this presentation explained about the type of obseravations in primary data collection methods. it will be used for experimental, behavioural and social sciences
In this study various techniques for exploratory spatial data analysis are reviewed : spatial autocorrelation, Moran's I statistic, hot spots analysis, spatial lag and spatial error models.
auditing is an examination of accounting
records undertaken with a view to establish whether they correctly and completely reflect the transactions to which they relate.
this presentation explained about the type of obseravations in primary data collection methods. it will be used for experimental, behavioural and social sciences
In this study various techniques for exploratory spatial data analysis are reviewed : spatial autocorrelation, Moran's I statistic, hot spots analysis, spatial lag and spatial error models.
auditing is an examination of accounting
records undertaken with a view to establish whether they correctly and completely reflect the transactions to which they relate.
A network is a system of interconnected elements, such as edges (lines) and connecting junctions (points), that represent possible routes from one location to another.
Here I explained introduction to the network analysis in GIS.
Some common data collection methods include surveys, interviews, observations, focus groups, experiments, and secondary data analysis. The data collected ...
In this all about the descriptive and analytical research...you can find the definitions and explanations from this document.... I am uploading this document for the other students who face the problems to find data about th descriptive and analytical research.... i hope you can get this data of research easily...thanks
TIME SYNCHRONIZATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A SURVEYijujournal
Time synchronization is a critical piece of infrastructure for any distributed system. Wireless sensor networks have emerged as an important and promising research area in the recent years. Time synchronization is important for many sensor network applications that require very precise mapping of gathered sensor data with the time of the events, for example, in tracking and vehicular surveillance. It also plays an important role in energy conservation in MAC layer protocols. The paper studies different existing methods, protocols, significant time parameters (clock drift, clock speed, synchronization errors, and topologies) to achieve accurate synchronization in a sensor network. The studied Synchronization protocols include conventional time sync protocols (RBS, Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks -TPSN, FTSP), and other application specific
approaches such as all node-based approach, a diffusion-based method and group sync approaches aiming at providing network-wide time. The goal for writing this paper is to study most common existing time synchronization approaches and stress the need of a new class of secure-time synchronization protocol that is scalable, topology independent, fast convergent, energy efficient, less latent and less application dependent in a heterogeneous hostile environment. Our survey provides a valuable framework by which protocol designers can compare new and
existing synchronization protocols from various metric discussed in the paper. So, we are hopeful that this paper will serve a complete one-stop investigation to study the characteristics of existing time synchronization protocols and its implementation mechanism in a Sensor network environment.
Methods for analyzing and mapping temporal dataAileen Buckley
This presentation focuses on the multiple methods you can use to effectively analyze your temporal data using ArcGIS and how to communicate the temporal nature of your data through maps designed to be shared in print, on-screen, and online. A variety of examples are used to demonstrate how ArcGIS can help you to provide greater understanding of your data through appropriate statistical analyses and share that understanding with aesthetically pleasing and effectively communicative visualizations.
Data Presentation & Analysis Meaning, Stages of data analysis, Quantitative & Qualitative data analysis methods, Descriptive & inferential methods of data analysis
A network is a system of interconnected elements, such as edges (lines) and connecting junctions (points), that represent possible routes from one location to another.
Here I explained introduction to the network analysis in GIS.
Some common data collection methods include surveys, interviews, observations, focus groups, experiments, and secondary data analysis. The data collected ...
In this all about the descriptive and analytical research...you can find the definitions and explanations from this document.... I am uploading this document for the other students who face the problems to find data about th descriptive and analytical research.... i hope you can get this data of research easily...thanks
TIME SYNCHRONIZATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A SURVEYijujournal
Time synchronization is a critical piece of infrastructure for any distributed system. Wireless sensor networks have emerged as an important and promising research area in the recent years. Time synchronization is important for many sensor network applications that require very precise mapping of gathered sensor data with the time of the events, for example, in tracking and vehicular surveillance. It also plays an important role in energy conservation in MAC layer protocols. The paper studies different existing methods, protocols, significant time parameters (clock drift, clock speed, synchronization errors, and topologies) to achieve accurate synchronization in a sensor network. The studied Synchronization protocols include conventional time sync protocols (RBS, Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks -TPSN, FTSP), and other application specific
approaches such as all node-based approach, a diffusion-based method and group sync approaches aiming at providing network-wide time. The goal for writing this paper is to study most common existing time synchronization approaches and stress the need of a new class of secure-time synchronization protocol that is scalable, topology independent, fast convergent, energy efficient, less latent and less application dependent in a heterogeneous hostile environment. Our survey provides a valuable framework by which protocol designers can compare new and
existing synchronization protocols from various metric discussed in the paper. So, we are hopeful that this paper will serve a complete one-stop investigation to study the characteristics of existing time synchronization protocols and its implementation mechanism in a Sensor network environment.
