This document provides an outline for a presentation on minor discomforts during pregnancy. It is divided into three sections focusing on the first, second, and third trimesters. For each trimester, the most common minor discomforts are listed along with their causes and nursing care recommendations. The objectives of the presentation are also stated. Some of the minor discomforts discussed include nausea and vomiting, urinary frequency, breast tenderness, constipation, heartburn, and shortness of breath. For each issue, specific causes related to hormonal and physical changes in pregnancy are described, as well as non-pharmacological nursing interventions.
The document describes the characteristics of a healthy newborn. It defines a healthy newborn as one born at term between 38-42 weeks, with an average birth weight over 2.5 kg that cries immediately and establishes independent respiration. It outlines the physical characteristics including average weight, length, head circumference and chest circumference. It also describes the vital signs, skin, head, face features, chest, abdomen, extremities and physiological behaviors expected in a healthy newborn. Key reflexes exhibited by newborns are also outlined.
The document provides dietary guidelines for pregnant women, recommending a balanced diet that meets increased caloric and nutrient needs. It emphasizes consuming complex carbohydrates, sprouted grains, and home-cooked foods. A daily diet should include cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, milk, and moderate fats/oils. Key nutrients like folic acid, iron, iodine, vitamins, calcium are vital for fetal development and lactation. Traditional Indian concepts of Sattvic foods like vegetables are best.
This document provides instructions for breast care and cleaning to prevent breast engorgement. It involves cleaning the breasts with lukewarm water, soap, and massage in a circular motion for 5 minutes. The milk is then expressed and the process is repeated on the other breast. Cabbage leaf compresses are also described as a home remedy to relieve breast engorgement. Cabbage leaves with crushed veins are placed on the breasts for 20 minutes, 3 times per day for 3 days to help reduce swelling. Proper breast care and cleaning helps maintain hygiene and prevents infections while feeding.
This document discusses the nutritional needs and diet modifications for pregnant and lactating women. It notes that pregnancy requires increased intake of proteins, vitamins, minerals, fats and carbohydrates to support fetal growth and development as well as the mother's needs. Specific nutritional guidelines are provided for common pregnancy concerns like nausea, constipation and anemia. The diet needs of high-risk groups like adolescent mothers and those with diabetes are also outlined.
This document provides instructions for postnatal exercises authored by Mrs. Parita. It explains that postnatal exercises are performed in the six weeks following childbirth to strengthen the pelvic floor and abdominal muscles and prevent complications. The document describes various exercises including head rising, partial sit ups, arm raising, abdominal breathing, pelvic tilting, double knee rolls, Kegel exercises, bridging, cat and camel exercises, and exercises for the feet, ankles and abdominal muscles. Instructions are provided for each exercise and their importance in postnatal recovery is explained.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
A midwife must ensure the baby is adequately fed and help the mother develop breastfeeding skills. They must understand common breast conditions like inverted or flat nipples that can affect feeding, as well as complications like engorgement, cracked nipples, and mastitis that can arise after delivery. Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast that causes fever, pain, and swelling and is usually treated with antibiotics and analgesics while suspending breastfeeding on the affected breast.
This document defines and discusses abnormal fetal positions and presentations that can occur during labor, including breech, face, brow, shoulder, transverse lie, and compound presentations. It provides the definitions, incidence rates, causes, diagnostic techniques, and management approaches for each atypical presentation. Key points covered include the different types of breech, face, brow, and shoulder positions, mechanisms of labor for each, and when external cephalic version, assisted vaginal delivery, or cesarean section are recommended.
The document describes the characteristics of a healthy newborn. It defines a healthy newborn as one born at term between 38-42 weeks, with an average birth weight over 2.5 kg that cries immediately and establishes independent respiration. It outlines the physical characteristics including average weight, length, head circumference and chest circumference. It also describes the vital signs, skin, head, face features, chest, abdomen, extremities and physiological behaviors expected in a healthy newborn. Key reflexes exhibited by newborns are also outlined.
The document provides dietary guidelines for pregnant women, recommending a balanced diet that meets increased caloric and nutrient needs. It emphasizes consuming complex carbohydrates, sprouted grains, and home-cooked foods. A daily diet should include cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, milk, and moderate fats/oils. Key nutrients like folic acid, iron, iodine, vitamins, calcium are vital for fetal development and lactation. Traditional Indian concepts of Sattvic foods like vegetables are best.
This document provides instructions for breast care and cleaning to prevent breast engorgement. It involves cleaning the breasts with lukewarm water, soap, and massage in a circular motion for 5 minutes. The milk is then expressed and the process is repeated on the other breast. Cabbage leaf compresses are also described as a home remedy to relieve breast engorgement. Cabbage leaves with crushed veins are placed on the breasts for 20 minutes, 3 times per day for 3 days to help reduce swelling. Proper breast care and cleaning helps maintain hygiene and prevents infections while feeding.
This document discusses the nutritional needs and diet modifications for pregnant and lactating women. It notes that pregnancy requires increased intake of proteins, vitamins, minerals, fats and carbohydrates to support fetal growth and development as well as the mother's needs. Specific nutritional guidelines are provided for common pregnancy concerns like nausea, constipation and anemia. The diet needs of high-risk groups like adolescent mothers and those with diabetes are also outlined.
This document provides instructions for postnatal exercises authored by Mrs. Parita. It explains that postnatal exercises are performed in the six weeks following childbirth to strengthen the pelvic floor and abdominal muscles and prevent complications. The document describes various exercises including head rising, partial sit ups, arm raising, abdominal breathing, pelvic tilting, double knee rolls, Kegel exercises, bridging, cat and camel exercises, and exercises for the feet, ankles and abdominal muscles. Instructions are provided for each exercise and their importance in postnatal recovery is explained.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
A midwife must ensure the baby is adequately fed and help the mother develop breastfeeding skills. They must understand common breast conditions like inverted or flat nipples that can affect feeding, as well as complications like engorgement, cracked nipples, and mastitis that can arise after delivery. Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast that causes fever, pain, and swelling and is usually treated with antibiotics and analgesics while suspending breastfeeding on the affected breast.
This document defines and discusses abnormal fetal positions and presentations that can occur during labor, including breech, face, brow, shoulder, transverse lie, and compound presentations. It provides the definitions, incidence rates, causes, diagnostic techniques, and management approaches for each atypical presentation. Key points covered include the different types of breech, face, brow, and shoulder positions, mechanisms of labor for each, and when external cephalic version, assisted vaginal delivery, or cesarean section are recommended.
The document provides information on nursing care of the mother during the postpartum period. Key points include:
- The postpartum period lasts approximately 6 weeks as the body returns to its pre-pregnant state.
- Physiologic changes include uterine involution over 10 days and lochia discharge over 3 weeks. Engorgement may occur between days 3-5.
- Nursing assessments include monitoring vital signs, bleeding, breast engorgement, and bonding with the infant. Interventions focus on preventing infection, reducing pain and fatigue, and promoting breastfeeding and self-care.
