This document provides information on common minor ailments that may occur during pregnancy, including morning sickness, heartburn, constipation, backache, aches and pains, cramps, fainting, varicose veins, swelling, itching, stretch marks, changes in skin color, insomnia, vaginal discharge, and bleeding gums. For each ailment, the document describes causes and provides tips to help alleviate symptoms such as eating small frequent meals, staying hydrated, getting enough rest, and practicing good oral hygiene.
minor disorder in pragnancy and its managementimran123321
1) Minor disorders of pregnancy are common conditions that result from pregnancy but do not significantly interfere with daily activities or pose health risks to the mother or baby. They include nausea and vomiting, heartburn, incontinence, leg aches and cramps, piles, back pain, constipation, varicosity, swelling of the feet, pelvic joint pain, stretch marks, and vaginal discharge.
2) The document provides information on the causes and management of each minor disorder, such as eating small frequent meals for nausea, avoiding certain foods for heartburn, doing pelvic floor exercises for incontinence, massage and heat for back pain, increasing fiber and water for constipation, and elevating the feet for
This document discusses subinvolution and urinary tract infections during the postpartum period. Subinvolution occurs when the uterus takes longer than normal to return to its non-pregnant size after delivery and can be caused by factors like multiparity, infection, or cesarean section. Common urinary complications include urinary tract infection, retention of urine, incontinence, and acute kidney injury. Urinary tract infections are treated with antibiotics, fluids, and rest while retention requires catheterization. Acute kidney injury involves phases of oliguria, anuria, early and late diuresis, and recovery managed through fluid balance, nutrition, and dialysis if needed.
Various child birth practices and evidenced based practiceKavirajput1
This document discusses various childbirth practices and evidence-based practices related to labor interventions. It covers topics like water birth, natural childbirth methods, the benefits of vaginal birth, and positions for labor. It also examines the evidence on practices like augmentation of labor, routine episiotomy, active management of the third stage of labor, upright positioning for delivery, and monitoring labor with a partograph. The document concludes that traditional and natural childbirth methods can promote maternal and fetal well-being when supported by evidence, and that evidence-based guidelines should be followed for interventions like oxytocin administration and discharge timing.
Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration, nutritional deficiencies, and other complications if not properly treated. It occurs in approximately 3.5 per 1000 pregnancies. The causes are multifactorial and may include high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, genetic factors, and gastrointestinal changes during pregnancy. Treatment focuses on rehydration, managing nutritional deficiencies, and reducing nausea and vomiting through dietary changes, vitamin supplementation, anti-emetics, and hospitalization in severe cases.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to poor growth of a baby in the womb. It can be caused by poor maternal nutrition, lack of oxygen to the fetus, or other maternal/placental/fetal factors. IUGR babies are small for their gestational age and classified as symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical IUGR involves reduced cell number and affects all organs, while asymmetrical IUGR involves cellular hypertrophy and disproportionately affects the body. IUGR increases risks for the baby including hypoglycemia, respiratory issues, and long term health problems. Management depends on severity and includes improving nutrition, bed rest, and timing of delivery.
The document discusses several common minor discomforts experienced during pregnancy, including their causes and nursing interventions. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy is caused by increased hormones and usually subsides by 12 weeks. Backaches are caused by relaxed joints and muscles from hormones. Edema in the legs is due to pressure from the uterus restricting blood flow. Nursing advice includes eating small, frequent meals; staying hydrated; getting adequate rest; and wearing support stockings.
1. Breast engorgement is swelling of the breasts due to increased blood and lymph supply in preparation for lactation. It usually occurs 3-4 days after delivery and causes pain, tenderness, and difficulty breastfeeding.
2. Mastitis is an inflammation of breast tissue, usually affecting lactating women. It is caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus entering through cracks in the nipples. Symptoms include fever, breast pain and swelling.
3. To treat breast engorgement, the document recommends frequent breastfeeding or manual milk expression, applying warm or cold compresses, wearing a loose bra, and using chilled cabbage leaves on the breasts. For mastitis, antibiotics
Lochia is the postpartum bleeding and discharge from the uterus after giving birth. It typically lasts 4 to 8 weeks and comes in three phases - lochia rubra (bright red bleeding), lochia serosa (pinkish discharge), and lochia alba (yellowish discharge). The causes of lochia include open blood vessels in the uterus where the placenta detached and the contractions that help the uterus return to its normal size. Breastfeeding can help reduce lochia by stimulating uterine contractions. Women should use heavy pads and avoid tampons for at least 6 weeks, and see a doctor if bleeding increases or has a foul smell, which could indicate infection.
minor disorder in pragnancy and its managementimran123321
1) Minor disorders of pregnancy are common conditions that result from pregnancy but do not significantly interfere with daily activities or pose health risks to the mother or baby. They include nausea and vomiting, heartburn, incontinence, leg aches and cramps, piles, back pain, constipation, varicosity, swelling of the feet, pelvic joint pain, stretch marks, and vaginal discharge.
2) The document provides information on the causes and management of each minor disorder, such as eating small frequent meals for nausea, avoiding certain foods for heartburn, doing pelvic floor exercises for incontinence, massage and heat for back pain, increasing fiber and water for constipation, and elevating the feet for
This document discusses subinvolution and urinary tract infections during the postpartum period. Subinvolution occurs when the uterus takes longer than normal to return to its non-pregnant size after delivery and can be caused by factors like multiparity, infection, or cesarean section. Common urinary complications include urinary tract infection, retention of urine, incontinence, and acute kidney injury. Urinary tract infections are treated with antibiotics, fluids, and rest while retention requires catheterization. Acute kidney injury involves phases of oliguria, anuria, early and late diuresis, and recovery managed through fluid balance, nutrition, and dialysis if needed.
Various child birth practices and evidenced based practiceKavirajput1
This document discusses various childbirth practices and evidence-based practices related to labor interventions. It covers topics like water birth, natural childbirth methods, the benefits of vaginal birth, and positions for labor. It also examines the evidence on practices like augmentation of labor, routine episiotomy, active management of the third stage of labor, upright positioning for delivery, and monitoring labor with a partograph. The document concludes that traditional and natural childbirth methods can promote maternal and fetal well-being when supported by evidence, and that evidence-based guidelines should be followed for interventions like oxytocin administration and discharge timing.
Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration, nutritional deficiencies, and other complications if not properly treated. It occurs in approximately 3.5 per 1000 pregnancies. The causes are multifactorial and may include high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, genetic factors, and gastrointestinal changes during pregnancy. Treatment focuses on rehydration, managing nutritional deficiencies, and reducing nausea and vomiting through dietary changes, vitamin supplementation, anti-emetics, and hospitalization in severe cases.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to poor growth of a baby in the womb. It can be caused by poor maternal nutrition, lack of oxygen to the fetus, or other maternal/placental/fetal factors. IUGR babies are small for their gestational age and classified as symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical IUGR involves reduced cell number and affects all organs, while asymmetrical IUGR involves cellular hypertrophy and disproportionately affects the body. IUGR increases risks for the baby including hypoglycemia, respiratory issues, and long term health problems. Management depends on severity and includes improving nutrition, bed rest, and timing of delivery.
The document discusses several common minor discomforts experienced during pregnancy, including their causes and nursing interventions. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy is caused by increased hormones and usually subsides by 12 weeks. Backaches are caused by relaxed joints and muscles from hormones. Edema in the legs is due to pressure from the uterus restricting blood flow. Nursing advice includes eating small, frequent meals; staying hydrated; getting adequate rest; and wearing support stockings.
1. Breast engorgement is swelling of the breasts due to increased blood and lymph supply in preparation for lactation. It usually occurs 3-4 days after delivery and causes pain, tenderness, and difficulty breastfeeding.
2. Mastitis is an inflammation of breast tissue, usually affecting lactating women. It is caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus entering through cracks in the nipples. Symptoms include fever, breast pain and swelling.
