The document summarizes key concepts in machine learning including concept learning as search, general-to-specific learning, version spaces, candidate elimination algorithm, and decision trees. It discusses how concept learning can be viewed as searching a hypothesis space to find the hypothesis that best fits the training examples. The candidate elimination algorithm represents the version space using the most general and specific hypotheses to efficiently learn from examples.
Unit 2,3,4 _ Internet of Things A Hands-On Approach (Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Ma...Selvaraj Seerangan
ย
This document discusses the development of a new type of battery that could revolutionize energy storage. It describes how the battery uses a solid electrolyte material that conducts ions quickly and prevents short circuits. This new battery design could lead to batteries that charge faster, last longer, and are less flammable than current lithium-ion batteries. The document concludes by stating that further research is still needed but that this new battery technology shows significant potential.
The purpose of types:
To define what the program should do.
e.g. read an array of integers and return a double
To guarantee that the program is meaningful.
that it does not add a string to an integer
that variables are declared before they are used
To document the programmer's intentions.
better than comments, which are not checked by the compiler
To optimize the use of hardware.
reserve the minimal amount of memory, but not more
use the most appropriate machine instructions.
This document discusses various strategies for register allocation and assignment in compiler design. It notes that assigning values to specific registers simplifies compiler design but can result in inefficient register usage. Global register allocation aims to assign frequently used values to registers for the duration of a single block. Usage counts provide an estimate of how many loads/stores could be saved by assigning a value to a register. Graph coloring is presented as a technique where an interference graph is constructed and coloring aims to assign registers efficiently despite interference between values.
The document discusses run-time environments in compiler design. It provides details about storage organization and allocation strategies at run-time. Storage is allocated either statically at compile-time, dynamically from the heap, or from the stack. The stack is used to store procedure activations by pushing activation records when procedures are called and popping them on return. Activation records contain information for each procedure call like local variables, parameters, and return values.
The document summarizes key concepts in machine learning including concept learning as search, general-to-specific learning, version spaces, candidate elimination algorithm, and decision trees. It discusses how concept learning can be viewed as searching a hypothesis space to find the hypothesis that best fits the training examples. The candidate elimination algorithm represents the version space using the most general and specific hypotheses to efficiently learn from examples.
Unit 2,3,4 _ Internet of Things A Hands-On Approach (Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Ma...Selvaraj Seerangan
ย
This document discusses the development of a new type of battery that could revolutionize energy storage. It describes how the battery uses a solid electrolyte material that conducts ions quickly and prevents short circuits. This new battery design could lead to batteries that charge faster, last longer, and are less flammable than current lithium-ion batteries. The document concludes by stating that further research is still needed but that this new battery technology shows significant potential.
The purpose of types:
To define what the program should do.
e.g. read an array of integers and return a double
To guarantee that the program is meaningful.
that it does not add a string to an integer
that variables are declared before they are used
To document the programmer's intentions.
better than comments, which are not checked by the compiler
To optimize the use of hardware.
reserve the minimal amount of memory, but not more
use the most appropriate machine instructions.
This document discusses various strategies for register allocation and assignment in compiler design. It notes that assigning values to specific registers simplifies compiler design but can result in inefficient register usage. Global register allocation aims to assign frequently used values to registers for the duration of a single block. Usage counts provide an estimate of how many loads/stores could be saved by assigning a value to a register. Graph coloring is presented as a technique where an interference graph is constructed and coloring aims to assign registers efficiently despite interference between values.
The document discusses run-time environments in compiler design. It provides details about storage organization and allocation strategies at run-time. Storage is allocated either statically at compile-time, dynamically from the heap, or from the stack. The stack is used to store procedure activations by pushing activation records when procedures are called and popping them on return. Activation records contain information for each procedure call like local variables, parameters, and return values.
