate is comparable to physical disorders such as asthma and diabetes.
One of the most common childhood anxiety disorder.
Prevalence- 3.5-5.4%
Girls ˃ boys
Common in prepubertal children. Average age of onset 7.5 yrs.
It is developmentally normal when it begins about 10 month of age and tapers off by 18 month.
By 3 years of age, most children can accept the temporary absence of their mother or primary caregiver.
SAD is characterised by unrealistic and persistent worries about separation from home or a major attachment figure.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. “ . . . Continually tormented by an inner sense of
imperfection,
connected with the perception that actions or
intentions
have been incompletely achieved.”
—Pierre Janet
3. What is OCD?
• Is an anxiety disorder that effects 1-2% of the population
• They experience obsessions and compulsions
• Obsessions – unwanted thoughts, images or impulses that
cause a lot of stress and anxiety
• Compulsions – are behaviours or acts that are carried out to
reduce the anxiety
4. Epidemiology of OCD
• 2.5% lifetime prevalence.
• Prevalence is similar for men and women.
• Onset occurs typically during adolescence or early adulthood.
• Onset is earlier for males than females.
• Tends to be chronic without treatment with periods of waxing
and waning of symptoms.
5. Obsessions
• Obsessions are intrusive, distressing thoughts and mental
images which repeat over and over. They are ego-dystonic
(experienced as unpleasant).
• Common obsessions:
– Dirt and contamination
– Pathological doubt
– Need for symmetry
– Hoarding
– Sexual content (blasphemous religious thoughts.)
– Aggressive content
– Superstitious fears
6. Compulsions
• Compulsions are repetitive behaviors (hand washing,
cleaning) or mental acts (praying, counting) that the person
feels driven to perform in response to an obsession.
• Common compulsions:
– Cleaning and washing
– Arranging until things are “just right”
– Hoarding
– Checking
– Mental rituals (prayers, counting etc.)
7. Common Obsessions in OCD
Obsession % of Sample(N-200)
contamination 45
Pathological doubt 42
somatic 36
symmetry 31
aggressive 28
sexual 26
others 13
Multiple obsessions 60
8. Common Compulsions in OCD
Compulsion % of Sample (N = 200)
Checking 63
Washing and cleaning 50
Counting 36
Need to ask and confess 31
Symmetry and precision 28
Hoarding 18
Multiple compulsions 48
10. • The person must have recognized at some point that the
obsessions or compulsions are excessive or unreasonable.
• These recurrent obsessions or compulsions must be severe
enough to be time consuming (taking up more than 1 hour
per day).
• The obsessions/compulsions must cause a marked distress or
significantly interfere with the individuals normal routine,
occupational functioning, or usual social activities or
relationships with others.
General requirements
12. Neuroanatomical models of ocd
• Common areas include
– Orbito-frontal cortex
– Head of the caudate
– Anterior cingulate
– Thalamus
13. Imaging-Structural
Volumetric studies reveal involvement in the form of
– Decreased volumes of
• Orbito-frontal Cortex(OFC)
• Anterior Cingulate Cortex(ACC)
• Basal ganglia
– Increased volume of the thalamus
14. • PET studies reveal increased glucose metabolism in OFC and
caudate nuclei.
• Symptom provocation is associated with increase in blood
flow to OFC, ACC, caudate and thalamus.
• Treatment studies reveal that lower metabolism is associated
with better response to medication
15.
16. Assessment Techniques
• Office Visits
• The Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule – Revised (ADIS-R)
• The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Checklist (Y-
BOC)
• The Leyton Obsessional Inventory (Lol)
• The State Trait Anxiety Inventory of Children (STAIC)
17. Differential Diagnosis
• Anxiety disorder Due to a
General Medical Condition
• Substance induced Anxiety
Disorder
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder
• Specific or Social Phobias
(Trichotillomania)
• Major Depressive Episode
• Generalized Anxiety
Disorder
• Hypochondriasis
• Specific Phobia
• Delusional Disorder
• Psychotic Disorder Not
Otherwise Specified
21. Pharmacotherapy
• SSRI’s
– First line drug.
– Higher doses than for MDD (ex. 80 mg fluoxetine)
– 10-12 weeks before switching
• Clomipramine
– first FDA approved, most serotonin specific of TCA’s.