3. To treat breast engorgement, the document recommends frequent breastfeeding or manual milk expression, applying warm or cold compresses, wearing a loose bra, and using chilled cabbage leaves on the breasts. For mastitis, antibiotics
Lochia is the postpartum bleeding and discharge from the uterus after giving birth. It typically lasts 4 to 8 weeks and comes in three phases - lochia rubra (bright red bleeding), lochia serosa (pinkish discharge), and lochia alba (yellowish discharge). The causes of lochia include open blood vessels in the uterus where the placenta detached and the contractions that help the uterus return to its normal size. Breastfeeding can help reduce lochia by stimulating uterine contractions. Women should use heavy pads and avoid tampons for at least 6 weeks, and see a doctor if bleeding increases or has a foul smell, which could indicate infection.
Water birth allows a woman to labor and give birth immersed in warm water. During the first stage of labor, a woman can enter the pool to help relax and manage pain. In the second stage, the woman pushes and gives birth fully submerged. After birth, the baby is brought to the surface while keeping the cord intact. Benefits include less need for pain medication, shorter labor, and reduced perineal trauma. Risks to the mother include infection, while risks to the baby include aspiration. Water birth is not recommended for high-risk pregnancies.
This document discusses pain management during labor and childbirth. It explains that labor pain is unique compared to other types of pain. Sources of labor pain include cervical dilation, uterine contractions, and fetal descent. Factors like preparation, culture, anxiety and fatigue can influence a woman's experience of pain. Non-pharmacological methods for managing pain include breathing, positioning, water therapy and relaxation techniques. Pharmacological options include opioids, epidural anesthesia and spinal anesthesia, each with advantages and disadvantages. Complications of regional anesthesia include hypotension and fetal distress. General anesthesia is riskier for mother and fetus due to issues like failed intubation or aspiration.
Manual removal of retained placenta is performed when the placenta fails to deliver within 30 minutes of childbirth. The procedure involves preparing equipment and medications, administering anesthesia and antibiotics, and manually inserting the hand into the uterus to detach and remove the placenta while supporting the uterine fundus. The provider must ensure the placenta is fully removed and the uterus remains contracted after delivery, and closely monitor the woman for complications.
Breastfeeding provides significant health benefits to both infants and mothers by reducing the risk of various illnesses. The document discusses the physiology of lactation, including the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in milk production and ejection. It also covers common breastfeeding problems like low milk supply, mastitis, and breast abscess, providing diagnostic criteria and treatment recommendations. Maintaining proper latching, frequent feeding to stimulate supply, and emptying the breast are emphasized as ways to support breastfeeding success and maternal recovery from issues.
This document provides information on the stages of labor and management of the first stage of labor. It discusses the normal progression through the latent, active, and transition phases of the first stage. It also covers monitoring during labor including vital signs, contractions, and fetal heart rate. Active management of labor is described which includes interventions like amniotomy and oxytocin if progress is unsatisfactory. The nurse's role in caring for the woman in the first stage is also summarized.
Non pharmacological approaches to manage labour painVanithaCh
This is Vanitha, Non- pharmacological approaches helps in managing labour pain...there are a different techniques like water birth, music, hypnosis, exercises which helpful in managing labour pain and for safe birth. It is there in the syllabus of MSc nursing and BSc nursing syllabus and it will helpful for the students to enhance their knowledge.
This document discusses early initiation of breastfeeding. It addresses topics like when breast milk production starts, nipple massage, when to start breastfeeding, how to start breastfeeding, milk letdown, and what to do if the mother does not produce enough milk initially. It also discusses the benefits of skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby immediately after birth, emotional support during labor, and avoiding unnecessary interventions like C-sections. The document provides guidance on proper breastfeeding positioning and attachment, frequent feeding to stimulate milk production, and caring for breasts. It addresses issues like reluctance to feed and provides tips to prevent and manage this.
pain management during labor & second stage of laborSahar Mohammed
This document discusses pain management during labor and the second stage of labor. It identifies the physical and emotional causes of pain during labor. It then discusses various non-pharmacological strategies to manage labor pain, including support from a doula, hydrotherapy, TENS, acupuncture, hypnosis, sterile water injections, and the use of a birth ball. It also covers emotional support techniques provided by nurses, such as presence, partner support, information and instruction, and advocacy. Finally, it discusses pharmacological pain management strategies like narcotic analgesics, various types of anesthesia like spinal and epidural, and their risks and benefits.
This document summarizes information about intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It discusses normal fetal growth occurring in three stages: hyperplasia, hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and hypertrophy. Causes of IUGR include maternal, fetal, placental, and environmental factors. Maternal causes include medical conditions, malnutrition, smoking, and infections. Fetal causes include genetic abnormalities and infections. Placental causes include improper placentation and reduced blood flow. Clinical features of IUGR infants include a large head, thin skin, and scaphoid abdomen. Risk prediction methods include ultrasound and Doppler. Problems for IUGR infants include hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and immunological and metabolic issues. Management
Breast engorgement occurs when milk production causes swelling and hardness in the breasts. It is usually caused by a delay in breastfeeding after milk comes in around 3-4 days postpartum. Symptoms include pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty latching. Treatment involves frequent breastfeeding or milk expression, applying hot or cold compresses, wearing a supportive bra, and in severe cases medications like pain relievers or drugs to reduce milk production. Preventing engorgement requires initiating breastfeeding early and frequently to empty the breasts regularly.
This document provides an overview of the effects of maternal medication on the fetus and newborn. It discusses the pharmacokinetics and physiological changes during pregnancy that impact drug therapy. It explains how drugs can cross the placenta and be excreted in breastmilk. The document outlines the FDA drug categories during pregnancy and provides examples of commonly used medications in pregnancy, their effects, and safety classifications. Key points covered include the window of susceptibility to teratogens, drug safety evaluation, and management of conditions like hypertension, diabetes, and thyroid disorders during pregnancy.
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus that sits at the top of the vagina. Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies.
Placenta praevia risk factors include a previous delivery, age older than 35 and a history of previous surgeries, such as a caesarean section (C-section) or uterine fibroid removal.
The main symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding without pain during the second-half of pregnancy. The condition can also cause severe bleeding before or during delivery.
Limited physical activity is recommended. A C-section is often required in severe cases.
This document discusses the four stages of labor: 1) dilation of the cervix, 2) baby moving through the birth canal, 3) delivery of the placenta, and 4) recovery of the mother. It focuses on the second stage where the baby moves from the uterus into the vagina and is born. Key events in this stage include uterine contractions every 2-3 minutes lasting 50-60 seconds and the baby descending through the pelvis. Nursing assessments and interventions are also outlined to monitor labor progress and support the mother through each stage.
This document summarizes postpartum hemorrhage, its risk factors, etiologies, pathophysiology, nursing interventions, and other potential postpartum complications including infection, emotional disorders, thrombophlebitis, and domestic violence. It discusses postpartum hemorrhage definitions and causes such as uterine atony, retained tissues, and genital tract trauma. It also outlines nursing assessments and treatments for various postpartum complications.
The document discusses common discomforts experienced during early and mid-late pregnancy and their causes and management. In early pregnancy, nipple soreness is caused by increased estrogen and progesterone levels and can be treated with bras with wide straps and calamine lotion. Constipation is caused by progesterone, weight of the uterus, and other dietary and lifestyle factors, and can be managed by increasing fiber intake, staying hydrated, and exercise. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy is due to high hormone levels and low blood sugar and can be treated by eating small, frequent meals and snacks and taking vitamin B6 supplements. Heartburn in pregnancy is caused by reduced gastric motility and uterine pressure and should be managed by small, frequent
This document discusses fetal distress, which is now referred to as non-reassuring fetal status. It describes the pathophysiology of fetal distress as being caused by chronic placental insufficiency and hypoxia, leading to lactic acid buildup and changes in fetal heart rate and meconium passage. It distinguishes between acute and chronic fetal distress and lists various causes. Diagnosis is made based on abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, meconium staining, low pH, and low Apgar scores. Management involves oxygen, monitoring the mother, addressing hypotension, and immediate delivery.