Computer Network notes (handwritten) UNIT 1NANDINI SHARMA
ย
Introduction of computer network, layered architecture, topology, guided and unguided media, signals, multiplexing, OSI vs TCP/IP , IP address, TCP , UDP, DHCP, DNS, HTTP, etc.
This document discusses loops in flow graphs. It defines dominators and uses them to define natural loops and inner loops. It explains how to build a dominator tree and find natural loops given a back edge. Reducible flow graphs are introduced as graphs that can be partitioned into forward and back edges such that the forward edges form an acyclic subgraph, allowing certain loop transformations. Examples of natural inner and outer loops are provided. Pre-headers, which are added to loops to facilitate transformations, are also discussed.
This presentation discusses peephole optimization. Peephole optimization is performed on small segments of generated code to replace sets of instructions with shorter or faster equivalents. It aims to improve performance, reduce code size, and reduce memory footprint. The working flow of peephole optimization involves scanning code for patterns that match predefined replacement rules. These rules include constant folding, strength reduction, removing null sequences, and combining operations. Peephole optimization functions by replacing slow instructions with faster ones, removing redundant code and stack instructions, and optimizing jumps.
Token, Pattern and Lexeme defines some key concepts in lexical analysis:
Tokens are valid sequences of characters that can be identified as keywords, constants, identifiers, numbers, operators or punctuation. A lexeme is the sequence of characters that matches a token pattern. Patterns are defined by regular expressions or grammar rules to identify lexemes as specific tokens. The lexical analyzer collects attributes like values for number tokens and symbol table entries for identifiers and passes the tokens and attributes to the parser. Lexical errors occur if a character sequence cannot be scanned as a valid token. Error recovery strategies include deleting or inserting characters to allow tokenization to continue.
The document discusses common standards in cloud computing. It describes organizations like the Open Cloud Consortium and Distributed Management Task Force that develop standards. It then summarizes standards for application developers, messaging, and security including XML, JSON, LAMP, SMTP, OAuth, and SSL/TLS.
Problem reduction AND OR GRAPH & AO* algorithm.pptarunsingh660
ย
This document summarizes AND-OR graphs and the AO* algorithm. It defines AND-OR graphs as being useful for representing problems that can be solved by decomposing them into smaller subproblems. It then outlines the basic AND-OR graph algorithm involving initializing a graph, expanding nodes, and computing f' values for successor nodes. Finally, it describes the key aspects of the AO* algorithm, which uses AND-OR graphs to represent problems that can be divided into parts that can be combined. The AO* algorithm involves initializing a graph with the initial node, expanding nodes, generating successors, computing h' values, and propagating decision information back through the graph.
Analogical reasoning is a powerful learning tool that involves abstracting structural similarities between problems to apply solutions from known problems to new ones. The process involves developing mappings between instances and retrieving, reusing, revising, and retaining experiences. Transformational analogy transforms a previous solution by making substitutions for the new problem, while derivational analogy considers the detailed problem-solving histories to apply analogies.
This produced by straight forward compiling algorithms made to run faster or less space or both. This improvement is achieved by program transformations that are traditionally called optimizations.compiler that apply-code improving transformation are called optimizing compilers.
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
This document discusses key management for IPsec. It describes that IPsec uses two protocols: Oakley key determination protocol and Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP). Oakley uses Diffie-Hellman key exchange with cookies and nonces to establish secret keys securely. ISAKMP defines payloads for negotiating security attributes like encryption algorithms and authentication mechanisms. It also describes the ISAKMP header format which includes fields like initiator/responder cookies, next payload, version numbers, exchange type, flags, message ID and length.
I. Hill climbing algorithm II. Steepest hill climbing algorithmvikas dhakane
ย
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
The document discusses sequential covering algorithms for learning rule sets from data. It describes how sequential covering algorithms work by iteratively learning one rule at a time to cover examples, removing covered examples, and repeating until all examples are covered. It also discusses variations of this approach, including using a general-to-specific beam search to learn each rule and alternatives like the AQ algorithm that learn rules to cover specific target values. Finally, it describes how first-order logic can be used to learn more general rules than propositional logic by representing relationships between attributes.
