Definition-
The destructive operations are designed to diminish the bulk of the fetus so as to facilitate easy delivery through the birth canal
types
Craniotomy
Eviceration
Decapitation
Cleidotomy
CRANIOTOMY
Definition
It is an operation to make a perforation on the fetal head to evacuate the contents followed by extraction of the fetus
DECAPITATION
Definition
It is a destructive operation whereby the fetal head is severed from the trunk and the delivery is completed with the extraction of the trunk and that of the decapitated head per vaginam
CLEIDOTOMY
Definition
The operation consist of reduction in the bulk of the shoulder girdle by division of one or both the clavicles
Indications
Dead fetus with shoulder dystocia
Procedure
The clavicles are divided by the embryotomy scissors or long straight scissors introduced under the guidance of left two fingers placed inside the vagina
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
Definition-
The destructive operations are designed to diminish the bulk of the fetus so as to facilitate easy delivery through the birth canal
types
Craniotomy
Eviceration
Decapitation
Cleidotomy
CRANIOTOMY
Definition
It is an operation to make a perforation on the fetal head to evacuate the contents followed by extraction of the fetus
DECAPITATION
Definition
It is a destructive operation whereby the fetal head is severed from the trunk and the delivery is completed with the extraction of the trunk and that of the decapitated head per vaginam
CLEIDOTOMY
Definition
The operation consist of reduction in the bulk of the shoulder girdle by division of one or both the clavicles
Indications
Dead fetus with shoulder dystocia
Procedure
The clavicles are divided by the embryotomy scissors or long straight scissors introduced under the guidance of left two fingers placed inside the vagina
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
oration given by us.....................
the video files could not be uploaded ..will try on you tube and link it later sometime
enjoy viewing feel free to download and use with acknowledgements
Low birth weight is one of the major problems for the new born baby throughout its life. It is the single most important factor determining the survival chances of the child. Many of them die during their first year. The weight of the baby is the best indicator to evaluate the newborn as well as the maternal health and the nutritional status of the mother. Most of the extreme low birth weight baby dies in the early months or year. And those who survive will have various health problem in their future life like muscle weakness, low IQ, heart problem, diabetes etc. Low birth weight can be prevented by providing proper nutrition and avoiding various unwanted things like smoking, alcohol consumption, medication without prescription & over exertion of the body which will lead to tiredness & weakness. Various research studies were also done to find the causes, prevention & treatment of Low birth weight.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
4. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
refers to poor growth of a baby while in the
mother's womb during pregnancy.
The causes can be many, but most often
involve poor maternal nutrition or lack of
adequate oxygen supply to the fetus
5. At least 60% of the 4 million neonatal deaths
that occur worldwide every year are
associated with low birth weight (LBW),
caused by:
intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
preterm delivery
Genetic/chromosomal abnormalities,
demonstrating that under-nutrition is already
a leading health problem at birth.
6. Intra Uterine Growth Restriction is said to be
present in those babies whose birth weight is
below the tenth percentile of the average for
the gestational age.
Growth Restriction can occur in preterm,
term or post-term babies.
7. Fetuses those are small and healthy. The
birth weight is less than 10th percentile for
their gestational age. They have normal
ponderal index, normal subcutaneous fat
and usually have uneventful neonatal course.
Fetuses where growth is restricted by
pathological (true IUGR). Depending upon
the relative size of their head, abdomen and
femur, the fetuses are subdivided into:
Symmetrical or Type I
Asymmetrical or Type II
8. Symmetrical IUGR (20 per cent)
In this state there is noxious effect on the
fetus, which in turn leads to cellular
hyperplasia.
The total number cells are less. This form of
growth retardation is often caused by
structural or chromosomal abnormalties or
congenital infection (TORCH).
The pathological process is intrinsic to the
fetus and involves all the organ including
the head
9. Asymmetrical IUGR (80 per cent) is most
commonly caused by extrinsic factors that
affect the fetus at later gestational ages.
It shows cellular hypertrophy. The total
number remains same but size is smaller
than normal.
These diseases alter the fetal size by
reducing uteroplacental blood flow or by
restricting the oxygen and nutrient transfer
or by reducing the placental size.