Gestational Diabetes Mallets that is metabolic diseases in pregnancy pptsonal patel
This document discusses metabolic diseases in pregnancy, focusing on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It defines GDM as carbohydrate intolerance that develops during pregnancy. Risk factors include family history of diabetes, being overweight, previous GDM, and age over 30. GDM is caused by insulin resistance emerging in the second trimester due to pregnancy hormones. It is screened for using an oral glucose tolerance test and managed through diet, exercise, glucose monitoring, and possibly medications like insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Both mothers and babies face risks if GDM is not well-controlled.
The document discusses several minor complaints that may occur during pregnancy, including gingivitis, ptyalism, heartburn, constipation, hemorrhoids, varicosities, dyspnea, urinary symptoms, leucorrhea, leg cramps, paraethesia, and backache. For each complaint, the causes and recommended treatments are provided.
The document discusses the minor symptoms of pregnancy, including nausea, vomiting, heartburn, constipation, bloating, headaches, palpitations, sweating, fainting, fatigue, varicose veins, dyspnea, air hunger, back pain, leg pain, pelvic pain, abdominal discomfort, breast tenderness, feeling of fullness, and chloasma. These symptoms occur due to the hormonal, anatomical, physiological and biochemical alterations of pregnancy and generally subside after delivery. While concerning, they typically do not indicate pathology as long as further examination and testing does not reveal serious illness. The minor complaints can be managed symptomatically once significant disease is ruled out.
Water birth allows a woman to labor and give birth immersed in warm water. During the first stage of labor, a woman can enter the pool to help relax and manage pain. In the second stage, the woman pushes and gives birth fully submerged. After birth, the baby is brought to the surface while keeping the cord intact. Benefits include less need for pain medication, shorter labor, and reduced perineal trauma. Risks to the mother include infection, while risks to the baby include aspiration. Water birth is not recommended for high-risk pregnancies.
This document discusses pain management during labor and childbirth. It explains that labor pain is unique compared to other types of pain. Sources of labor pain include cervical dilation, uterine contractions, and fetal descent. Factors like preparation, culture, anxiety and fatigue can influence a woman's experience of pain. Non-pharmacological methods for managing pain include breathing, positioning, water therapy and relaxation techniques. Pharmacological options include opioids, epidural anesthesia and spinal anesthesia, each with advantages and disadvantages. Complications of regional anesthesia include hypotension and fetal distress. General anesthesia is riskier for mother and fetus due to issues like failed intubation or aspiration.
Manual removal of retained placenta is performed when the placenta fails to deliver within 30 minutes of childbirth. The procedure involves preparing equipment and medications, administering anesthesia and antibiotics, and manually inserting the hand into the uterus to detach and remove the placenta while supporting the uterine fundus. The provider must ensure the placenta is fully removed and the uterus remains contracted after delivery, and closely monitor the woman for complications.
Breastfeeding provides significant health benefits to both infants and mothers by reducing the risk of various illnesses. The document discusses the physiology of lactation, including the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in milk production and ejection. It also covers common breastfeeding problems like low milk supply, mastitis, and breast abscess, providing diagnostic criteria and treatment recommendations. Maintaining proper latching, frequent feeding to stimulate supply, and emptying the breast are emphasized as ways to support breastfeeding success and maternal recovery from issues.
This document provides information on the stages of labor and management of the first stage of labor. It discusses the normal progression through the latent, active, and transition phases of the first stage. It also covers monitoring during labor including vital signs, contractions, and fetal heart rate. Active management of labor is described which includes interventions like amniotomy and oxytocin if progress is unsatisfactory. The nurse's role in caring for the woman in the first stage is also summarized.
Non pharmacological approaches to manage labour painVanithaCh
This is Vanitha, Non- pharmacological approaches helps in managing labour pain...there are a different techniques like water birth, music, hypnosis, exercises which helpful in managing labour pain and for safe birth. It is there in the syllabus of MSc nursing and BSc nursing syllabus and it will helpful for the students to enhance their knowledge.
This document discusses early initiation of breastfeeding. It addresses topics like when breast milk production starts, nipple massage, when to start breastfeeding, how to start breastfeeding, milk letdown, and what to do if the mother does not produce enough milk initially. It also discusses the benefits of skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby immediately after birth, emotional support during labor, and avoiding unnecessary interventions like C-sections. The document provides guidance on proper breastfeeding positioning and attachment, frequent feeding to stimulate milk production, and caring for breasts. It addresses issues like reluctance to feed and provides tips to prevent and manage this.
pain management during labor & second stage of laborSahar Mohammed
This document discusses pain management during labor and the second stage of labor. It identifies the physical and emotional causes of pain during labor. It then discusses various non-pharmacological strategies to manage labor pain, including support from a doula, hydrotherapy, TENS, acupuncture, hypnosis, sterile water injections, and the use of a birth ball. It also covers emotional support techniques provided by nurses, such as presence, partner support, information and instruction, and advocacy. Finally, it discusses pharmacological pain management strategies like narcotic analgesics, various types of anesthesia like spinal and epidural, and their risks and benefits.
This document summarizes information about intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It discusses normal fetal growth occurring in three stages: hyperplasia, hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and hypertrophy. Causes of IUGR include maternal, fetal, placental, and environmental factors. Maternal causes include medical conditions, malnutrition, smoking, and infections. Fetal causes include genetic abnormalities and infections. Placental causes include improper placentation and reduced blood flow. Clinical features of IUGR infants include a large head, thin skin, and scaphoid abdomen. Risk prediction methods include ultrasound and Doppler. Problems for IUGR infants include hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and immunological and metabolic issues. Management
Breast engorgement occurs when milk production causes swelling and hardness in the breasts. It is usually caused by a delay in breastfeeding after milk comes in around 3-4 days postpartum. Symptoms include pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty latching. Treatment involves frequent breastfeeding or milk expression, applying hot or cold compresses, wearing a supportive bra, and in severe cases medications like pain relievers or drugs to reduce milk production. Preventing engorgement requires initiating breastfeeding early and frequently to empty the breasts regularly.
This document provides an overview of the effects of maternal medication on the fetus and newborn. It discusses the pharmacokinetics and physiological changes during pregnancy that impact drug therapy. It explains how drugs can cross the placenta and be excreted in breastmilk. The document outlines the FDA drug categories during pregnancy and provides examples of commonly used medications in pregnancy, their effects, and safety classifications. Key points covered include the window of susceptibility to teratogens, drug safety evaluation, and management of conditions like hypertension, diabetes, and thyroid disorders during pregnancy.
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus that sits at the top of the vagina. Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies.
Placenta praevia risk factors include a previous delivery, age older than 35 and a history of previous surgeries, such as a caesarean section (C-section) or uterine fibroid removal.
The main symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding without pain during the second-half of pregnancy. The condition can also cause severe bleeding before or during delivery.
Limited physical activity is recommended. A C-section is often required in severe cases.
This document discusses the four stages of labor: 1) dilation of the cervix, 2) baby moving through the birth canal, 3) delivery of the placenta, and 4) recovery of the mother. It focuses on the second stage where the baby moves from the uterus into the vagina and is born. Key events in this stage include uterine contractions every 2-3 minutes lasting 50-60 seconds and the baby descending through the pelvis. Nursing assessments and interventions are also outlined to monitor labor progress and support the mother through each stage.
This document summarizes postpartum hemorrhage, its risk factors, etiologies, pathophysiology, nursing interventions, and other potential postpartum complications including infection, emotional disorders, thrombophlebitis, and domestic violence. It discusses postpartum hemorrhage definitions and causes such as uterine atony, retained tissues, and genital tract trauma. It also outlines nursing assessments and treatments for various postpartum complications.