Preparation for delivery of mother, baby and midwife and equipmentsDR MUKESH SAH
In addition to their delivery bags, midwives “carry” many other invaluable tools ... family planning, delivery preparation, postnatal counseling and breastfeeding. ... With this equipment, we can recover 80% of newborns. ... “Midwifery feels good when both the mother and baby come out of the labor ward alive.
This document outlines various antenatal exercises that can be performed during pregnancy. It describes exercises that target different areas of the body like breathing, abdominal tightening, pelvic tilting, pelvic floor exercises, foot and leg exercises, and others. The exercises aim to relieve back pain, improve posture and muscle strength, control weight gain, and prepare the body for delivery. Examples and steps are provided for exercises like Kegel's, squatting, ankle rotations, and more. Safety tips are also included for using a birthing ball during exercises.
The document discusses the management of the third stage of labour, which begins with the birth of the baby and ends with delivery of the placenta. It describes the phases of placental separation, descent, and expulsion. It discusses expectant versus active management and the nursing care involved in each approach. The nursing diagnosis identifies risks for fluid deficit, lack of preparation for sensations, and energy expenditure from childbirth efforts. Nursing interventions include monitoring for signs of separation and bleeding, providing education and rest opportunities.
This ppt explains about labour, its stages, physiological changes & its management. It also explains about nursing process of women in labour. It explains about mechanism of labour
A placenta examination is performed after delivery to ensure the entire placenta and membranes have been expelled. It checks that the placenta is of normal size, shape, consistency and weight, and detects any abnormalities. The examination also evaluates the umbilical cord length and number of blood vessels. Key tools used include a bowl, weighing scale, and measuring tape. The placenta develops during pregnancy to support fetal growth and development through respiratory, alimentary, excretory and other vital functions.
Immediate care involves: Drying the baby with warm towels or cloths, while being placed on the mother's abdomen or in her arms. This mother-child skin-to-skin contact is important to maintain the baby's temperature, encourage bonding and expose the baby to the mother's skin bacteria
Health talk on postnatal diet lesson Plan use in Clinical Submission in OBGsonal patel
This document outlines a health talk on postnatal diet that was given to nursing students. The talk covered the definition of postnatal diet and discussed the importance of various nutrients including folate, vitamin B12, iron, calcium, iodine, and vitamin D during the postnatal period. Food sources of these nutrients were provided. Tips for meeting vitamin D requirements were also discussed. The talk was delivered over 12 sections and evaluated the students' understanding of the objectives at the end of each section.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy include preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Symptoms include headache, visual changes, and edema. Timely delivery is the only cure. Complications for the mother include liver or kidney failure and for the baby include intrauterine growth restriction and stillbirth.
Essential newborn care (ENC) should be provided to all newborns and includes maintaining warmth, initiating breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth, eye care, vitamin K administration, and immunizations. Immediate newborn care involves drying the baby, maintaining temperature, establishing breathing, vitamin K injection, Apgar scoring, and initiating breastfeeding. Routine newborn care consists of maintaining warmth, exclusive breastfeeding, skin and cord care, eye care, and monitoring growth through measurements.
Physiological changes during pregnancyDeepa Mishra
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
Deepa Mishra
Assistant Professor (OBG)
Pregnancy
Pregnancy usually occurs during 15-44 yrs of a woman.
Duration of pregnancy from LMP is 280 days or 40 weeks or 9 months and 7 days
Three trimester-
1st Trimester -0 -12 weeks
2nd trimester – 13-28 weeks
3rd trimester -29-40 weeks s
Physiological changes
Reproductive system
Hematological and Cardiovascular changes
Respiratory, Acid base balance, electrolyte changes
Urinary changes
GI changes
Metabolic changes
Skeletal and neurological changes
Skin changes
Endocrinal changes
Psychological changes
1) Normal labour is defined as spontaneous onset of labour at term, with a vertex presentation and natural termination with minimal intervention.
2) It involves three stages: first stage of cervical dilation from 0-10cm; second stage of fetal expulsion; third stage of placental delivery.
3) The first stage has two phases - a latent phase of slow dilation to 3-4cm and an active phase of rapid dilation to 10cm. It is influenced by uterine contractions, membrane status, and fetal position.
Low birth weight babies are defined as those weighing less than 2500 grams at birth. Preterm birth accounts for about two-thirds of low birth weight cases. Potential causes of low birth weight include preeclampsia, infections, drug use, previous preterm birth, and placental issues. Low birth weight babies can experience challenges with temperature regulation, feeding, jaundice, infections, and neurological and respiratory function. Care involves maintaining temperature, respiratory support, infection prevention, nutrition support, and nursing care. Complications can include asphyxia, bleeding in the brain, shock, heart failure, and infections.
This document discusses several common postpartum issues including after pains, breast engorgement, postnatal diuresis, constipation, and lactation suppression. After pains are spasmodic pains felt in the back and lower abdomen for 2-4 days after delivery due to contractions expelling blood clots. Breast engorgement occurs around day 3 due to venous engorgement and is managed by expressing milk, applying heat/ice, and feeding regularly. Postnatal diuresis begins within 12 hours as excess fluid is lost, requiring frequent changing of clothes and sheets. Constipation is managed through diet and mild laxatives if needed. Lactation suppression involves wearing a tight bra, avoiding stimulation
Neonatal resuscitation is a series of actions to assist newborn babies having difficulty transitioning from intrauterine to extrauterine life. Approximately 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing, while less than 1% require extensive resuscitation. The main goals are to initiate breathing, maintain adequate perfusion and cardiac output, and restore normal temperature. Essential equipment includes suction, bag and mask ventilation, intubation equipment and medications. The ABCs of neonatal resuscitation are maintenance of temperature, establishment of an open airway, initiation of breathing, and maintenance of circulation.
The document discusses post-natal exercises that can be done within 42 days of giving birth. It describes exercises that improve circulation, strengthen pelvic muscles, and prevent backaches. Important guidelines for post-natal exercises include wearing loose clothing, exercising in a stable environment, not exercising on a full stomach, and choosing low-impact exercises. Specific exercises described include deep breathing, ankle circles, Kegel exercises, and abdominal breathing.
This document discusses breast complications that can occur during the postpartum period known as the puerperium. The common complications include breast engorgement, cracked or retracted nipples, mastitis, breast abscesses, and lactation failure. Symptoms, causes, treatment and prevention are described for each complication. Nursing assessments, diagnoses, interventions, and evaluations are also outlined to manage breast issues and support breastfeeding during recovery after childbirth.
This document discusses various danger signs of pregnancy including vaginal bleeding, seizures, headaches, severe abdominal pain, fever, edema, and low fetal movement. It provides information on the causes, symptoms, and treatment for each of these issues. Vaginal bleeding could indicate ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, or other complications. Seizures and headaches during pregnancy can affect the fetus and require careful management. Abdominal pain may be caused by gas, ligament pain, or constipation. Fever should be treated based on its underlying cause. Edema and swelling are common but can become problematic. Low fetal movement warrants monitoring to check on the baby's wellbeing.
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF THE PREGNENT WOMEN, MINOR DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY AND MA...TanuShekhawat6
DEFINITION
During the course of pregnancy period many changes occur in a woman's body as a result of hormonal influences and adaptation to the gestational process. Thereby, they experience a variety of physiological and psychological symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, backache giddiness, heartburn and anxiety etc. These are termed as minor ailments or discomforts of pregnancy.