The document describes a three-tier architecture for mobile computing. It consists of a presentation tier, application tier, and data tier. The presentation tier handles the user interface and rendering. The application tier controls transaction processing and accommodates many users. The data tier manages database access and storage. Middleware sits between operating systems and user applications to handle functions like network management and security across tiers. This three-tier architecture provides benefits like improved performance, flexibility, maintainability and scalability.
Knowledge representation techniques face several issues including representing important attributes of objects, relationships between attributes, choosing the level of detail in representations, depicting sets of multiple objects, and determining appropriate structures as needed.
Conceptual Dependency (CD) is a theory developed by Schank in the 1970s to represent the meaning of natural language sentences using conceptual primitives rather than words. CD representations are built using primitives that capture the intended meaning, are language independent, and help draw inferences. There are different primitive actions, conceptual categories, and rules to build CD representations from sentences. While CD provides a general model for knowledge representation, it can be difficult to construct original sentences from representations and represent complex actions without many primitives.
This document provides an overview of PAC (Probably Approximately Correct) learning theory. It discusses how PAC learning relates the probability of successful learning to the number of training examples, complexity of the hypothesis space, and accuracy of approximating the target function. Key concepts explained include training error vs true error, overfitting, the VC dimension as a measure of hypothesis space complexity, and how PAC learning bounds can be derived for finite and infinite hypothesis spaces based on factors like the training size and VC dimension.
Pgp-Pretty Good Privacy is the open source freely available tool to encrypt your emails then you can very securely send mails to others over internet without fear of eavesdropping by cryptanalyst.
Computer Network notes (handwritten) UNIT 1NANDINI SHARMA
ย
Introduction of computer network, layered architecture, topology, guided and unguided media, signals, multiplexing, OSI vs TCP/IP , IP address, TCP , UDP, DHCP, DNS, HTTP, etc.
This document discusses loops in flow graphs. It defines dominators and uses them to define natural loops and inner loops. It explains how to build a dominator tree and find natural loops given a back edge. Reducible flow graphs are introduced as graphs that can be partitioned into forward and back edges such that the forward edges form an acyclic subgraph, allowing certain loop transformations. Examples of natural inner and outer loops are provided. Pre-headers, which are added to loops to facilitate transformations, are also discussed.
This presentation discusses peephole optimization. Peephole optimization is performed on small segments of generated code to replace sets of instructions with shorter or faster equivalents. It aims to improve performance, reduce code size, and reduce memory footprint. The working flow of peephole optimization involves scanning code for patterns that match predefined replacement rules. These rules include constant folding, strength reduction, removing null sequences, and combining operations. Peephole optimization functions by replacing slow instructions with faster ones, removing redundant code and stack instructions, and optimizing jumps.
Token, Pattern and Lexeme defines some key concepts in lexical analysis:
Tokens are valid sequences of characters that can be identified as keywords, constants, identifiers, numbers, operators or punctuation. A lexeme is the sequence of characters that matches a token pattern. Patterns are defined by regular expressions or grammar rules to identify lexemes as specific tokens. The lexical analyzer collects attributes like values for number tokens and symbol table entries for identifiers and passes the tokens and attributes to the parser. Lexical errors occur if a character sequence cannot be scanned as a valid token. Error recovery strategies include deleting or inserting characters to allow tokenization to continue.
The document discusses common standards in cloud computing. It describes organizations like the Open Cloud Consortium and Distributed Management Task Force that develop standards. It then summarizes standards for application developers, messaging, and security including XML, JSON, LAMP, SMTP, OAuth, and SSL/TLS.