– Augmentation with Li / atypical antipsychotics, e.g.
risperidone .
22. Other Medications
• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
– The monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are effective
antidepressants
– The two MAOIs available are phenelzine (Nardil) and
tranylcipramine (Parnate).
– The MAOIs are used to treat OCD only when SSRI
medications fail.
24. Exposure and Response Prevention
(ERP)
• The most widely practised behaviour therapy for OCD is called
exposure and response prevention.
• There are two components:
– Exposure Treatment
– Response Prevention Treatment
• Treatment starts with exposure to situations that cause the
least anxiety
• As the patient overcomes these, they move on to situations
that cause more anxiety
25. ERP
• Exposure Treatment
– Controlled exposure (direct or imagined) to objects or
situations that trigger obsessions while raising anxiety
levels
– Over time the exposure leads to less anxiety and over a
long period of time it leads to very little anxiety at all.
26. ERP
• Response Prevention Treatment
– The ritual behaviours that people with OCD engage in to
reduce anxiety.
– Patients learn to resist the compulsion to perform rituals
and are eventually able to stop engaging in these
behaviours
27. Common Difficulties During ERP
• Non-compliance with response prevention instructions.
• Continued passive avoidance.
• Arguing about exposure/response prevention requirements
• Emotional overload.
• Family reactions.
28. • Deep brain stimulation disrupts
action of cortico-thalamic
(hyperactive) circuit
• Electrode is placed in anterior
limb of internal capsule
• Modulation of OFC, ACC, striatum,
thalamus and globus pallidus
activation noted
29. Treatment Refractory
• Psychosurgery
– For patient’s who have failed medication and therapy
– Response rate approx. 50%
– Four surgical prodecures
• Cingulotomy, subcaudate tractotomy, limbic leukotomy,
capsulotomy
• Interrupt signals from OFC to basal ganglia
– Gamma Knife
• Anterior limb of internal capsule
31. Prognosis
• Chronic waxing and waning.
• The rule of thirds
– 20-30% “significant improvement”
– 40-50% “moderate improvement”
– Remaining 20-40% stay ill or get worse.
32. Poor Prognostic factors
1.Yielding rather than resisting compulsions
2.Childhood onset
3.Bizzare compulsions
4.Need for hospitalization
5.Co-existence with depression
6.Delusional beliefs and over valued ideas
7. Co-existence with personality disorders.
33. Good prognostic factors
1. Good social and occupational adjustment
2. Presence of precipitating events
3. Episodic nature of the illness
34. • Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS)
– First noticed as behavioural problem accompanying
Sydenham’s chorea in rheumatic fever
– Immune response to Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococci
with cross reactivity to basal ganglia antigen.
– No clear immune markers have been found differentiating
pts. with PANDAS and those with no PANDAS but OCD.
– Intravenous immunoglobulin and penicillin prophylaxis
have been tried for children satisfying the PANDAS criteria.
Swedo SE et al. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:264–271.3.
35. OCD Experiences
OCD Not OCD
A man who washes his hands 100
times a day until they are red and
raw
A woman who unfailingly
washer her hands before every
meal
A women who locks and relocks her
door before going to work every day
– for half an hour
A woman who double-checks
that her apartment door and
windows are locked each night
before she goes to bed.
A college student who must tap on
the door frame of every classroom 14
times before entering
A musician who practices a
difficult passage over and over
again until its perfect
A man who stores 19 years of
newspapers “just in case” – with no
system for filling or retrieving
A woman who dedicates all her
spare time and money to
building her record collection
36. OCPD
• Pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness,
perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the
expense of flexibility, openness and efficiency.
• Preoccupation with details, rules and lists, so that the point of
the activity is lost
• Perfectionism that interferes with task completion
• Excessively devoted to work so that leisure activities and
friendships suffer
37. OCD vs. OCPD
• OCD is ego dystonic, personality disorders are ego syntonic
• OCPD lacks true obsessions or compulsions.
• OCD patients are found in clinics, people with OCPD go to
medical school.
38. Conclusion
• In conclusion, OCD is a tough disorder to live with. We all may
think that OCD can have an easy fix, and that it really isn’t that
hard to live with. But, the reality is that it is not, as it affects
almost every aspect of the persons life, whether it be
interactions with family or friends, or simple everyday tasks
that we all take for granted.