Methods for analyzing and mapping temporal dataAileen Buckley
This presentation focuses on the multiple methods you can use to effectively analyze your temporal data using ArcGIS and how to communicate the temporal nature of your data through maps designed to be shared in print, on-screen, and online. A variety of examples are used to demonstrate how ArcGIS can help you to provide greater understanding of your data through appropriate statistical analyses and share that understanding with aesthetically pleasing and effectively communicative visualizations.
Data Presentation & Analysis Meaning, Stages of data analysis, Quantitative & Qualitative data analysis methods, Descriptive & inferential methods of data analysis
Why limit ourselves to traditional quantitative metrics like visitor count, page weight, conversion, and revenue when there is so much valuable qualitative data available? We can turn qualitative data into quantitative data and use the same rigorous analysis techniques to help lead us to better designs, products, services, and experiences.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
3. . . . systematic witnessing and/or
recording of behavioral patterns of
objects, people, and events without
directly communicating with them –
can collect both qualitative and
quantitative data.
There are four conditions for scientific
observation:
• Serves a formulated research
purpose
• Planned systematically
• Recorded systematically
• Subjected to checks or controls on
validity and reliability
OBSERVATIONS
5. WHAT CAN BE OBSERVED
Human behavior
or physical
action
• Shoppers movement pattern in a store
Verbal
behavior
• Statements made by airline travelers who wait in lineExpressive
behavior
• Facial expressions, tone of voice, and other form of body
language
Spatial
relations and
locations
• How close visitors at an art museum stand to paintings
Temporal
patterns
• How long fast-food customers wait for their order to be
served
Physical
objects
• What brand name items are stored in consumers‟ pantries
Verbal and
Pictorial
Records
• Bar codes on product packages
6. OBSERVATION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
Business researchers can observe people, objects, events, or other phenomena using either human
observers or machines designed for specific observation tasks
Direct observation is a
straightforward attempt to
observe and record what
naturally occurs; the
investigator does not create
artificial situation.
Contrived observation is
observation in which the
investigator creates an
artificial environment in
order to test a hypothesis.
Direct versus scientifically
contrived observation
Visible observation is
situation in which the
observer‟s presence is
known to the subject.
Hidden observation is
situation in which the
subject is unaware that
observation is taking place.
Visible versus hidden
observation
Mechanical observation is
situation in which video
cameras, traffic
counters, and other
machines help observe and
record behavior.
Human versus mechanical
observation
7. NATURE OF OBSERVATION STUDIES
• Communication with respondent is not necessary
• Data without distortions due to self-report (e.g.: without social desirability) Bias
• No need to rely on respondents memory
• Nonverbal behavior data may be obtained
• Certain data may be obtained more quickly
• Environmental conditions may be recorded
• May be combined with survey to provide supplemental evidence
9. DIRECT OBSERVATION
Straight forward attempt to observe and record what naturally
occurs
Data like age, gender, race can be easily observed
Produces detailed Records with more accurate data
Observer - Passive Role
Helps keep researchers‟ observation consistent
Response Latency - Amount of time it takes to make a choice
between two alternatives
Quick decision indicates psychological distance between
alternatives
10. ERRORS IN DIRECT OBSERVATION
Observer Bias : A distortion of measurement resulting from the cognitive behavior
To some extent Subjective in nature
Compromise on accuracy due to factors such as speed of recording details, observer‟s
memory, writing speed
Not all details recorded
Interpretation of data can be a source of error.
11. SCIENTIFICALLY CONTRIVED OBSERVATION
Create an artificial situation in order to test a hypothesis or a situation under study
Less time consuming than the observation technique.
Observer has greater control over gathering the data
Observer can Influence the subjects
12. COMBINING DIRECT OBSERVATION & INTERVIEWING
Interviews conducted after detailed direct
observation
Can better explain their actions noticed under
the observation technique
13. ETHICAL ISSUES IN OBSERVATION
Hidden Observations intrudes into the RIGHT TO
PRIVACY
More problematic in Private places than in public such
as
Trial rooms , Rest rooms, Spas etc
Observation through two way mirrors
Some people might see contrived observation as
entrapment
If no permission is
taken from the
subject:
• Intrusion into privacy
• Unethical and Illegal
behavior
If permission is taken
from the subject:
• Un natural responses
• Soul purpose of research
being negotiated
The Dilemma
14. WHEN SHOULD A RESEARCHER FEEL
COMFORTABLE ABOUT COLLECTING
OBSERVATIONS
Is the behavior being observed commonly performed in public where
it is expected to be observed by others
Is the behavior performed in a setting in which the anonymity of the
person is assured
Has the person agreed to the observations
Yes ?