Problem reduction AND OR GRAPH & AO* algorithm.pptarunsingh660
ย
This document summarizes AND-OR graphs and the AO* algorithm. It defines AND-OR graphs as being useful for representing problems that can be solved by decomposing them into smaller subproblems. It then outlines the basic AND-OR graph algorithm involving initializing a graph, expanding nodes, and computing f' values for successor nodes. Finally, it describes the key aspects of the AO* algorithm, which uses AND-OR graphs to represent problems that can be divided into parts that can be combined. The AO* algorithm involves initializing a graph with the initial node, expanding nodes, generating successors, computing h' values, and propagating decision information back through the graph.
Analogical reasoning is a powerful learning tool that involves abstracting structural similarities between problems to apply solutions from known problems to new ones. The process involves developing mappings between instances and retrieving, reusing, revising, and retaining experiences. Transformational analogy transforms a previous solution by making substitutions for the new problem, while derivational analogy considers the detailed problem-solving histories to apply analogies.
This produced by straight forward compiling algorithms made to run faster or less space or both. This improvement is achieved by program transformations that are traditionally called optimizations.compiler that apply-code improving transformation are called optimizing compilers.
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
This document discusses key management for IPsec. It describes that IPsec uses two protocols: Oakley key determination protocol and Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP). Oakley uses Diffie-Hellman key exchange with cookies and nonces to establish secret keys securely. ISAKMP defines payloads for negotiating security attributes like encryption algorithms and authentication mechanisms. It also describes the ISAKMP header format which includes fields like initiator/responder cookies, next payload, version numbers, exchange type, flags, message ID and length.
I. Hill climbing algorithm II. Steepest hill climbing algorithmvikas dhakane
ย
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
The document discusses sequential covering algorithms for learning rule sets from data. It describes how sequential covering algorithms work by iteratively learning one rule at a time to cover examples, removing covered examples, and repeating until all examples are covered. It also discusses variations of this approach, including using a general-to-specific beam search to learn each rule and alternatives like the AQ algorithm that learn rules to cover specific target values. Finally, it describes how first-order logic can be used to learn more general rules than propositional logic by representing relationships between attributes.
The document describes a three-tier architecture for mobile computing. It consists of a presentation tier, application tier, and data tier. The presentation tier handles the user interface and rendering. The application tier controls transaction processing and accommodates many users. The data tier manages database access and storage. Middleware sits between operating systems and user applications to handle functions like network management and security across tiers. This three-tier architecture provides benefits like improved performance, flexibility, maintainability and scalability.
Knowledge representation techniques face several issues including representing important attributes of objects, relationships between attributes, choosing the level of detail in representations, depicting sets of multiple objects, and determining appropriate structures as needed.
Conceptual Dependency (CD) is a theory developed by Schank in the 1970s to represent the meaning of natural language sentences using conceptual primitives rather than words. CD representations are built using primitives that capture the intended meaning, are language independent, and help draw inferences. There are different primitive actions, conceptual categories, and rules to build CD representations from sentences. While CD provides a general model for knowledge representation, it can be difficult to construct original sentences from representations and represent complex actions without many primitives.
This document provides an overview of PAC (Probably Approximately Correct) learning theory. It discusses how PAC learning relates the probability of successful learning to the number of training examples, complexity of the hypothesis space, and accuracy of approximating the target function. Key concepts explained include training error vs true error, overfitting, the VC dimension as a measure of hypothesis space complexity, and how PAC learning bounds can be derived for finite and infinite hypothesis spaces based on factors like the training size and VC dimension.
Pgp-Pretty Good Privacy is the open source freely available tool to encrypt your emails then you can very securely send mails to others over internet without fear of eavesdropping by cryptanalyst.
The document describes parsing the string "aabb" using an LR(0) parser for a context-free grammar (CFG) with the following production rules: S โ X X, X โ a X, X โ b.
