This document discusses different types of hernias including umbilical, inguinal, femoral, and incisional hernias. It describes the causes, symptoms, and characteristics of each type. Umbilical hernias occur through weak abdominal muscles and are common in infants. Inguinal hernias occur in the groin and can be indirect or direct. Femoral hernias occur in the upper thigh near the groin. Incisional hernias occur through weak scar tissue from a previous surgery. The document provides details on causes such as straining, lifting, or obesity and symptoms such as bulges or pain with each type of hernia.

1. HERNIA
NURS
YUHAIDA NADILA
SITI FARIHA
SITI AISHAH
WAN FATIMAH

2. TYPES OF HERNIA
UMBILICAL HERNIA
INGUINAL HERNIA
- Indirect inguinal hernia
- Direct inguinal hernia
FEMORAL HERNIA
INCISIONAL HERNIA

3. UMBILICAL HERNIA
 Occurs when part of the intestine protrudes
through an opening in the abdominal muscles.
Its most common in infants, but they can affect
adults as well. In an infant, an umbilical hernia
may be especially evident when the infant
cries, causing the baby's bellybutton protrude.
This is a classic sign of an umbilical hernia.

4. CONTINUE…
 Most umbilical hernias close on their own by
age 1, though some take longer to heal. To
prevent complications, umbilical hernias that
don't disappear by age 4 or those that appear
during adulthood may need surgical repair.
Umbilical hernia is a common and typically
harmless condition

6. CAUSE
 During pregnancy, the umbilical cord passes
through a small opening in the baby's abdominal
muscles. The opening normally closes just
before birth. If the muscles don't join together
completely in the midline of the abdomen, this
weakness in the abdominal wall may cause an
umbilical hernia at birth or later in life.
In adults, too much abdominal pressure can
cause an umbilical hernia. Possible causes in
adults include:-

7. CONTINUE
Obesity
Heavy lifting
A long history of coughing
Multiple pregnancies
Fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites)

8. SYMPTOMS
Soft swelling or bulge near the
navel (umbilicus).
Baby will crying because pain
The baby begins to vomit
The bulge becomes
tender, swollen or discolored

9. INGUINAL HERNIA
 Is a condition in which intra-abdominal fat or
part of the small intestine (small bowel), bulges
through a weak area in the lower abdominal
muscles. It occurs in the groin—the area
between the abdomen and thigh. This type of
hernia is called inguinal because fat or part of
the intestine slides through a weak area at the
inguinal ring, the opening to the inguinal canal.

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An inguinal hernia appears as a bulge
on one or both sides of the groin. An
inguinal hernia can occur any time
from infancy to adulthood and is much
more common in males than females.
Inguinal hernias tend to become larger
with time.

11. AN INGUINAL HERNIA SHOWING THE SMALL INTESTINE
DESCENDING THROUGH THE INGUINAL CANAL.

12. CAUSE
The two types of inguinal hernia have different
causes.
Indirect inguinal hernia. Indirect inguinal hernias are
congenital hernias and are much more common in
males than females because of the way males
develop in the womb. In a male fetus, the spermatic
cord and both testicles—starting from an intra-
abdominal location—normally descend through the
inguinal canal into the scrotum, the sac that holds the
testicles

13. CONTINUE…
Sometimes the entrance of the inguinal canal at
the inguinal ring does not close as it should just
after birth, leaving a weakness in the abdominal
wall. Fat or part of the small intestine slides
through the weakness into the inguinal canal,
causing a hernia. In females, an indirect
inguinal hernia is caused by the female organs
or the small intestine sliding into the groin
through a weakness in the abdominal wall.

14. CONTINUE…
Indirect hernias are the most common
type of inguinal hernia. Premature
infants are especially at risk for
indirect inguinal hernias because there
is less time for the inguinal canal to
close.

15. CONTINUE…
Direct inguinal hernia. Direct inguinal hernias are
caused by connective tissue degeneration of the
abdominal muscles, which causes weakening of the
muscles during the adult years. Its occur only in
males. The hernia involves fat or the small intestine
sliding through the weak muscles into the groin. A
direct hernia develops gradually because of
continuous stress on the muscles. One or more of the
following factors can cause pressure on the
abdominal muscles and may worsen the hernia:-

16. CONTINUE…
sudden twists, pulls, or muscle strains
lifting heavy objects
straining on the toilet because of constipation
weight gain
chronic coughing
Indirect and direct inguinal hernias usually slide
back and forth spontaneously through the inguinal
canal and can often be moved back into the abdomen
with gentle massage.

17. SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of inguinal hernia include :-
a small bulge in one or both sides of the groin that
may increase in size and disappear when lying
down; in males, it can present as a swollen or
enlarged scrotum
discomfort or sharp pain —especially when
straining, lifting, or exercising—that improves when
resting
a feeling of weakness or pressure in the groin
a burning, gurgling, or aching feeling at the bulge

18. FEMORAL HERNIA
A femoral hernia is a bluge in the upper part
of the thigh near the groin.
A hernia occurs when the contents of the
abdomen (usually part of the small intestine)
push through a weak point or tear the thin
muscular wall of the abdomen, which holds the
abdominal organs in place.

19. CAUSE
Most of the time, there is no clear cause
of a hernia. Some hernias may be present
at birth (congenital), but are not noticed
until later in life.
Some factors that contribute to the
development of a hernia include:
Chronic constipation

20. CONTINUE…
Chronic cough
Heavy lifting
Obesity
Straining to urinate because of an enlarged
prostate
Femoral hernias tend to occur more often in
women than in men.

21. SYMPTOMS
You may see a bulge in the upper thigh next to
the groin.
Most femoral hernias cause no symptoms.
There may be some groin discomfort that is
worse when you stand, lift heavy objects, or
strain.
Sometimes, the first symptoms are abdominal
pain, nausea, and vomiting. This may mean that
the intestine is blocked, which is an emergency.

22. INCISIONAL/VENTRAL HERNIA
A hernia is the protrusion of an organ through
the wall that normally contains it. It occurs in
the abdomen in the area of an old surgical scar.
A part of an organ in the abdomen, such as the
bowel or intestines, protrudes through the
weakened area of the abdominal wall.

23. CAUSE
incisional hernias are caused by
thinning or stretching of scar tissue
that forms after surgery. This
weakened scar tissue then creates
a weakness in the abdominal wall.

24. CONTINUE…
Excessive weight gain, physical activity that
places pressure on the abdomen, pregnancy,
straining during bowel movements because of
constipation, severe vomiting, or chronic and
intense coughing causes the scar tissue to thin
or stretch. Because the abdominal wall is weak,
the hernia occurs during abdominal strain.

25. SYMPTOMS
An incisional hernia causes a bulge in the
abdominal area. This type of hernia is often
painless, but may be tender and can cause
discomfort during any type of physical strain,
such as lifting or coughing. The bulge may
disappear when the patient is lying down, and
be more visible when standing up. A hernia can
often be pushed gently back into place.

26. CONTINUE…
This is called a reducible hernia. When a
hernia cannot be pushed back into place, it
means a piece of the organ has become
trapped, or incarcerated. Symptoms
include pain, nausea, vomiting, inability to
have a bowel movement, and a bulge that
remains even when lying down.

27. CONTINUE…
When a portion of an organ is incarcerated,
its blood supply can be cut off, which
means the organ’s tissue will die. This
condition is called a strangulated hernia.
Incisional hernias can increase in size with
time.