MINOR DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY ACCORDING TO SYSTEMS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NAUSEA & VOMITING
It is a common disorder seen in about 50%women between 4th & 16th week of gestation.
Hormonal influences are thought to be the most likely cause. Human chorionic gonadotropin that is present in large amounts in the 1st trimester, estrogen & progesterone are all contribute to this.
The sickness is confined to “early morning” but can occur at any time in the day. The smell of certain cooking food will cause the symptom.
NURSING MEASURES
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a quite common ailment during pregnancy. Atonicity of the gut due to the effect of progesterone, diminished physical activity and pressure of the gravid uterus on the pelvic colon are the possible explanations.
Whoa!
Increase the intake of water.
Add green leafy vegetables, fruits & bran cereals to her diet.
Take a glass of warm water in the morning before tea or breakfast which would activate the gut & help regular bowel movements.
Do exercise by regular walking.
HEART BURN (PYROSIS)
It occurs because the cardiac sphincter relaxes during pregnancy due to the effect of progesterone. The condition tends to worsen as pregnancy advances because the stomach is displaced upward by the enlarging uterus.
Heartburn is most troublesome at about 30th to 40th week of gestation because at this stage the stomach is under pressure from the growing uterus.
NURSING MEASURES
Avoiding aggravating factors, e.g. citrus juice, spicy & fried food.
Drink fluid before and after meals, Use Milk
Smaller meals more often.
Propped up position after meals.
Avoid lying flat.
Wear loose clothes
Antacids (Aluminum hydroxide, Magnesium hydroxide)
EXCESSIVE SALIVATION
This occurs from 8th week of gestation and it is thought that the hormones of pregnancy are the cause for it.
Hyperactivity of the parotid gland It may accompany heartburn.
Astringent mouth washes some time helpful.
Pica
This the term used when the mother craves certain foods or unnatural substances such as coal.
The cause is unknown but hormones & changes in metabolism are thought to contribute to this.
If the substances craved are harmful to the unborn baby, the mother must be helped to seek medical advice.
MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
FATIGUE
The pregnant patient is more subjected to fatigue during the last trimester pregnancy because of altered posture & extra weight carried.
Management:
Frequent rest period should recommended.
Anemia & other systemic diseases should be ruled out.
Backache
MANAGEMENT:
Excessive weight gain should be avoided.
Rest with elevation of legs.
The document provides information on nursing care of the mother during the postpartum period. Key points include:
- The postpartum period lasts approximately 6 weeks as the body returns to its pre-pregnant state.
- Physiologic changes include uterine involution over 10 days and lochia discharge over 3 weeks. Engorgement may occur between days 3-5.
- Nursing assessments include monitoring vital signs, bleeding, breast engorgement, and bonding with the infant. Interventions focus on preventing infection, reducing pain and fatigue, and promoting breastfeeding and self-care.
Preparation for delivery of mother, baby and midwife and equipmentsDR MUKESH SAH
In addition to their delivery bags, midwives “carry” many other invaluable tools ... family planning, delivery preparation, postnatal counseling and breastfeeding. ... With this equipment, we can recover 80% of newborns. ... “Midwifery feels good when both the mother and baby come out of the labor ward alive.
This document outlines various antenatal exercises that can be performed during pregnancy. It describes exercises that target different areas of the body like breathing, abdominal tightening, pelvic tilting, pelvic floor exercises, foot and leg exercises, and others. The exercises aim to relieve back pain, improve posture and muscle strength, control weight gain, and prepare the body for delivery. Examples and steps are provided for exercises like Kegel's, squatting, ankle rotations, and more. Safety tips are also included for using a birthing ball during exercises.
The document discusses the management of the third stage of labour, which begins with the birth of the baby and ends with delivery of the placenta. It describes the phases of placental separation, descent, and expulsion. It discusses expectant versus active management and the nursing care involved in each approach. The nursing diagnosis identifies risks for fluid deficit, lack of preparation for sensations, and energy expenditure from childbirth efforts. Nursing interventions include monitoring for signs of separation and bleeding, providing education and rest opportunities.
This ppt explains about labour, its stages, physiological changes & its management. It also explains about nursing process of women in labour. It explains about mechanism of labour
A placenta examination is performed after delivery to ensure the entire placenta and membranes have been expelled. It checks that the placenta is of normal size, shape, consistency and weight, and detects any abnormalities. The examination also evaluates the umbilical cord length and number of blood vessels. Key tools used include a bowl, weighing scale, and measuring tape. The placenta develops during pregnancy to support fetal growth and development through respiratory, alimentary, excretory and other vital functions.
Immediate care involves: Drying the baby with warm towels or cloths, while being placed on the mother's abdomen or in her arms. This mother-child skin-to-skin contact is important to maintain the baby's temperature, encourage bonding and expose the baby to the mother's skin bacteria
Health talk on postnatal diet lesson Plan use in Clinical Submission in OBGsonal patel
This document outlines a health talk on postnatal diet that was given to nursing students. The talk covered the definition of postnatal diet and discussed the importance of various nutrients including folate, vitamin B12, iron, calcium, iodine, and vitamin D during the postnatal period. Food sources of these nutrients were provided. Tips for meeting vitamin D requirements were also discussed. The talk was delivered over 12 sections and evaluated the students' understanding of the objectives at the end of each section.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy include preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Symptoms include headache, visual changes, and edema. Timely delivery is the only cure. Complications for the mother include liver or kidney failure and for the baby include intrauterine growth restriction and stillbirth.
Essential newborn care (ENC) should be provided to all newborns and includes maintaining warmth, initiating breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth, eye care, vitamin K administration, and immunizations. Immediate newborn care involves drying the baby, maintaining temperature, establishing breathing, vitamin K injection, Apgar scoring, and initiating breastfeeding. Routine newborn care consists of maintaining warmth, exclusive breastfeeding, skin and cord care, eye care, and monitoring growth through measurements.
Physiological changes during pregnancyDeepa Mishra
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
Deepa Mishra
Assistant Professor (OBG)
Pregnancy
Pregnancy usually occurs during 15-44 yrs of a woman.
Duration of pregnancy from LMP is 280 days or 40 weeks or 9 months and 7 days
Three trimester-
1st Trimester -0 -12 weeks
2nd trimester – 13-28 weeks
3rd trimester -29-40 weeks s
Physiological changes
Reproductive system
Hematological and Cardiovascular changes
Respiratory, Acid base balance, electrolyte changes
Urinary changes
GI changes
Metabolic changes
Skeletal and neurological changes
Skin changes
Endocrinal changes
Psychological changes
1) Normal labour is defined as spontaneous onset of labour at term, with a vertex presentation and natural termination with minimal intervention.
2) It involves three stages: first stage of cervical dilation from 0-10cm; second stage of fetal expulsion; third stage of placental delivery.
3) The first stage has two phases - a latent phase of slow dilation to 3-4cm and an active phase of rapid dilation to 10cm. It is influenced by uterine contractions, membrane status, and fetal position.
