This document provides information on the characteristics, morphology, varieties, cultivation, uses, and nutritional value of oats. It states that oats are an important cereal crop grown in temperate climates that are used mainly as livestock feed but also for human consumption. The document describes oat plant morphology including its erect stem, cauline leaves, and monocot seed structure. It also lists common oat varieties and provides details on oat sowing, harvesting, yields, and major producing countries. Finally, the document gives the nutritional composition and values of oats.

1. Submitted By
Zeeshan Ali Haider.
15-Arid-4441

2. OAT
General Characteristics
 Oat is an important Cereal crop
 Annual fodder
 Rabbi crop
 Temperate climate
 Scientific name: Avena Sativa.

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 It is One of the most important feed sources of
 livestock and animal in the world
 Rich in nutrients and essential minerals
 Common Name:
Oat (English), Jai (Urdu), Jodra (Punjabi),
Javi (Saraiki).
 Other Names:
Hafer (German), ma-karasu-mugi (Japanese),
avena (Spanish).

4. Morphology of plant
• Stem:-
• Erect and ascending.
• 40-180cm in length.
• Soft.
• Nodes of stem are swollen and internodes are
hollow.
• Stem tufted or clustered.

5. Oat Stem

6. Leaf
 Its leaves are cauline (arise from the upper part of
stem).
 The leaves blade are 14-40 cm long.
 Oat has veined rough broad leaf.
 Leaf sheath is smooth and glabrous.
 Short awns and hairy lemmas

7. Leaf

8. Oat seed
 Seed is Monocot

9. Varieties
o (ARRI, Faisalabad)
 Palestine
 Fatua
 Algerian
 Weston-11
 DN-8
o (NARC, Islamabad)
 Avon
 Sargodha-81
 S-2000
 NARC-Oat
 S-2011

10. Sowing and Harvesting
 It is sown from October to December.
 Oat crop will become available for harvesting after 4
months of sowing.
 For fodder purpose two cuttings are taken at 40 days
interval.
 Harvesting for grain is done in early April before the
plant is dead ripe, to avoid shedding of grain.

11. Yield
 When grown only for grain purpose 16-20 qt grain and
25-30 qt straw/ha.
 When grown as fodder the
yield is about 200-300 qt
fodder and 4-5 qts of grain/ha.

12. Uses
 cereal, a feed grain
 green or conserved fodder
 Commonly fed to horses and ruminants due to its
excellent nutritional qualities that aid with
maintaining optimal rumen and hindgut function
 Oat grass used for medicine purpose
 Also used as an excellent skin cleanser.
 Oat straw herbal can also improve mental function

13. Top producing countries
Country Thousand metric tons
Russia 4,027
Canada 2,680
Poland 1,439
Finland 1,159
World Total 20,732

14. Nutritional Values
 Moisture 82.8%
 Dry Matter 17.2%
 Crude Fiber 23%
 Crude Protein 13.5%
 NFE 47.3%
 Fat (EE) 2.9%
 Ash 13.3%

15. Losses
 When oat is fed as main forage then Grass tetany, and,
in some cases, milk fever, can occur in cattle
 High producing cows are susceptible, but dry cows and
bulls are rarely affected
 Prevention of this disease is through supplementation
of magnesium oxide and limestone with ration

16. Anti-nutrition factors
 Nitrate poisoning occur in oat
 There is more accumulation of nitrate pois0ning then
other small grains plant
 Silage making reduce 40-60% of nitrate level.

17. Barley
 Cereal crop
 Annual fodder
 Rabbi fodder
 Temperate climate
 High in fiber and protein

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 Balanced in protein, fat and energy
 Full of essential nutrients, minerals and vitamins
 Rich in enzymes
 Low acid content
 It is ranked 4th in term of quantity production.

19. Morphology
 leaves are 1.5–12.0 mm wide and up to 200 mm long
 Barley grass grows to about 450 mm in height.
 Barley may have bearded heads or be beardless.
Bearded barley has a slender bristle about three inches
long, called an "awn," attached to each seed. Beardless
varieties are generally preferred for forage,

20. Benefits
 Reduced occurrence of digestive diseases, such as colic
and bloat
 Stimulated immune system
 Naturally balanced with essential nutrients
 High in fiber, energy and protein
 Rich in enzymes
 Low acid content
 Highly digestible

21. Top producing countries
countries Million of metric tons
Russia 15.4
Germany 10.3
France 10.3
Canada 10.2
World Total 144.8

22. Nutritional profile
 Moisture 80.2%
 Dry Matter 19.8%
 Crude Protein 13.3%
 Crude Fiber 21.9%
 NFE 47.7
 Fat (EE) 3.6%
 Ash 13.5%

23.  Barley grass contains a number of vitamins, including
vitamins B1, B2, B6 and B12, folic acid and vitamins C
and E. It also contains phosphorous, vitamin K and
calcium.
 Each lb of barley fodder is equivalent nutritionally to
6.6 lbs of lucerne.