This document discusses the key components and skills for creating powerful presentations. It outlines the main steps as plan, prepare, practice, and present. When planning, presenters should consider their audience, goals, timing and location. Preparation involves structuring the presentation, developing visual aids and prompts, and considering voice, appearance and style. Presenters are advised to practice their presentation multiple times with visual aids and rehearse handling questions. The document provides tips for engaging the audience and overcoming flaws to give a successful presentation.
Terms of Reference (TOR) is a strategy-level document that defines the tasks, duties, background, objectives, planned activities, expected inputs and outputs, budget, schedules, and job descriptions required of a project contractor. The purpose of a TOR is to specify the amount and type of work to be accomplished by the project and establish the relationships between stakeholders. TORs are developed once a project has been identified, defined and planned to judge the performance of contractors and consultants.
The document discusses codes of conduct and professional practices. It defines a code of conduct as a management tool that outlines an organization's values, responsibilities, and ethical obligations to provide guidance for employees. It also discusses how codes of conduct are developed based on core values and can vary between organizations. Violations of the code can result in disciplinary action following steps of progressive discipline such as verbal warnings, written warnings, suspension, and termination. Human resources professionals are responsible for communicating the code of conduct, investigating violations, and ensuring compliance with employment law.
This document discusses various forms of computer misuse and abuse, including hacking, viruses, copyright infringement, identity theft, and cyberbullying. It provides examples of each type of misuse and outlines laws and steps that have been taken to address this issue, such as the Computer Misuse Act of 1990, the Data Protection Act, and copyright law. Enforcement has included closing abusive chat rooms, reducing email spamming, and punishing spammers with fines. Overall the document covers the definition, examples, legal aspects, and solutions regarding computer and internet misuse and abuse.
The document discusses the seven habits of highly effective people according to Stephen Covey. It covers each of the seven habits: 1) Be proactive by controlling your environment rather than reacting to things outside your control. 2) Begin with the end in mind by envisioning your goals and planning backwards. 3) Put first things first by prioritizing important tasks over urgent ones. 4) Think win-win by finding solutions where all parties benefit. 5) Seek first to understand others before being understood through empathic listening. 6) Synergize by valuing differences and building on strengths. 7) Sharpen the saw through continuous self-improvement.
Soft skills refer to personal qualities like communication skills, interpersonal skills, creativity, leadership, and personal skills that make someone compatible to work with and help them succeed in the workplace. These skills are required not just for entering the workplace but also sustaining a career as they help with decision making, relationships, communication, professional development, and making a good impression. Important soft skills include communication, interpersonal abilities, creativity, leadership, and personal qualities.
This document discusses career and career paths. It defines a career as a person's course through life, usually involving special training and considered their life's work. A career path is defined as a smaller group of jobs within a career cluster that use similar skills, with the potential for vertical or lateral movement between jobs. The document provides examples of career paths in various fields like administration, customer service, education, and engineering. It also outlines the typical career path for a software engineer and lists requirements for navigating a career path, such as continuously learning new skills, networking, flexibility, and being open to lateral career moves.
Copy rights, intellectual copy rights and patentsMuhammad Haroon
ย
Copyrights and patents provide legal protections for creative works and inventions. Copyright protects published works from unauthorized use by indicating the word "Copyright" or symbol ยฉ and applies to software to prevent copying without permission. Patents grant an exclusive right to products and processes that offer new technical solutions, allowing the inventor to exclude others from making or selling the invention for a period of time. Together, copyrights, trademarks, and patents fall under intellectual property rights which protect original creative works and innovations.
Open source software, commercial software, freeware software, shareware softw...Muhammad Haroon
ย
The document discusses different types of software including open source software, commercial software, freeware software, shareware software, and proprietary software. Open source software is available freely with publicly accessible source code. Commercial software requires payment of licensing fees and has proprietary source code. Freeware is free to use but retains copyright, while shareware is initially free but requires payment to continue use after a trial period. Proprietary software is owned and controlled by an individual or company.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
ย
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
ย
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin ๐๐ค๐ค๐ฅฐ
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
ย
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.