Low birth weight babies are defined as those weighing less than 2500 grams at birth. Preterm birth accounts for about two-thirds of low birth weight cases. Potential causes of low birth weight include preeclampsia, infections, drug use, previous preterm birth, and placental issues. Low birth weight babies can experience challenges with temperature regulation, feeding, jaundice, infections, and neurological and respiratory function. Care involves maintaining temperature, respiratory support, infection prevention, nutrition support, and nursing care. Complications can include asphyxia, bleeding in the brain, shock, heart failure, and infections.
This document discusses several common postpartum issues including after pains, breast engorgement, postnatal diuresis, constipation, and lactation suppression. After pains are spasmodic pains felt in the back and lower abdomen for 2-4 days after delivery due to contractions expelling blood clots. Breast engorgement occurs around day 3 due to venous engorgement and is managed by expressing milk, applying heat/ice, and feeding regularly. Postnatal diuresis begins within 12 hours as excess fluid is lost, requiring frequent changing of clothes and sheets. Constipation is managed through diet and mild laxatives if needed. Lactation suppression involves wearing a tight bra, avoiding stimulation
Neonatal resuscitation is a series of actions to assist newborn babies having difficulty transitioning from intrauterine to extrauterine life. Approximately 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing, while less than 1% require extensive resuscitation. The main goals are to initiate breathing, maintain adequate perfusion and cardiac output, and restore normal temperature. Essential equipment includes suction, bag and mask ventilation, intubation equipment and medications. The ABCs of neonatal resuscitation are maintenance of temperature, establishment of an open airway, initiation of breathing, and maintenance of circulation.
The document discusses post-natal exercises that can be done within 42 days of giving birth. It describes exercises that improve circulation, strengthen pelvic muscles, and prevent backaches. Important guidelines for post-natal exercises include wearing loose clothing, exercising in a stable environment, not exercising on a full stomach, and choosing low-impact exercises. Specific exercises described include deep breathing, ankle circles, Kegel exercises, and abdominal breathing.
This document discusses breast complications that can occur during the postpartum period known as the puerperium. The common complications include breast engorgement, cracked or retracted nipples, mastitis, breast abscesses, and lactation failure. Symptoms, causes, treatment and prevention are described for each complication. Nursing assessments, diagnoses, interventions, and evaluations are also outlined to manage breast issues and support breastfeeding during recovery after childbirth.
This document discusses various danger signs of pregnancy including vaginal bleeding, seizures, headaches, severe abdominal pain, fever, edema, and low fetal movement. It provides information on the causes, symptoms, and treatment for each of these issues. Vaginal bleeding could indicate ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, or other complications. Seizures and headaches during pregnancy can affect the fetus and require careful management. Abdominal pain may be caused by gas, ligament pain, or constipation. Fever should be treated based on its underlying cause. Edema and swelling are common but can become problematic. Low fetal movement warrants monitoring to check on the baby's wellbeing.
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF THE PREGNENT WOMEN, MINOR DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY AND MA...TanuShekhawat6
DEFINITION
During the course of pregnancy period many changes occur in a woman's body as a result of hormonal influences and adaptation to the gestational process. Thereby, they experience a variety of physiological and psychological symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, backache giddiness, heartburn and anxiety etc. These are termed as minor ailments or discomforts of pregnancy.
MINOR DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY ACCORDING TO SYSTEMS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NAUSEA & VOMITING
It is a common disorder seen in about 50%women between 4th & 16th week of gestation.
Hormonal influences are thought to be the most likely cause. Human chorionic gonadotropin that is present in large amounts in the 1st trimester, estrogen & progesterone are all contribute to this.
The sickness is confined to “early morning” but can occur at any time in the day. The smell of certain cooking food will cause the symptom.
NURSING MEASURES
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a quite common ailment during pregnancy. Atonicity of the gut due to the effect of progesterone, diminished physical activity and pressure of the gravid uterus on the pelvic colon are the possible explanations.
Whoa!
Increase the intake of water.
Add green leafy vegetables, fruits & bran cereals to her diet.
Take a glass of warm water in the morning before tea or breakfast which would activate the gut & help regular bowel movements.
Do exercise by regular walking.
HEART BURN (PYROSIS)
It occurs because the cardiac sphincter relaxes during pregnancy due to the effect of progesterone. The condition tends to worsen as pregnancy advances because the stomach is displaced upward by the enlarging uterus.
Heartburn is most troublesome at about 30th to 40th week of gestation because at this stage the stomach is under pressure from the growing uterus.
NURSING MEASURES
Avoiding aggravating factors, e.g. citrus juice, spicy & fried food.
Drink fluid before and after meals, Use Milk
Smaller meals more often.
Propped up position after meals.
Avoid lying flat.
Wear loose clothes
Antacids (Aluminum hydroxide, Magnesium hydroxide)
EXCESSIVE SALIVATION
This occurs from 8th week of gestation and it is thought that the hormones of pregnancy are the cause for it.
Hyperactivity of the parotid gland It may accompany heartburn.
Astringent mouth washes some time helpful.
Pica
This the term used when the mother craves certain foods or unnatural substances such as coal.
The cause is unknown but hormones & changes in metabolism are thought to contribute to this.
If the substances craved are harmful to the unborn baby, the mother must be helped to seek medical advice.
MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
FATIGUE
The pregnant patient is more subjected to fatigue during the last trimester pregnancy because of altered posture & extra weight carried.
Management:
Frequent rest period should recommended.
Anemia & other systemic diseases should be ruled out.
Backache
MANAGEMENT:
Excessive weight gain should be avoided.
Rest with elevation of legs.
This document provides an overview of the course Obstetrics II for midwifery students. It covers minor disorders of pregnancy such as nausea and vomiting, heartburn, back pain, and varicosity. It then discusses hyperemesis gravidarum, an extreme form of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy that can cause dehydration, weight loss, and other complications if not properly managed. The causes, risk factors, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of hyperemesis gravidarum are explained in detail. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for treating nausea, vomiting, and hyperemesis gravidarum are also outlined.
This document discusses minor disorders that can occur during pregnancy and their management. Some common disorders mentioned include nausea and vomiting, constipation, heartburn, backache, leg cramps, frequent urination, and edema. Causes of these disorders include hormonal changes, pressure of the growing uterus, and other anatomical changes during pregnancy. Management strategies provided for the various disorders include dietary modifications, lifestyle changes, exercises, medication, and when needed, medical referral.
MINOR AILMENTS IN PREGNANCY. in obstetrics and gynacological nursingpptxDelphyVarghese
Minor ailments are generally defined as medical conditions that will resolve on their own and can be reasonably self-diagnosed and self-managed with over-the-counter medications. Examples of minor ailments include headache, back pain, insect bites, heartburn, nasal congestion, etc.
Pregnancy is meant to be a great time for every mother...... but not every mother experiences it that way. This topic will help expectant couples know what to expect and how to handle it. Transiting from womanhood to motherhood shouldn't be so turbulent!. Enjoy it!
Antenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the expectant mother and baby. The goals are to reduce mortality and morbidity, identify issues, and educate mothers. Checkups are usually every 4 weeks until 28 weeks, every 2 weeks until 36 weeks, and weekly until delivery. Appointments include health history, physical exam, lab tests, ultrasound, and health advice covering hygiene, nutrition, exercise, sleep, and danger signs. The overall aim is a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
DEFINITION“The minor ailments of pregnant women that occur due to physiological alterations of Harmons and other causative factors which can be managed without medical interventions” MANAGEMENT-Eat small frequent meals,
Avoid spicy and greasy foods and
Drink large amounts of liquid before bedtime.
Alcohol, coffee and chocolate may aggravate the problem. Try to sit as upright as possible and avoid lying flat after a meal FREQUENCY OF MICTURITIONThis could occur in the early months of pregnancy, when the enlarging uterus is in the pelvis, pressuring the bladder. Thereby reducing its urine containing capacity. It could also occur at the 30th week when the presenting part becomes enlarged. MANAGEMENT-There is no specific remedy for this discomfort, but mothers are encouraged to control their fluid intake when going to places where a convenience is not very accessible.
Same for nights, so as to reduce sleep interruptions. CONSTIPATION-Constipation is a quite common ailment during pregnancy . Atonicity of the gut due to the effect of progesterone MANAGEMENT-adequate amounts of fibre in your diet such as wholemeal breads, wholegrain cereals, fruit and vegetables and pulses such as beans and lentils- drink plenty of water.-Exercise regularly to keep the muscles toned- Avoid iron supplements.-BACKACHEMany pregnant women get back pain.
The weight of the baby, the uterus and the amniotic fluid, changes her posture and puts a strain on the woman’s bones and muscles.
Too much standing in one place, or leaning -MANAGEMENT-Includes education on the maintenance of a good posture, adopting appropriate positions when lifting either small children or heavy objects.
avoidance of standing for long hours, pelvic exercises.
gentle massage
taking a warm bath.LEG CRAMPSCramp which Is a sudden gripping contraction of the calf muscle, frequently occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy.
The cause is thought to be lowered serum ionized calcium level and increased level of phosphates. Amazingly it usually occurs at night.
MINOR AILMENTS
DURING-1. NAUSEA AND VOMITINGNausea and vomiting specially in the morning , are usually common in primigravida. They usually appear following the first or second missed period and subside by the end of first trimester .2. FATIGUE-In the first trimester, when it occurs, its due to hormonal changes and the organogenesis that is taking place. In the second trimester it’s usually less, but in the third, it usually related to the increase in weight , difficult mobility and increased metabolism. MANAGEMENT:Stay away from odors that upset your stomach.
Instead of eating three large meals each day, eat five to six smaller meals throughout the day. Before getting out of bed, eat a few crackers to calm your stomach. Skip foods that are greasy or high in fat. HEART BURN-This is caused by the relaxing effect of progesterone on the cardiac sphincter, causing acid stomach contents refluxing into the esophagus. LEG CRAMPS-C
Antenatal care involves planned examinations and observations of a woman from conception through birth. Effective antenatal care can help reduce risks to both mother and infant through early and regular checkups. The goals of antenatal care are to reduce maternal and infant mortality and morbidity rates by preventing, identifying, and treating any maternal or fetal issues that could impact the pregnancy outcome. Key components of antenatal care include medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, health education, and monitoring for danger signs throughout the pregnancy.
The document summarizes several minor ailments that can occur during pregnancy due to physiological changes. These include supine hypotension syndrome, varicose veins, hemorrhoids, edema, morning sickness, heartburn, acidity, constipation, leg cramps, backache, sleep disturbances, and increased urinary frequency. The causes and management of each condition are described. It is noted that while unpleasant, these minor issues typically resolve on their own or with conservative treatment. However, warning signs like excessive nausea/vomiting or bleeding should not be ignored as they could indicate more serious complications.
This document summarizes common minor disorders that can occur during pregnancy, organized by body system. It describes nausea and vomiting, heartburn, excessive salivation, pica, constipation, backache, cramps, ligament pain, fatigue, increased urination, leukorrhea, fainting, varicosities, skin itching, and edema. For each disorder, it explains causes and provides management recommendations such as dietary changes, exercises, positions, and when to refer to a medical practitioner. The goal is to help midwives advise women on coping strategies and recognizing signs that warrant medical attention.
The document discusses promoting fetal and maternal health through the nursing process of assessment, diagnosis, planning, and evaluation. It covers topics like health promotion during pregnancy, common discomforts at different stages, preventing exposure to teratogens, and addressing maternal stress. The overall goal is to describe strategies nurses can use to promote healthy behaviors and outcomes for both mother and baby.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Preterm Labor HandoutsReynel Dan
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is a condition of unremitting nausea and vomiting that persists after the first trimester of pregnancy. It commonly affects women with high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin. Medical management focuses on correcting electrolyte imbalances, maintaining nutrition, and administering antiemetics. Nursing priorities include monitoring for dehydration and nutritional deficiencies and providing emotional support and education.
Premature labor is the onset of contractions before 37 weeks of gestation. It can lead to neonatal complications and death. Assessment focuses on risk factors for preterm birth. Management includes bed rest, hydration, tocolytic drugs, and glucocorticoids to enhance lung maturity
The document discusses various discomforts experienced during pregnancy organized by body system. Common digestive issues include nausea, heartburn, and constipation due to hormonal changes. Circulatory changes like dizziness, swelling and varicose veins are also detailed. Other symptoms covered include back pain, increased urination, itchy skin, and leg cramps. Nursing implications for relieving each discomfort are provided.
4d. Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy 2.pptxThobyMlelwa
This document discusses signs and symptoms of pregnancy and minor disorders of pregnancy. It begins by outlining the objectives of reviewing female hormonal cycles, signs and symptoms of pregnancy, and minor pregnancy disorders and their management. The document then discusses the signs and symptoms of pregnancy, categorizing them as possible, probable, or positive signs. Finally, it reviews some common minor disorders during pregnancy, including nausea/vomiting, heartburn, excessive salivation, pica, constipation, and backache, and provides advice on managing these conditions.
This document discusses various complications that can occur during pregnancy including hyperemesis gravidarum, bleeding disorders such as spontaneous abortion and ectopic pregnancy, hydatidiform mole, and bleeding disorders in late pregnancy including placenta previa and abruptio placentae. It provides details on the signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, treatment, and nursing care for each complication. The nursing care focuses on monitoring for signs of shock from blood loss, providing emotional support, teaching self-care and danger sign recognition, and reinforcing the need for follow-up appointments.
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
Similar to Minor Discomforts during pregnancy (20)
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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2. Prepared by:
Ibrahim Hassan Abdel-Fattah
Aya Atya Gomaa
Merna Abu Al-Saad Mikhael
Hajar Ragab Bayoumi
Omnya Ismail Muhammad
Eman Ramadan Muhammad
Ahmed El sayed Abdullah
Mariam Mahmoud Abdel Salam
Menna Gaber Samir
Hassan Dawood
Ayat Ibrahim Ismail El-Sayed
Al-Shaimaa Shaaban Abdul Muttalib
3. At the end of the lecture, our colleagues will be able to:
Identify minor discomfort during pregnancy in 1st Trimester
Discuss minor discomfort during pregnancy in 2nd Trimester
Explain minor discomfort during pregnancy in 3rd Trimester
List causes of each one
Describe nursing care for each one
Objectives
4. Minor Discomfort
During Pregnancy
“2nd Trimester”
Minor Discomfort
During Pregnancy
“1st Trimester”
Causes & Nursing
care for each one
Minor Discomfort
During Pregnancy
“3rd Trimester”
PRESENTATION OUTLINES
5. INTRODUCTION
Pregnancy is a normal process that results in a series of both physiological and
psychosocial changes in the women.