Yes ?
Yes
?
15. OBSERVATION OF PHYSICAL OBJECTS
Physical trace data serves as visible record of past
events
Important information can be extracted
Response bias is avoided
More correct and accurate information as it is the direct
physical object
Examples:
More the wear and tear of books indicates more is the
usage and preference for those books.
Garbage Project
16. CONTENT ANALYSIS
Systematically analyzing the written
communication
Observing and analyzing the contents
,messages ,advertisements, newspaper article
,television programmes.
Aimed at collecting information on
characteristics of messages
Advertisement content analysis:
analyzing the usage of word ,themes and
characters
18. TRACE ANALYSIS
Researchers collect data on the basis of
physical trace and evidence of previous
activities of the users
For e.g.: Looking at product wrappers in waste
bin
Has disadvantages in terms of generalizability of
the result
FMCGs use this quite frequently to have initial
idea about the consumption behaviour of their
newly launched products
19. MECHANICAL OBSERVATION
Includes video cameras, traffic counters and machines, which helps us to observe and record
behaviour
Sometimes motion picture cameras and time lapse photography are also used
Application in real time:
Train passengers and find out their level of comfort
Traffic flows in urban square
Organization of warehouse
20. TELEVISION MONITORING
Computerized mechanical observation used to obtain
television ratings
Used consumer panel & PeopleMeter – a monitoring
device
PeopleMeter gathers data about who is watching which
program at what time
More than 5000 TV sets were fitted with this device
21. CLICK – THROUGH RATES (MONITORING WEBSITE TRAFFIC)
Percentage of people who are exposed to an
advertisement who actually click on the corresponding
hyperlink which takes them to the Company‟s website
Way of measuring the success of an online advertising
campaign for a particular website
Advertisers incur cost on each click as cost per click
Counting hits suggests the amount of interest website is
receiving but these measures are flawed
22. CTR FLAWS
Hits do not differentiate between lot of activity by a few visitors or little activity by many visitors
Cant differentiate if a user is clicking multiple times due to some useful thing or just because he is trying
unsuccessfully to find something by looking in several places.
Hits by mistake
Consumer may be unaware of what they are doing while clicking the ad, they might be looking for
something & ended up there
23. SCANNER BASED RESEARCH
What it is ??
A mechanical method of observation
Use of scanner based consumer panels instead
of consumer purchase diaries
How it is implemented ??
Each household is assigned with a bar code
card
Scanner machines record purchase information
at the billing counter
Background information collected through
surveys is also coupled with household code
number
Aggregate data is provided to industries for
analytics
24. ADVANTAGES OVER CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM
Actual purchase behavior rather than reported behavior
Improved efficiency
Unbiased data
More extensive data can be recorded
Data can be combined with other factors and be analyzed with powerful analytical software
25. MEASURING PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS
Mechanical devices have been used to record physiological reactions of consumer to
advertising, packaging or other stimuli
The two basic principals for these observations are:
Eye Movements towards stimuli which attracts more
Change in Adrenaline level when body is aroused
26. DEVICES USED
Eye-tracking monitor
Tracks eye movements with invisible infrared light beams
Infrared beam of light locks on pupil to record eye movement across stimuli
Another camera records the pages or screen being viewed
Data is analyzed in a computer to find out the subject‟s interest in an ad
Pupilometer
• Observes and records changes in the diameter of subject‟s pupils
• Brightness and distance of the stimulus from the subject „s eyes are held constant
• Assumption – Increased pupil size reflects positive attitude
27. DEVICES USED
Psychogalvanometer
• Measures galvanic skin response i.e change in electrical resistance
• Change in adrenaline level increases blood flow, perspiration and
electrical resistance of the body
• Based on assumption that physiological changes accompany emotional
reaction to stimuli
Voice-pitch analysis
• Gauges emotional reactions as reflected by frequency of person‟s voice
• Abnormal frequencies in the voice are recorded that are supposed to
reflect emotional reaction towards stimuli
28. LIMITATIONS
No strong evidence supports the argument that physiological change is a valid measure of future
sales, change of attitude etc
Calibration of measuring devices
Expensive
Participants know that they are being observed