The document discusses common discomforts experienced during early and mid-late pregnancy and their causes and management. In early pregnancy, nipple soreness is caused by increased estrogen and progesterone levels and can be treated with bras with wide straps and calamine lotion. Constipation is caused by progesterone, weight of the uterus, and other dietary and lifestyle factors, and can be managed by increasing fiber intake, staying hydrated, and exercise. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy is due to high hormone levels and low blood sugar and can be treated by eating small, frequent meals and snacks and taking vitamin B6 supplements. Heartburn in pregnancy is caused by reduced gastric motility and uterine pressure and should be managed by small, frequent
This document discusses fetal distress, which is now referred to as non-reassuring fetal status. It describes the pathophysiology of fetal distress as being caused by chronic placental insufficiency and hypoxia, leading to lactic acid buildup and changes in fetal heart rate and meconium passage. It distinguishes between acute and chronic fetal distress and lists various causes. Diagnosis is made based on abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, meconium staining, low pH, and low Apgar scores. Management involves oxygen, monitoring the mother, addressing hypotension, and immediate delivery.
Gestational Diabetes Mallets that is metabolic diseases in pregnancy pptsonal patel
This document discusses metabolic diseases in pregnancy, focusing on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It defines GDM as carbohydrate intolerance that develops during pregnancy. Risk factors include family history of diabetes, being overweight, previous GDM, and age over 30. GDM is caused by insulin resistance emerging in the second trimester due to pregnancy hormones. It is screened for using an oral glucose tolerance test and managed through diet, exercise, glucose monitoring, and possibly medications like insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Both mothers and babies face risks if GDM is not well-controlled.
The document discusses several minor complaints that may occur during pregnancy, including gingivitis, ptyalism, heartburn, constipation, hemorrhoids, varicosities, dyspnea, urinary symptoms, leucorrhea, leg cramps, paraethesia, and backache. For each complaint, the causes and recommended treatments are provided.
The document discusses the minor symptoms of pregnancy, including nausea, vomiting, heartburn, constipation, bloating, headaches, palpitations, sweating, fainting, fatigue, varicose veins, dyspnea, air hunger, back pain, leg pain, pelvic pain, abdominal discomfort, breast tenderness, feeling of fullness, and chloasma. These symptoms occur due to the hormonal, anatomical, physiological and biochemical alterations of pregnancy and generally subside after delivery. While concerning, they typically do not indicate pathology as long as further examination and testing does not reveal serious illness. The minor complaints can be managed symptomatically once significant disease is ruled out.
Sign and symptoms of pregnancy & Minor Ailments during pregnancyAbhilasha verma
The document summarizes the signs and symptoms of pregnancy across the three trimesters. It begins with an introduction to the objectives and definitions of pregnancy. It then discusses the duration of pregnancy and divides it into three trimesters. For each trimester, it outlines the presumptive/subjective signs and the probable/objective signs. It also discusses some minor ailments that can occur during pregnancy, such as supine hypotension syndrome and varicose veins.
This document discusses common minor disorders that can occur during pregnancy and their management. It covers disorders of the digestive system like nausea, constipation, and heartburn. Musculoskeletal issues like backache, leg cramps, and round ligament pain are also addressed. Circulatory changes such as varicose veins, hemorrhoids, and ankle edema are described. The document provides treatment recommendations for each condition and identifies disorders that require immediate medical attention, such as vaginal bleeding or reduced fetal movement.
Pregnancy is meant to be a great time for every mother...... but not every mother experiences it that way. This topic will help expectant couples know what to expect and how to handle it. Transiting from womanhood to motherhood shouldn't be so turbulent!. Enjoy it!
This document discusses minor discomforts experienced during pregnancy such as cramps. It defines cramps as involuntary muscle contractions that cause pain. Common causes include muscle fatigue, low sodium, potassium, or magnesium. Cramps occur when muscles are unable to relax properly. The document then discusses specific types of cramps experienced during pregnancy, including abdominal/stomach cramps and leg cramps. Abdominal cramps are often mild and linked to normal physical changes, while leg cramps tend to occur more frequently later in pregnancy due to pressure from the expanding uterus. Prevention tips include staying hydrated, stretching, and consuming foods with calcium, potassium, and magnesium.
The document summarizes antenatal care, which aims to achieve a healthy pregnancy and delivery. Key points include:
- Antenatal care promotes mother and baby's health, detects high-risk cases, educates on childcare and reduces mortality.
- Visits are usually monthly until 28 weeks, then two weekly until 34 weeks, and weekly after. High-risk cases have more frequent visits.
- The booking visit establishes gestational age and performs baseline tests. Routine investigations and examinations are done at each visit.
- Health education covers diet, weight gain, symptoms, warning signs, and lifestyle factors. Immunizations like tetanus toxoid are given according to schedule.
This document discusses the diagnosis of pregnancy through various signs and tests. It outlines the signs and tests used to diagnose pregnancy in each trimester. In the first trimester, common signs include missed period, morning sickness, frequent urination and breast tenderness. Tests include examining the breasts, abdomen, pelvis and cervix. Immunological urine and blood tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) produced during pregnancy. The document then discusses signs and tests in the second and third trimesters, which involve monitoring fetal growth, movement and position through physical exam, ultrasound and other tests. Differential diagnoses are also mentioned.
Early signs of pregnancy include a missed period, tender breasts, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, abdominal bloating, and an elevated basal body temperature. Additional symptoms are mood swings and stress due to rapid changes in hormone levels during the early stages of pregnancy. Understanding the signs and symptoms of pregnancy is important, as each symptom could indicate other conditions besides pregnancy.
This document discusses various physical and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy under three main headings: weight gain, cardiovascular changes, and respiratory changes. Key points include an overall weight gain of 12.5kg, a 40-45% increase in blood volume, a rise in cardiac output of 1.5L/min due to increased stroke volume and heart rate, and changes in respiratory function such as decreased lung capacity and increased oxygen consumption.
Pregnancy usually lasts about 40 weeks and is divided into three trimesters of about 3 months each. In the first trimester, the major organs form and early pregnancy symptoms like fatigue and nausea may occur. In the second trimester, the risk of miscarriage decreases and the mother can start to feel the baby move. By the third trimester, the baby is fully grown and the mother experiences physical changes like shortness of breath as the baby's size increases. A healthy pregnancy diet focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, proteins and calcium to support the growth and development of the baby.
This document provides guidance on important aspects of antenatal care. It discusses the aims of antenatal care including monitoring pregnancy progress with minimal interference, providing guidance to expectant mothers, and allowing for early detection and treatment of deviations from normal pregnancy. It outlines recommendations for initial visits, screening tests, vaccinations, and management of common symptoms during pregnancy. The guidance is based on standards from NICE and RCOG and aims to ensure healthy outcomes for both mother and baby.
Dokumen tersebut merangkum tentang antenatal care (ANC) yang meliputi definisi, tujuan, sasaran, komponen perawatan, dan terapi ANC. ANC bertujuan untuk memantau kesehatan ibu hamil dan janin, mengenali komplikasi, serta mempersiapkan persalinan yang aman.
The postpartum period lasts 6 weeks after childbirth. During this time, the body undergoes both retrogressive and progressive changes. Psychologically, most women experience the taking-in, taking-hold, and letting-go phases as they adjust to their new role as parents. Nursing care focuses on assessment and support of the physiological changes like uterine involution and lactation. Pain management, nutrition, and ensuring adequate rest are also priorities in the postpartum period.
This document provides information on postpartum care. It discusses the aims of postpartum care including supporting the mother and family, preventing and treating complications, supporting breastfeeding, educating on nutrition and contraception, and immunizing infants. It outlines the needs of women, newborns, and special groups during the postpartum period. These include information, counseling, health care, social support, and integration. The document also discusses postpartum exercises, nutrition, resuming sexual activity, contraception, coping with deaths, counseling, and formats used for investigating maternal deaths.
This document outlines antenatal care (ANC), including its objectives to reduce maternal and infant morbidity and mortality through early detection of complications, health education, and preventive interventions. It describes traditional and focused ANC models, with the focused model recommending 4 routine visits and evidence-based activities. The initial ANC visit includes a detailed history, exam, and diagnostic workup to identify risks and plan care. Subsequent visits monitor progress and new issues. Strategies to assure fetal well-being include assessing growth, movements, and tests after 28 weeks. Health interventions emphasize education, nutrition, and psychological support.