Some of these are temporary changes that occur only during pregnancy Most
pregnant women suffer from minor discomforts during their pregnancy period.
These minor discomforts are due to hormonal change and metabolic change
Symptoms of discomforts are different from women to women through the
different months of pregnancy.
The prevalence of minor discomforts is varying according to its type. Nausea and
vomiting (morning sickness) are of the most common discomforts of the early
pregnancy.
6. First
Trimester
Nausea and vomiting
Urinary frequency
Breast tenderness and enlargement
Increased vaginal discharge (Leukorrhea)
Nasal stuffiness and epistaxis
Ptyalism(excessive salivation)
Fatigue
Dizziness (drowsiness)
Headache
7. Nausea and vomiting
• About half of all pregnant women experience nausea and
sometimes vomiting in the first trimester. This is also called
morning sickness because symptoms are most severe in the
morning. Some women may have nausea and vomiting
throughout the pregnancy. Morning sickness may be due to
the changes in hormone levels during pregnancy.
.
• If vomiting is severe, causing a woman to lose fluids and
weight, it may be a sign of a condition called hyperemesis
gravidarum.
• Hyperemesis can lead to dehydration and may need
hospitalization for intravenous fluids and nutrition.
8. Nausea and vomiting
Causes of nausea and vomiting:
High levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or
progrsterone.
Emotional factors
Hypoglycemic reaction as a result of increased metabolism
due to the 24- hour a day fetal and maternal body functions,
especially after a period of fasting (from night to morning)
.
9. Nausea and vomiting Nursing care
Reassure the mother that nausea and vomiting is one of the
minor discomfort that occured during pregnancy.
provide an emesis basin within easy reach of the mother.
Eliminate strong odor from the surrounding such as : perfumes,
dressing, emesis.
maintain fluid balance in the mother
use nonpharmaclogical nausea control techniques such as:
relaxation, guided imagery,music therapy, distraction, or deep
breathing exercises.
Give frequent , small amounts of foods and to eat 6 small meals
a day instead of 3 large meals.
10. Nausea and vomiting Nursing care
Encourage patient to eat Dry food like crackers or toast, Bland simple
foods like broth,rice,bananas, or Jell-o.
Tell patient to avoid foods and smells that trigger nausea.
position the patient upright while eating and for 1 to 2 hours post-meal
keep rooms well- ventilated if possible, assist the mother to go outside
to get some fresh air.
Eat a high- protein snack at bedtime if it's a hypoglycemic attack.
Reduce fatty and fried containing foods and spicy foods.
Rest
sip a hot drink before arising.
smell fresh-smelling , pleasant scents such as lemon, orange, or mint.
11.
12. Urinary frequency
• Frequent urination is one of the most common early
symptoms of pregnancy that starts in the first trimester,
around week 4 .
.
•Causes of frequent urination:
After an implantation in the uterus the body produces
progesterone and HCG, both of which are pregnancy
hormones that can lead to urgency.
Compression of the bladder and uterus by the growing
uterus and increase the urge to urinate.
Increased blood volume that increase kidney production
of more urine.
.
13. No fluid restriction. Advise the mother not to restrict her
fluids to diminish the frequency of urination, instead;
caffeine intake should be diminished.
Offer assurance. Assure the mother that voiding frequently
is a normal occurrence during pregnancy.
Limiting intake during late evening and at bedtime.
Recommend use of cranberry juice and vitamin c.
.
Urinary frequency Nursing care
14. Urinary frequency Nursing care
Pelvic floor exercises, also known as Kegel exercises, can strengthen the muscles of the
pelvis and urethra and support the bladder. Performing Kegel exercises during pregnancy
may help some people regain control over their urine flow.
Kegel exercises are safe to perform during pregnancy and after childbirth.
To perform Kegel exercises, empty the bladder and then follow these steps:
1) Relax the abdomen, chest, thighs, and buttocks.
2) Tighten the pelvic floor muscles and hold for 5 to 10 seconds.
3) Relax the muscles for 5 to 10 seconds.
4) Repeat 10 times.
15.
16. Breast tenderness and enlargement
• breast tenderness is one of the earliest symptoms of pregnancy Due to produce
pregnancy hormonen amely estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin.
• changes to the breasts are usually one of the early signs of pregnancy.
.
•Nursing management for Breast Tenderness During Pregnancy
•Wear a more supportive bra.
•Opt for loose fitting clothes. As your breasts expand during
pregnancy,
•Try a cold compress. Lay a towel over your chest and apply an ice
pack to the area.
•Take warm showers. Not everyone responds to cold therapy, so if you
don't find relief from an ice pack, try spending some time in a steamy
shower.
•Doctor approved pain relief.
•Wear a comfortable bra during sleeping and during exercises to
17. leukorrhea
caused by high levels of estrogen and progesterone.
• An increase in blood volume and blood flow can also contribute
to increased vaginal discharge.
• Pregnancy discharge should be thin and white, .
• Increase inwhite creamy discharge early in prgnancy.
.
Nursing management forvagainal discharge(leukorrhea) in pregnancy
• Bathe regularly and wear underpants with breathable cotton liners.
• Keeping clean and dry down there helps keep bacteria in balance and prevent vaginal infections.
• Wear pads or panty liners. ...
• Leave the douches at the drugstore. ...
• Don't bother with wipes.
• wear perineal pads.
• Do not wach inside your vagaina (douche)
.
18. Nasal Stuffiness &Epistaxis
Causes:
• Increase blood flow to mocous membrane
• Some cases caused by allergies affect
• change hormone in pregnancy (increase estrogen)
.
Nursing management
• control environment and avoid allergens
• Avoid supine position because it increase nasal congestion and
should be
• raise the head of bed 30 to 45 degree to maintain patency of
airway.
• saline lavage may provide some relief ofor allergy pregnancy rhinitis
• sit-down and firmly pinch the soft part of your nose, just above your
nostril , for 10 to15 minutes without releasing pressure.
• place ice pack or cold compress on her nose help to reduce blood
flow
19. Ptyalism
Caused by
- Nausea/ vomiting.
- Hyperemesis gravidarum (extreme morning sickness).
-Hormonal changes.
- Other causes include heartburn, which is common in pregnancy, and
irritants like smoke, toxins and some medical conditions
Nursing management
• Eating small frequent meals.
• Chewing sugarless gum or sucking hard sweets. Taking frequent,
small sips of water.
• If swallowing saliva makes you feel nauseated, spit out the excess
into a tissue,
• washcloth, or cup. Just like nausea or morning sickness, it can last
throughout pregnancy for a small number of women.