10. Maternal
pre-pregnancy weight and nutritional status
poor weight gain during pregnancy
poor nutrition
anemia
alcohol and/or drug use
Maternal smoking
recent pregnancy
Pre-gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes
pulmonary disease
cardiovascular disease
renal disease
Hypertension
13. If the cause of IUGR is extrinsic to the fetus
(maternal or uteroplacental), transfer
of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus is
decreased. This causes a reduction in the fetus’
stores of glycogen and lipids. This often leads
to hypoglycemia at birth.
Polycythemia can occur secondary to
increased erythropoietin production caused by
the chronic hypoxemia.
Hypothermia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia,
hypocalcaemia and pulmonary hemorrhage are
often results of IUGR.
If the cause of IUGR is intrinsic to the fetus,
growth is restricted due to genetic factors or as
a sequela of infection.
14. Doctors have many ways to estimate the size
of babies during pregnancy. One of the
simplest and most common is measuring the
distance from the mother's fundus (the top of
the uterus) to the pubic bone. After the 20th
week of pregnancy, the measure in
centimeters usually corresponds with the
number of weeks of pregnancy. A lower than
expected measurement may indicate the
baby is not growing as it should.
16. Weight deficit at birth is about 600g below the minimum in
percentile standard.
Every hospital should have their own birth weight-
gestational age chart.
Length is unaffected.
Head Circumference is relatively larger than the body in
asymmetric variety.
Physical features shows dry and wrinkled skin because of less
subcutaneous fat, scaphoid abdomen, thin meconium stained
vernix caseosa and thin umbilical cord.
All these gives the baby an ‘’old man look’’.
Pinna of ear is cartilaginous ridges. Plantar creases are
well defined.
The baby is alert, active and having normal cry. Eyes are open.
Reflexes are normal including Moro-reflex.
18. Immediate:
Asphyxia, Broncho-pulmonary dysplasia and RDS.
Hypoglycemia due to shortage of glycogen reserve in liver.
Meconium aspiration syndrome.
Microcoagulation leading to DIC.
Hypothermia.
Pulmonary Hemorrhage.
Polycythemia, Anemia, Thrmobocytopneia.
Hyperviscocity – thrombosis.
Necrotising enterocolitis due to reduced intestinal blood flow.
Intraventricular Hemorrhage.
Electrolyte abnormalties, Hyper phosphatemia, Hypokalemia due
to impaired renal function.
Multi organ failure.
Increased Perinatal morbidity and mortality.
19. Retarded neurological and intellectual
development in infancy.
(Cong.infection, abnormalities & defects)
Increased risk of metabolic syndrome in adult
life: obesity, HTN, DM & CHD.
LBW infants- increased appetite bt low
satiety.
Reduced Nephrons – causes renal vascular
hypertension.
20. No harm to mother.
But underlying disease such as pre-
eclampsia,heart disease & malnutrition may
be life threatening.
Risk of having another child retarded too.
21. The best way to manage IUGR depends on
the severity of growth restriction and how
early the problem began in the pregnancy.
Improving nutrition.
Bed Rest.
Delivery.
23. Impaired Gas Exchange.
Ineffective Breathing Pattern.
Ineffective Thermoregulation.
Risk for deficient fluid volume.
Risk for imbalanced nutrition less than body
requirement.
Risk for Infection.
Risk for Constipation/Diarrhea.
24. Although IUGR can occur even when a
mother is perfectly healthy, there are things
mothers can do to reduce the risk of IUGR
and increase the odds of a healthy pregnancy
and baby.
Keep all of your prenatal appointments.
Detecting potential problems early allows
you treat them early.
Be aware of your baby's movements. A baby
who doesn't move often or who stops moving
may have a problem. If you notice changes in
your baby's movement, call your doctor.
25. Check your medications. Sometimes a
medication a mother is taking for another health
problem can lead to problems with her unborn
baby.
Eat healthfully. Healthy foods and ample
calories help keep your baby well nourished.
Get plenty of rest. Rest will help you feel better
and it may even help your baby grow. Try to get
eight hours of sleep (or more) each night. An
hour or two of rest in the afternoon is also good
for you.
Practice healthy lifestyle habits. If you drink
alcohol, take drugs, or smoke, stop for the
health of your baby.