Physiological changes during pregnancy can be extensive. The uterus grows dramatically in size and the cervix softens. The breasts enlarge and darken. Throughout pregnancy, the body retains more fluid and blood volume increases. Respiration increases to support higher oxygen needs. The heart works harder pumping more blood. The kidneys and liver increase in size. Many hormonal changes prepare the body for childbirth and nurturing a baby.
This document provides clinical guidelines for routine antenatal care for healthy pregnant women from the National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. It was commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence. The guidelines cover topics such as provision of information, screening tests, management of common symptoms, clinical examinations, fetal growth monitoring, and specific clinical conditions. Recommendations are evidence-based and aimed at optimizing outcomes for both mother and baby.
Antenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the expectant mother and baby. The goals are to reduce mortality and morbidity, identify issues, and educate mothers. Checkups are usually every 4 weeks until 28 weeks, every 2 weeks until 36 weeks, and weekly until delivery. Appointments include health history, physical exam, lab tests, ultrasound, and health advice covering hygiene, nutrition, exercise, sleep, and danger signs. The overall aim is a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
This document provides information on common minor disorders that can occur during pregnancy, organized by body system. It discusses disorders such as nausea and vomiting, constipation, heartburn, excessive salivation, pica, fatigue, leg cramps, backache, varicosity, piles, ankle edema, insomnia, headache, vaginal discharge, urinary symptoms, breathlessness, and skin changes. For each disorder, it describes symptoms, causes, and management or treatment approaches. The overall aim is to educate about these common pregnancy complaints and how they can be adequately treated.
This document summarizes common minor disorders that can occur during pregnancy, organized by body system. It describes nausea and vomiting, heartburn, excessive salivation, pica, constipation, backache, cramps, ligament pain, fatigue, increased urination, leukorrhea, fainting, varicosities, skin itching, and edema. For each disorder, it explains causes and provides management recommendations such as dietary changes, exercises, positions, and when to refer to a medical practitioner. The goal is to help midwives advise women on coping strategies and recognizing signs that warrant medical attention.
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF THE PREGNENT WOMEN, MINOR DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY AND MA...TanuShekhawat6
DEFINITION
During the course of pregnancy period many changes occur in a woman's body as a result of hormonal influences and adaptation to the gestational process. Thereby, they experience a variety of physiological and psychological symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, backache giddiness, heartburn and anxiety etc. These are termed as minor ailments or discomforts of pregnancy.
MINOR DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY ACCORDING TO SYSTEMS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NAUSEA & VOMITING
It is a common disorder seen in about 50%women between 4th & 16th week of gestation.
Hormonal influences are thought to be the most likely cause. Human chorionic gonadotropin that is present in large amounts in the 1st trimester, estrogen & progesterone are all contribute to this.
The sickness is confined to “early morning” but can occur at any time in the day. The smell of certain cooking food will cause the symptom.
NURSING MEASURES
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a quite common ailment during pregnancy. Atonicity of the gut due to the effect of progesterone, diminished physical activity and pressure of the gravid uterus on the pelvic colon are the possible explanations.
Whoa!
Increase the intake of water.
Add green leafy vegetables, fruits & bran cereals to her diet.
Take a glass of warm water in the morning before tea or breakfast which would activate the gut & help regular bowel movements.
Do exercise by regular walking.
HEART BURN (PYROSIS)
It occurs because the cardiac sphincter relaxes during pregnancy due to the effect of progesterone. The condition tends to worsen as pregnancy advances because the stomach is displaced upward by the enlarging uterus.
Heartburn is most troublesome at about 30th to 40th week of gestation because at this stage the stomach is under pressure from the growing uterus.
NURSING MEASURES
Avoiding aggravating factors, e.g. citrus juice, spicy & fried food.
Drink fluid before and after meals, Use Milk
Smaller meals more often.
Propped up position after meals.
Avoid lying flat.
Wear loose clothes
Antacids (Aluminum hydroxide, Magnesium hydroxide)
EXCESSIVE SALIVATION
This occurs from 8th week of gestation and it is thought that the hormones of pregnancy are the cause for it.
Hyperactivity of the parotid gland It may accompany heartburn.
Astringent mouth washes some time helpful.
Pica
This the term used when the mother craves certain foods or unnatural substances such as coal.
The cause is unknown but hormones & changes in metabolism are thought to contribute to this.
If the substances craved are harmful to the unborn baby, the mother must be helped to seek medical advice.
MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
FATIGUE
The pregnant patient is more subjected to fatigue during the last trimester pregnancy because of altered posture & extra weight carried.
Management:
Frequent rest period should recommended.
Anemia & other systemic diseases should be ruled out.
Backache
MANAGEMENT:
Excessive weight gain should be avoided.
Rest with elevation of legs.
This document provides information on postpartum maternal nursing assessments using the BUBBLE mnemonic. It describes assessing the breasts, uterus, bladder, bowels, lochia, Homan's sign, and episiotomy/perineum. For each component, it outlines what to evaluate, normal findings, teaching points for breastfeeding and bottle feeding, and warning signs. Nursing interventions are described to promote healing and prevent complications like infection or hemorrhage.
This document provides information and exercises for pregnant women to do during their pregnancy. It recommends doing a mixture of slow and fast pelvic floor exercises daily to strengthen muscles. It also recommends deep breathing exercises and foot and ankle exercises to improve circulation. Proper posture and abdominal exercises are described to prevent back pain. Relaxation techniques are outlined to help reduce stress during pregnancy.
Breast complications during lactation can include engorgement, cracked or retracted nipples, mastitis, breast abscesses, and lactation failure. Engorgement is caused by a buildup of milk, blood and fluids in the breast tissues due to an imbalance between milk supply and infant demand. It causes swollen, painful breasts. Mastitis is an inflammation of breast tissue that can be infectious or non-infectious. Infectious mastitis requires antibiotic treatment to prevent complications like abscesses. Breast abscesses form when mastitis is left untreated and require drainage procedures. Septic pelvic vein thrombophlebitis refers to infected blood clots in the pelvic veins that can lead to abs
This document discusses various danger signs of pregnancy including vaginal bleeding, seizures, headaches, severe abdominal pain, fever, edema, and low fetal movement. It provides information on the causes, symptoms, and treatment for each of these issues. Vaginal bleeding could indicate ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, or other complications. Seizures and headaches during pregnancy can affect the fetus and require careful management. Abdominal pain may be caused by gas, ligament pain, or constipation. Fever should be treated based on its underlying cause. Edema and swelling are common but can become problematic. Low fetal movement warrants monitoring to check on the baby's wellbeing.
The document discusses various discomforts experienced during pregnancy organized by body system. Common digestive issues include nausea, heartburn, and constipation due to hormonal changes. Circulatory changes like dizziness, swelling and varicose veins are also detailed. Other symptoms covered include back pain, increased urination, itchy skin, and leg cramps. Nursing implications for relieving each discomfort are provided.
The document provides information on the BUBBLE-HE method for assessing postpartum patients. It describes each component of the acronym: Breast, Uterus, Bladder, Bowels, Lochia, Homan's sign, and Episiotomy/perineum. For each component, it outlines what to assess, normal findings, and nursing considerations. It also discusses breastfeeding and bottle feeding, including benefits and teaching points for each.
This document discusses several common postpartum issues including after pains, breast engorgement, postnatal diuresis, constipation, and lactation suppression. After pains are spasmodic pains felt in the back and lower abdomen for 2-4 days after delivery due to contractions expelling blood clots. Breast engorgement occurs around day 3 due to venous engorgement and is managed by expressing milk, applying heat/ice, and feeding regularly. Postnatal diuresis begins within 12 hours as excess fluid is lost, requiring frequent changing of clothes and sheets. Constipation is managed through diet and mild laxatives if needed. Lactation suppression involves wearing a tight bra, avoiding stimulation
DEFINITION“The minor ailments of pregnant women that occur due to physiological alterations of Harmons and other causative factors which can be managed without medical interventions” MANAGEMENT-Eat small frequent meals,
Avoid spicy and greasy foods and
Drink large amounts of liquid before bedtime.