20. Fatigue
Caused by
• Hormonal changes as the progesterone increases in first trimester
and blood volume increases to supply the developing placenta and
fetal circulation, So the heart pumps faster and stronger.
• Increased blood supply creating and pumping extra blood to
supply baby with nutrients and oxygen can make mother feel
fatigued.
Nursing management
• Assess for nutritional status.
• A dvise her to take naps during the day. -Take breaks and
rest from work.
21. Dizziness
Caused by
• Hypotension because the uterus compresses major arteries.
• Low blood sugar.
• Anemia for mothers who don't take enough amount of iron.
• Changing hormones
• Hyperemesis gravidarum
• Sleeping in the wrong position.
Nursing management
• Protect from falling by advising her that when she stand up to
make that slowly and hold on with something to support her.
• Eat healthy food frequently to avoid low blood sugar.
• Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.
• Take iron and folic acid supplementation.
• Wear loose, comfortable clothing to avoid restricting circulation.
• Limit long periods of standing.
22. Headache
Caused by
Hormonal changes
• Not getting enough sleep
• Withdrawal from caffeine (e.g.coffee, tea or cola drinks)
• Low blood sugar
• Dehydration
• Stress, fatigue, eyestrain
Nursing management
• Getting more sleep or rest and relaxation
• Pregnancy yoga classes or other exercise
• .Reduce stress level.
• Eating regular, well balanced meals
• Putting a warm facecloth on your eye and nose area
24. Heartburn
Heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid travelling up towards the throat.
Caused by
• Hormonal changes.
• gastric reflux
• uterus enlarging
• poor food habits
• unhealthy diet & lifestyle
• stress and lack of sleep
Nursing management
• Eat several small meals throughout the day instead of three large ones.
• Eat slowly.
• Avoid fried, spicy or fatty foods.
• -Avoid citrus fruits and juices.
• Limit caffeine.
• Sit up straight when you eat.
• Don’t eat late at night.
• Don’t lie down right after eating.
• Keep the head of your bed higher than the foot of the bed. Or try placing pillows under your shoulders.
25.
26. Symptoms of indigestion come when the acid in your stomach irritates your
stomach lining or your gullet. This causes pain and a burning feeling.
Caused by
• hormonal changes
• the growing baby pressing on your stomach
• the muscles between your stomach and gullet relaxing, allowing stomach
acid to come back up
Nursing management
• Do cut down on tea, coffee, cola or alcohol
• raise your head and shoulders up when in bed – this can stop stomach acid
coming up while you sleep
• lose weight if you're overweight
• Don’t do not eat 3 to 4 hours before going to bed
• do not have rich, spicy or fatty foods
• do not take ibuprofen or aspirin – this can make indigestion worse
• do not smoke
Indigestion
27. Constipation ,a common problem during pregnancy, causes less frequent and more
strained bowel movements.
Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in and around the anus. and
Constipation is the main cause of hemorrhoids.
Caused by
• Progesterone, your body makes more of the hormone progesterone when you
are pregnant, progesterone relaxes your intestines,or bowel,so they don't work
as hard to squeeze waste out through your body.
• The iron from your prenatal vitamins.
• Lifestyle
Nursing management
• -Eat a high-fibre diet (lots of whole fruits, vegetables, and whole grains).
• -Drink plenty of fluids, especially water.
• -Don't strain (push hard) during a bowel movement.
• -Increase the amount of exercise you get every day.
• - ask healthcare provider about stool softener and laxative.
• - Don't delay going to the bathroom when you feel the urge.
• - Don't sit on the toilet longer than necessary because this puts pressure on your
rectal area
Constipation and hemorrhoids
28.
29.
30. Caused by
As the enlarging uterus compresses the bowel, it delays the passage of food through
the intestines, thus allowing more time for gas to be formed by bacteria in the colon.
The woman usually reports increased passage of rectal gas, abdominal bloating, or
belching.
Nursing management
• Instruct the woman to avoid gas forming foods, such as beans, cabbage, and
• onions .
• Adding more fiber to the diet and foods that have a high content of white
• sugar.
• Increasing physical exercise are also helpful in reducing flatus.
• Decreasing the amount of swallowed air, if chewing gum, will reduce gas
• build up.
• The knee chest position may also help with discomfort from unrepelled gas.
• Eating mints can also help reduce flatulence during pregnancy
Flatuance
31.
32. Caused by
They may come and go at random and may feel irregular in their
rhythm and strength. These muscle contractions often cause
discomfort more than pain.
Nursing management
• Teach the mother breathing techniques for labor to help yourself relax.
• Take a warm bath, sip some warm herbal tea, or Drink more water.
• Change your body’s position.
Braxton hicks contractions
33. Caused by
Palmar erythema is caused because of dilated capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in your
body. How red your palms get seems to vary.
Spider angiomas are very common. They often occur in pregnant women and in people with liver
disease. They can appear in both children and adults. They get their name from an appearance similar to
a red spider.
Nursing management
• There’s no way to prevent palmar erythema during pregnancy,
but it’s best to stay away from potential irritants that could
make symptoms worse.
• If the spider angiomas are associated with pregnancy, they
may resolve after childbirth. In women taking oral
contraceptives, they may resolve after stopping these
contraceptives
Palmar erthymea & Spider angiomas
34. Third
Trimester
Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
Ankle edema
Varicosities
Leg cramp
Round ligament pain
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Backaches
35. Dyspnea
Is that a symptom or a disease ?
- The pressure caused by the uterus expanding against the diaphragm
decreases lung capacity.
- The diaphragm is moved up about 4 centimeters from its normal position.
- The diaphragm, which is more stretched, then loses some of its elasticity,
resulting in shortness of breath.
- The expanding uterus also causes the contents of the abdomen (for example,
the stomach) to move against the diaphragm, making it harder for the lungs to
stretch.
N.B : woman may experience a decrease in shortness of breath in the last few
weeks before giving birth. At this stage, the baby settles into the mother’s
pelvis, thus reducing pressure on the diaphragm.
36. Dyspnea Nursing care
Nursing management
• Watch for posture and keep the back straight.
• Elevate the head of bed slightly or use an extra pillow to sleep in a semi-
seated position with the head and chest elevated.
• Repeat the following exercise to breathe more easily:
- Stand with feet on the floor or lie on the back with legs bent.
- Inhale slowly while raising and stretching arms over head. This movement
stretches the rib cage.
- Exhale slowly while bringing arms back down to sides.
• Avoid places where people smoke whenever possible because
secondhand smoke can be harmful to health and that to the baby.
• Limit activities during the day to prevent exertional dyspnea.
37. Ankle edema
- Some fluid accumulation during pregnancy is normal, particularly during the 3rd
trimester. It is called physiologic edema.
- Fluid accumulates during pregnancy because the adrenal glands produce more of the
hormones that make the body retain fluids (aldosterone and cortisol).
- Fluid also accumulates because the enlarging uterus interferes with blood flow from
the legs to the heart. As a result, fluid backs up in the veins of the legs.
N.B: close monitoring for Ankle edema is required especially if the pregnant woman
has eclampsia or DVT.