Alcohol, coffee and chocolate may aggravate the problem. Try to sit as upright as possible and avoid lying flat after a meal FREQUENCY OF MICTURITIONThis could occur in the early months of pregnancy, when the enlarging uterus is in the pelvis, pressuring the bladder. Thereby reducing its urine containing capacity. It could also occur at the 30th week when the presenting part becomes enlarged. MANAGEMENT-There is no specific remedy for this discomfort, but mothers are encouraged to control their fluid intake when going to places where a convenience is not very accessible.
Same for nights, so as to reduce sleep interruptions. CONSTIPATION-Constipation is a quite common ailment during pregnancy . Atonicity of the gut due to the effect of progesterone MANAGEMENT-adequate amounts of fibre in your diet such as wholemeal breads, wholegrain cereals, fruit and vegetables and pulses such as beans and lentils- drink plenty of water.-Exercise regularly to keep the muscles toned- Avoid iron supplements.-BACKACHEMany pregnant women get back pain.
The weight of the baby, the uterus and the amniotic fluid, changes her posture and puts a strain on the woman’s bones and muscles.
Too much standing in one place, or leaning -MANAGEMENT-Includes education on the maintenance of a good posture, adopting appropriate positions when lifting either small children or heavy objects.
avoidance of standing for long hours, pelvic exercises.
gentle massage
taking a warm bath.LEG CRAMPSCramp which Is a sudden gripping contraction of the calf muscle, frequently occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy.
The cause is thought to be lowered serum ionized calcium level and increased level of phosphates. Amazingly it usually occurs at night.
MINOR AILMENTS
DURING-1. NAUSEA AND VOMITINGNausea and vomiting specially in the morning , are usually common in primigravida. They usually appear following the first or second missed period and subside by the end of first trimester .2. FATIGUE-In the first trimester, when it occurs, its due to hormonal changes and the organogenesis that is taking place. In the second trimester it’s usually less, but in the third, it usually related to the increase in weight , difficult mobility and increased metabolism. MANAGEMENT:Stay away from odors that upset your stomach.
Instead of eating three large meals each day, eat five to six smaller meals throughout the day. Before getting out of bed, eat a few crackers to calm your stomach. Skip foods that are greasy or high in fat. HEART BURN-This is caused by the relaxing effect of progesterone on the cardiac sphincter, causing acid stomach contents refluxing into the esophagus. LEG CRAMPS-C
Uterine prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor muscles weaken and cannot adequately support the uterus, causing it to slip down into or protrude out of the vagina. It often affects postmenopausal women with a history of vaginal childbirth. Symptoms can include a feeling of heaviness, tissue protruding from the vagina, urinary or bowel problems, and pain. Treatment options depend on severity but may include exercises, pessaries, or surgery to repair damaged tissues. Prevention focuses on pelvic floor exercises, managing constipation and weight, and avoiding heavy lifting.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on minor discomforts during pregnancy. It is divided into three sections focusing on the first, second, and third trimesters. For each trimester, the most common minor discomforts are listed along with their causes and nursing care recommendations. The objectives of the presentation are also stated. Some of the minor discomforts discussed include nausea and vomiting, urinary frequency, breast tenderness, constipation, heartburn, and shortness of breath. For each issue, specific causes related to hormonal and physical changes in pregnancy are described, as well as non-pharmacological nursing interventions.
This document provides guidance on exercises and positions for pregnant women to help care for their body during pregnancy. It recommends deep breathing, foot and ankle exercises, and pelvic floor exercises to improve circulation and strengthen muscles. Abdominal exercises are suggested to prevent back pain and overstretching. Simple tips include resting with feet elevated, avoiding long periods standing or sitting, and not lifting heavy weights. Relaxation techniques can help reduce stress and tension. Helpful positions during labor include staying upright and changing positions frequently while focusing on relaxed breathing.
This document discusses pregnancy and its management. It defines pregnancy as the period from conception to birth, describing the three trimesters. It outlines common signs and symptoms of pregnancy like amenorrhea and morning sickness. It then discusses minor disorders of pregnancy affecting various body systems like nausea/vomiting, constipation, leg cramps, and varicose veins. For each issue, it provides recommendations for management such as dietary changes, exercise, rest, and medication if needed. The document concludes with a list of disorders requiring immediate medical attention.
This document discusses pregnancy and its management. It defines pregnancy as the period from conception to birth, describing the three trimesters. It outlines common signs and symptoms of pregnancy like amenorrhea and morning sickness. It then discusses minor disorders of pregnancy affecting various body systems like nausea/vomiting, constipation, and leg cramps. For each disorder, it provides details on causes and recommended management approaches. The document concludes by listing disorders that require immediate medical action during pregnancy like vaginal bleeding or reduced fetal movement.
This document discusses different types of hernias including umbilical, inguinal, femoral, and incisional hernias. It describes the causes, symptoms, and characteristics of each type. Umbilical hernias occur through weak abdominal muscles and are common in infants. Inguinal hernias occur in the groin and can be indirect or direct. Femoral hernias occur in the upper thigh near the groin. Incisional hernias occur through weak scar tissue from a previous surgery. The document provides details on causes such as straining, lifting, or obesity and symptoms such as bulges or pain with each type of hernia.
Lactation counselling involves assessing and addressing any issues that may interfere with successful breastfeeding. Key aspects include observing the mother and baby's positioning and latch during feeding, assessing the mother's breasts for any issues like engorgement or soreness, and developing interventions like breastfeeding positions, pumping, or nipple shields to improve latching and milk removal. The goal is to maintain a productive breastfeeding relationship through interactive counselling and problem-solving.
Similar to minor ailments of pregnancy and physical examination (20)
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Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
4. PREGNANCY
Definition
The period from conception to birth. After the egg is fertilized
by a sperm and then implanted in the lining of the uterus, it
develops into the placenta and embryo, and later into a fetus.
Pregnancy usually lasts 40 weeks, beginning from the first day
of the woman's last menstrual period, and is divided into three
trimesters, each lasting three months.
Description
Pregnancy is a state in which a woman carries a fertilized egg
inside her body.
5. MINOR AILMENTS DURING PREGNANCY
There are certain minor ailments which may affect
in pregnancy – because you are pregnant! They
are not serious, but you would probably love to
know how to get rid of them!They may occur due
to hormonal,metabolic and postural
changes.Unfortunately, there are not magical cures
for many of these ailments, until pregnancy is
further advanced or over; but most of them can be
helped if we take a few simple steps.
6.
7. MORNING SICKNESS
This usually occurs during the first 12
weeks of pregnancy and can be
aggravated. Some women feel sicker
in the evenings and some do not feel
sick at all.
8. HOW TO EASE MORNING SICKNESS:
Get up slowly after having a warm drink and a dry biscuit
or a piece of toast.
Eat small meals at frequent intervals and avoid fatty, spicy
foods.
Drink plenty and don’t go hungry but take meals and fluids
slowly. Take drinks between meals rather than with food
and make sure you have enough fluid.
Avoid cooking food with strong smells.
If woman is being excessively sick or if sickness goes on after
you are 14-16 weeks pregnant, she must contact her Doctor.
9. HEARTBURN
Heartburn is a condition in which there is a “burning” sensation
and tends to occur in the second half of pregnancy. It can be felt
across the lower part of the chest, in the throat or back of the
mouth or in the stomach. This occurs because the valve at the
top of the stomach opens up slightly and acid, which the
stomach usually uses for digestion, rises into the gullet
(oesophagus) giving a burning feeling. If women are prone to
heartburn, it
will be worse after big meals, particularly if they are highly
spiced or fatty, and after bending over or when lying flat.
10. HOW TO REDUCE HEARTBURN:-
Eat small, frequent light meals.
Drink a glass of milk.
Avoid a totally empty stomach.
Avoid fatty or spicy foods.
Bend at your knees rather than at your waist to pick things up.
Use an extra pillow at night.
11. CONSTIPATION
Woman may become constipated at any
stage of pregnancy, making going to the
toilet (opening your bowels and passing
stools) more difficult and uncomfortable.
This is due to smooth muscle relaxant
effect of progesterone causing decreased
peristalsis of the gut.
12. HOW TO PREVENT CONSTIPATION:
Include plenty of fiber in diet (whole meal breads,
wholegrain cereals, fruit and vegetables, and pulses such as
beans and lentils).
Exercise regularly to keep the muscles toned.
Drink plenty of water.
Avoid iron pills if they give constipation.
13.
14. BACKACHE
The relaxed muscles, ligaments and joints in
the body may mean that the back is not
getting the support it usually gets. The
discomfort is usually felt in the lower part of
the back or between the hip bones and tends
to worsen as pregnancy progresses. If it gets
very severe and spreads down to legs or if it
starts to get “tingling”, report this to Doctor.
15. HOW TO TREAT THIS:
Stand tall, with the top of the head pushed up towards the ceiling.
Practice standing up straight, with spine as straight as possible.
Make sure that lower back is supported when sitting.
If bed is very soft or if the mattress sags, put a board under it to help keep
your back straighter.
If you are getting very tired from the aching, sit down to do some of your
household jobs or work and have some extra rest.
Attend Relaxation or Preparation for Childbirth classes where you will be
taught how to lie in such a way that the pressure of baby’s weight is off your
back.
16. ACHES & PAINS
These can be in wrists, hands, feet, legs, a
stitch in side or just a general aching all
over. These ache and pains are probably
due to the effect of the hormones which
might cause slightly extra fluid in tissues
and loosen joints. Body too does not get
its usual support, as your muscles are
more relaxed because of the hormones.
17. WHAT TO DO:-
Use any exercise that have been taught
at Relaxation classes to help with
particular aches.
Inform your Doctor as soon as possible
of severe or continuing pain.
18. CRAMPS
Cramps in the legs or feet are
not uncommon. The cause is
not known but is probably due
to chemical and hormonal
changes in the body.
19. HOW TO TREAT CRAMPS:
Make gentle leg movements in a warm
bath prior to settling for the night.
Sleep with the footend of the bed elevated
by 20-25cm.
Take vitamin b complex and calcium
supplements.
20.
21. FAINTING
Fainting is not unusual during the
early weeks of pregnancy
because the blood pressure tends
to fall at that time due to
vasodialation under the influence
of progesterone.
22. TO AVOID THIS:-
Wear cooler, loose clothes.
Don’t stand for too long.
Beware of hot, enclosed areas.
IF YOU FEEL FAINT:-
Try to find somewhere to sit down.
Loosen tight clothes.
Put your head down.
Get into fresh air as soon as possible.
23. VARICOSE VEINS
Slight varicose veins and some swelling
and aching of the legs are not
uncommon. Pregnancy affects the veins
in that the blood flow from the legs is
more sluggish than usual. Standing for
long periods or sitting with legs down or
crossed often makes the problem worse.
24. HOW TO IMPROVE THE SITUATION:-
-Avoid standing in one place for a long time.
- Always sit with your feet up. Your legs
should be well supported and slightly higher
than the seat on which you are sitting.
-Take some walking exercise.
- Use support tights. Put them on before you
get up in the morning or after sitting with your
feet higher than your hips for at least 15
minutes.
25. SWELLING (OEDEMA)
Oedema, or swelling, is a common problem which affects
the vast majority of pregnant women. Circulation is
slowed down due to the extra blood required to supply the
growing fetus (baby). Because of this the blood can pool,
causing swelling in the ankles, feet and hands. Oedema is
often worse in hot weather, or when standing for long
periods of time. The midwife will ask at your antenatal
appointments if you have oedema. Although it is normal,
along with other symptoms it can sometimes be associated
with pre-eclampsia, which needs special treatment.
26. HOW TO RESOLVE SWELLING:
• Try to keep your feet elevated. It often helps to put pillows
under your feet when you are in bed.
• Likewise, you could try putting your bed on a subtle tilt
• Gentle but firm massage up the leg can help to relieve
discomfort
• Support tights can help – and your midwife can provide these
• Drink plenty, as keeping well hydrated helps your body to
retain less water
• Take regular light exercise to help increase circulation
• Avoid high-heeled shoes
• Eat a varied diet and avoid salty foods.
27.
28. ITCHING
Mild itching is common in pregnancy because of the
increased blood supply to the skin. In late pregnancy the
skin of the abdomen is stretched and this may also cause
itchiness. Wearing loose clothing may help. Itching can,
however, be a sign of a more serious problem called
obstetric cholestasis.
If itching becomes severe, or you develop jaundice
(yellowing of the whites of the eyes and skin), see your
doctor. Itching that’s associated with a rash may also
need treatment if it is severe.
29. STRETCH MARKS
During pregnancy your skin stretches as your baby
grows and for most women this causes stretch marks.
To start with, they appear as red lines, usually on
your tummy, hips and thighs. After your baby is born
they will tend to fade and become silvery in colour.
There are many creams and lotions available that
claim to prevent and reduce the appearance of stretch
marks, but it’s not known whether any particular
ingredients bring special benefits.
30. CHANGES IN SKIN COLOUR
Often there is alteration in the colour of skin, with
patches which become darker than usual. When
this affects the face it is called the “mask of
pregnancy” or “chloasma” because the marking
almost looks like a theatrical face mask. It is due to
the hormones and gradually disappears after the
baby is born. Nipples too become darker, and there
is a brown vertical line on the abdomen.
31.
32. INSOMNIA
Insomnia is difficulty in sleeping and
can be caused by several things:-
- Size and shape, especially towards
the end of pregnancy.
- Backache
- Worry
33. TO BE MORE COMFORTABLE:-
- Change your position – another pillow
under your head and shoulders or lie on
your side.
- Read/relax and have a warm drink.
- Talk to Doctor.
- Never take sleeping pills without
consulting the Doctor.
34.
35. VAGINAL DISCHARGE
The usual white, slightly thickened fluid discharge
from the vagina is nearly always increased in
pregnancy because the glands in the neck of the
womb (cervix) are more active than usual and
produce extra mucus. A change in colour or an
unpleasant smell with accompanying itchiness or
irritation is almost certain due to vaginal infection
and your Doctor should be consulted.
36. IT CAN BE TREATED BY:-
- Washing between your legs at least twice a day with
plenty of clean water and a little mild soap or none at all
(If using flannels, keep them very clean.)
- Not douching inside the vagina.
- Drying yourself well.
- Wearing clean, cotton pants every day.
- Not using talc or feminine applications.
- Informing your Doctor if you develop any itchiness,
irritation or soreness or if you notice thick, yellow
unpleasant smelling discharge.
37. . BLEEDING GUMS
Pregnancy hormones make your gums much
more likely to bleed. It’s important that you
keep your teeth and gums healthy – make sure
you clean your teeth twice a day and use
dental floss and mouthwash if you need to.
NHS dental care is free during pregnancy and
for one year after, so you should make an
appointment to see your dentist.
38. ANTENATAL CARE
Antenatal care refers to care
given to an expectant
mother from the time of
conception until the
beginning of labour.
39. ANTENATAL VISITS
Antenatal mother should visit the antenatal
clinic once a month in the first seven
months,twice a month during eighth
month,and there after once a week if every
thing is normal.
First visit at 20 weeks or as soon as the
pregnancy is known.second visit at 32nd week
and third visit at 36th week.
40. THE INITIAL EXAMINATION
The first visit irrespective of
when it occurs,should include
client’s health history,obstetric
history,physical
examination,pelvic examination
and investigations.
42. Identifying information
Chief complaints in her own words.medical conditions that
affect the pregnancy may vary from common UTI’s to severe
cardiac conditions.some of the medical conditions that require
special attention are:
1.Urinary tract infections
2.Essential hypertension that may lead to pregnancy induced
hypertension
3.Asthma,epilepsy,psychiatric disorders.