38. Ankle edema
Nursing management
• Lying on the left side, which moves the uterus off the large vein that returns
blood to the heart (inferior vena cava)
• Resting frequently with the legs elevated
• Wearing elastic support stockings
• Wearing loose clothing that does not restrict blood flow, particularly in the
legs (for example, not wearing socks or stockings that have tight bands around
the ankles )
• Drinking six to eight glasses of water daily to replace fluids lost.
• Avoid foods high in sodium
39. Varicosities
causes
• Increased blood flow to your pelvis. More blood flows to your pelvis when
you’re pregnant. More blood volume means that your veins have to do
more work to carry that extra blood to your heart. Sometimes, your veins
swell because they can’t handle all the extra blood flow.
• Increased uterus size. Your uterus gets bigger during pregnancy to support
a growing fetus. This new weight adds pressure to your pelvic area,
including the veins in your vulva. The veins can become squeezed, which
makes it harder for them to carry blood back to your heart.
• Hormone changes. Hormone levels change during pregnancy, and some of
these changes can affect the lining of your veins. The lining can become
more stretchy and less able to contain the blood flowing inside them. Your
veins can get bigger and twisted as a result.
40.
41.
42. Varicosities
Nursing managment
• Encourage the client to wear support hose and teach her how to apply them
properly.
• Advise her to elevate her legs above her heart while lying on her back for 10
minutes before she gets out of bed in the morning, thus promoting venous
return before she applies the hose.
• Instruct the client to avoid crossing her legs and avoid wearing knee-high
stockings. They cause constriction of leg vessels and muscles and contribute to
venous stasis
• Exercise daily. Even just a brisk walk around the block can improve your
circulation.
• wear low-heeled shoes; and to avoid long periods of standing orsitting,
frequently changing her position.
• If the client has vulvar varicosities,suggest she apply ice packs to the area when
she is lying down
• ✓Stay within the recommended weight range for your stage of pregnancy.
43.
44.
45. Carpal tunnel syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition that occurs as a result of swelling
around the nerves of the wrist. It can cause numbness, tingling or pain in
one or both of the hand.
Causes
During pregnancy, The blood volume doubles. That extra fluid increases
pressure and swelling in the blood vessels throughout the body. In tight
spaces such as the carpal tunnel area of the wrist – through which nine
tendons and one nerve pass the swelling can compress the median
nerve, which runs to the hand.
The median nerve gives sensation to the palm-side surface of thumb,
index, and middle fingers, and half the ring finger. It's also responsible
for helping to move the muscles in the hand that bend the fingers.
The condition is more common in the third trimester, but it can also
happen in the first and second trimesters or after giving birth. In most
cases, symptoms will go away after your baby is born.
46. Carpal tunnel syndrome
Nursing management
• Elevating the hands when resting or not using them.
• Keeping the wrists in a neutral position (not bent forwards or backwards) during the day, and as much as possible
while sleeping
• Avoiding activities that strain the wrist.
• Keep the hands elevated as much as can..
• Sleep on the side of less affected hand.
• Put an ice pack on the wrist or run cold water over the hand.
Treatment options include physiotherapy or occupational therapy. This may involve fitting with a splint to keep the
wrist in the best position to reduce strain. The splint must be adjusted to fit the wrist in order to be protective and
supportive. should wear the splint at night to keep the wrist in the right position while sleeping .
Some things should avoid:
✓Avoid any repeated movements that make pain worse.
✓Avoid lifting heavy objects.
✓Avoid tasks where do the same movement repeatedly
✓Don’t bend wrist as far as it can go.
47. Round ligament pain
Causes of Round ligament pain :
A woman’s body makes hormones during pregnancy to make ligaments
loose and stretchy. This helps the body adjust to the growing baby. As a
baby grows in the womb, it stretches the uterus and the round ligaments.
This stretching can cause spasms in the round ligaments, leading to the
pain.
Management of Round ligament pain:
• Elastic belly band to support The baby bump
• Avoid lifting heavy things and standing for long periods of time
during pregnancy. This will help lessen the stress on the uterus and
round ligaments
• change positions slowly (such as standing up or sittingdown)
• Get plenty of exercise to keep stomach muscles strong
• Apply warmth. A heating pad or warmbath may be helpful
• Flex hips. Bend and flex hips before coughing, sneezing, or laughing
to avoid pulling on the ligaments.
48.
49. Leg cramp
Causes of leg cramp :
Leg cramps during pregnancy might be caused by fatigue, the uterus pressing
on certain nerves, or decreased circulationin the legs from the pressure of the
baby on bloodvessels. They might also be caused by calcium or magnesium
deficiency, ordehydration. could be the pregnancy affecting on metabolism,
too little or too much exercise, electrolyte imbalances or vitamin deficiencies.
Management of leg cramp:
• Drink between 8 and 12 cups of water perday. _Staying active can prevent
excess weight gain, promote circulation by Try doing these exercises three
times a day.
• Stretch out calf muscles by _Massaging the area performing a self-massage
may help ease the pain. Use one hand to gently massage calf or wherever
leg is cramping
• stretching the muscle by pulling the toes hard up towards the front of ankle
• having a warm bath
• Eat a balanced diet with calcium-and magnesium-rich foods like yogurt, leafy
greens, whole grains, dried fruit, nuts, and seeds
50.
51. Backpain
Is very common to get backache or back pain during pregnancy.
During pregnancy, the ligaments in the body naturally become
softer and stretch to prepare for labour. This can put a strain on
the joints of lower back and pelvis, which can cause back pain.
Increased levels of progesterone during pregnancy relax the joints
and muscles to accommodate the growing uterus and enhance
flexibility in the pelvis so the baby can pass through the birth canal
more easily. However, this also can cause pain.
52.
53. Backpain
Nursing management
Practice good posture
1. Standing up straight and tall.
2. Holding the chest high.
3. Keeping shoulders back and relaxed.
• using wide stance for the best support , when standing.
• Good posture also means sitting with care. Choose a chair that supports the back, or place a small
pillow behind the lower back.
• Get the right gear
• Wear low-heeled not flat shoes with good arch support. Avoid high heels, which can further shift the
balance forward and cause falling.
54. Backpain
Nursing management
• Lift properly
• When lifting a small object, squat down and lift with the legs. Don't bend at the
waist or lift with the back. It's also important to know the limits. Asking for help.
• Sleep on the side
• Sleep on the side, not the back. Keep one or both knees bent. Consider using
pregnancy or support pillows between the bent knees, under the abdomen and
behind the back.
55. Backpain
Nursing management
• Try heat, cold or massage
• Massage or the application of a heating pad or ice pack to the back might
help.
• . Include physical activity in daily routine
• Regular physical activity can keep the back strong and might relieve back pain
during pregnancy.
• Medication used to treat inflammation.
• Using support devices.
• Getting enough sleep
56. CONCLUSION
Most pregnant women suffer from minor discomforts during their
pregnancy period. These minor discomforts are due to hormonal change.
The common of minor discomforts are nausea and vomiting ,fatigue
,constipation ,heart burn, backache ,Dyspnea, leg cramps varicose vein,
insomnia, urerinary frequency, and leucorrhea.