4.Medical conditions such as diabetes and cardiac conditions
43. (a) Family history
1.History of conditions that are genetic in
origin,familial or have racial chracterstics
such as:
2.Diabetes
3.Hypertension
4.Multiple pregnanacies
5.Spina bifida,sickle cell anemia,thalassemia
47. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
The physical examination is performed for all women
during the pre-conceptional visit or the first pregnancy
visit. The elements of the physical examination include:
general appearance and nutrition; blood pressure, pulse,
height to weight profile, present weight; head and neck,
heart and lungs, breasts, abdomen, pelvic area
tenderness, extremities and back, neuromuscular; and
pelvic evaluation - speculum and bimanual examination,
clinic pelvimetry.
48. The physical examination must be carried out
in an organized manner.
THE COMPONENTS ARE
Physical measurements:
1.Temperature
2.Pulse
3.Respiration
4.Blood pressure
49. General observation
1.Appropriateness of appearance
2.State of health
3.Mental and emotional state
4.Posture ,gait ,and body movements
5.Findings such as fainting,cyanosis,respiratory
distress.
6.Evaluation of health ,dietary pattern,and ability
to carry daily activities.
50. GENERAL PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION (HEAD TO TOE)
1.HAIR AND SCALP:
Evaluate for general character,scalp
infections,lice,dandruff,alopecia and lumps.
2.HEAD:
Headache,dizziness,fainting,sinusitis,involuntary
movements.
51. 3.EYES:
Assess for burring of vision,blind spots of
the vision,diplopia,photophobia,
Lacrimation
discharge,redness,burning,glasses and
contact lenses,injuries,infection
Colour of conjunctiva,pupillary size and
reaction to light. `
56. 9.ABDOMEN:
1.Size of uterus,contour of abdominal
wall,any scar or injury marks,linea nigra and
striae gravidarum.
2.Determination of
lie,presentation,position,variety of fetus.
3.Measurement of fundal height,abdominal
girth,palpation of fetal position and
auscultation of fetal heart tones.
57. LOCATION OF FUNDAL HEIGHT AT VARIOUS WEEKS OF GESTATION
WEEKS OF GESTATION
EXPECTED LOCATION OF FUNDAL HEIGHT
12 WEEKS At level of symphysis pubis
16 WEEKS Half way between symphysis pubis and umblicus
20 WEEKS 1-2 Fingerbreadths beow the umblicus
22-24 WEEKS Level of umblicus
28-30 WEEKS 1/3rd of the way between umbilicus and xiphoid process(3 fingerbreadth above
umbilicus)
32 WEEKS 2/3rd of the way between umbilicus and xiphoid process(3-4 fingerbreadth below
xiphoid process)
36 WEEKS Level of xiphoid process
40 WEEKS 2-3 fingerbreadth below xiphoid process if lightening occurs
58.
59. ABDOMINAL PALPATION
The term palpation is used to mean doing Leopold’s manoeuvers for
determining ftal lie,presentation,position and engagement.
The following information is obtained from abdominal palpation:
1.Evaluation of uterine irritability,tone,tenderness,consistency and the
contractility present.
2.Evaluation of uterine muscle tone.
3.Detection of fundal movement.estimation of fetal weight.
4.Determination of fetal lie,presentation,position and variety.
5.Determination of whether the head is engaged or not.
60. In obstetrics, Leopold's Maneuvers
are a common and systematic way to
determine the position of a fetus
inside the woman's uterus; they are
named after the gynecologist
Christian Gerhard Leopold. They are
also used to estimate term fetal
weight.
61. Performing the maneuvers
Leopold's Maneuvers are difficult to perform on obese women
and women who have polyhydramnios. The palpation can
sometimes be uncomfortable for the woman if care is not taken
to ensure she is relaxed and adequately positioned. To aid in
this, the health care provider should first ensure that the woman
has recently emptied her bladder. If she has not, she may need
to have a straight urinary catheter inserted to empty it if she is
unable to micturate herself. The woman should lie on her back
with her shoulders raised slightly on a pillow and her knees
drawn up a little. Her abdomen should be uncovered, and most
women appreciate it if the individual performing the maneuver
warms their hands prior to palpation.
62. First maneuver: Fundal Grip
While facing the woman, palpate the woman's
upper abdomen with both hands. A professional
can often determine the size, consistency, shape,
and mobility of the form that is felt. The fetal head
is hard, firm, round, and moves independently of
the trunk while the buttocks feel softer, are
symmetric, and the shoulders and limbs have small
bony processes; unlike the head, they move with
the trunk.
63. Second maneuver: Umbilical Grip
After the upper abdomen has been palpated and the form that is found is
identified, the individual performing the maneuver attempts to determine
the location of the fetal back. Still facing the woman, the health care
provider palpates the abdomen with gentle but also deep pressure using
the palm of the hands. First the right hand remains steady on one side of
the abdomen while the left hand explores the right side of the woman's
uterus. This is then repeated using the opposite side and hands. The fetal
back will feel firm and smooth while fetal extremities (arms, legs, etc.)
should feel like small irregularities and protrusions. The fetal back, once
determined, should connect with the form found in the upper abdomen
and also a mass in the maternal inlet, lower abdomen.
64. Third maneuver: Pawlick's Grip
In the third maneuver the health care provider attempts to determine what
fetal part is lying above the inlet, or lower abdomen. The individual
performing the maneuver first grasps the lower portion of the abdomen
just above the pubic symphysis with the thumb and fingers of the right
hand. This maneuver should yield the opposite information and validate
the findings of the first maneuver. If the woman enters labor, this is the
part which will most likely come first in a vaginal birth. If it is the head
and is not actively engaged in the birthing process, it may be gently
pushed back and forth. The Pawlick's Grip, although still used by some
obstetricians, is not recommended as it is more uncomfortable for the
woman. Instead, a two-handed approach is favored by placing the fingers
of both hands laterally on either side of the presenting part.
65. Fourth maneuver: Pelvic Grip
The last maneuver requires that the health care provider
face the woman's feet, as he or she will attempt to locate
the fetus' brow. The fingers of both hands are moved
gently down the sides of the uterus toward the pubis.
The side where there is resistance to the descent of the
fingers toward the pubis is greatest is where the brow is
located. If the head of the fetus is well-flexed, it should
be on the opposite side from the fetal back. If the fetal
head is extended though, the occiput is instead felt and
is located on the same side as the back.
66.
67. OTHER FINDINGS:
LIE: It is relationship of long axis of fetus to long axis of
the uterus.there are 3 possible
lies;longitudinal,transeverse,oblique.
PRESENTATION: It refers to the part of fetus which lies
at the pelvic brim or in the lower pole of uterus.there are
three possible positions;cephalic,breech,shoulder.
ATTITUDE: It is the relationship of the fetal head and
limbs to its trunk.
68. DENOMINATOR: It is the name of the part
of the presentation that is used when referring
to fetal position.each presentation has
different denominator which are as follows:
1.Occiput in vertex presentation.
2.Sacrum in breech presentation
3.Mentum in face presentation
4.Acromian process in shoulder presentation
69. POSITION: It is the relationship between
denominator and six points on pelvic brim.
ENGAGEMENT: When the widest presenting
transverse diameter of fetal part has passed
through the brim of pelvis.
10. LEGS:Status of joints,muscles,leg
varicosities,appearance of nails and fingers.
11.FEET:Skin colour,odema,appearance of nails
and toes.
70. INVESTIGATIONS:
HEIGHT: Height over 160 cm is indication of normal pelvis.
WEIGHT: Weight is checked on every visit and the rate of
gain to be assessed.There is about 12-14 kg weight gain
throughout the pregnancy.
BLOOD PRESSURE: It is checked to provide a baseline
reading for comparasion throughout pregnancy.An adequate
blood pressure is required to maintain placental perfusion.a
blood pressure of 140/90mmHg at the first visit is indicative of
hypertension.
72. BLOOD TESTS:
1.ABO Blood group and Rh factor
2.Hemoglobin and hematocrit.
3.Veneral disease research laboratory test(VDRL)
4.Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)
5.Rubella immune status
6.Hb estimation:normal value should be 12-
14gm/dl